Sub-disciplinary variation of metadiscursive verb patterns in English research articles: a functional analysis of medical discourse
-
Songyun Chen
,
Jiajin Xu
and
Xin Feng
Abstract
As a cover term for the negotiation of propositional information and reader engagement, metadiscourse has gained considerable attention from scholars of academic discourse. Recent studies have extended to previously unexplored structures that realize metadiscourse, such as ‘metadiscursive nouns’ (Jiang and Hyland 2018. Nouns and academic interactions: A neglected feature of metadiscourse. Applied Linguistics 39. 508–531). Among various linguistic resources, verbs are often regarded as a linguistic element undertaking multiple discourse acts and functions in different contexts, with some acts and functions being metadiscursive. Based on previous studies on reporting verbs and functional sentence stems, this study proposes the concept of metadiscursive verb patterns (MVPs) and examines this linguistic resource in a self-built MedDEAP corpus of five million words, a clinical medicine English research article corpus consisting of 18 sub-disciplines. We conducted an intradisciplinary investigation into MVPs to analyze their structural and functional variations across the sub-disciplines of medical academic English. The findings revealed that most MVPs exhibit a preference for some sub-disciplines, and a few sub-disciplines reflect certain characteristic genre features in the use of certain MVPs. It is shown that medical academic discourse is characterized by methodological and conceptual cross-fertilization. Hence, variation in MVPs is a natural linguistic representation of interdisciplinary synergy. Based on our findings, we conclude by addressing the pedagogical implications for proper use of MVPs in academic writing.
Funding source: China's National Social Sciences Foundation
Award Identifier / Grant number: 21BYY021
Funding source: Guangzhou Higher Education Teaching Quality and Teaching Reform Project, China
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2022JXTD019
Funding source: Teaching Reform Project of Guangzhou Maritime University, China
Award Identifier / Grant number: C2106001236
-
Research funding: China’s National Social Sciences Foundation (21BYY021), Guangzhou Higher Education Teaching Quality and Teaching Reform Project, China (2022JXTD019), Teaching Reform Project of Guangzhou Maritime University, China (C2106001236).
Appendix A: MVPs detected in the corpus of MedDEAP
| No. | Type of MVPs | Verbs specified |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | {=STUDY}+[VERB]+(that) | add to, address, advise, aim to address | analyze | assess | change | characterize | clarify | compare | demonstrate | detect |determine| establish| estimate| evaluate| examine| explore| find| focus on| identify | improve | inform | increase| introduce | investigate | improve | maximize | measure | overcome | prevent | provide | quantify | reduce | restore | review | screen | simulate | test | translate | use | verify, allow, analyze, argue, assume, attempt to | address | answer | assess | associate | contact | estimate | evaluate | expand | heed | identify | implement | investigate | measure | model | provide | quantify | recruit | reduce | research | validate, cite, claim, clarify, complement, conclude, confirm, conform to, consider, contain, corroborate, define, delineate, demonstrate, disagree with, discover, draw attention to, draw criticism, emphasize, evaluate, examine, explain, illustrate, lend support | weight to, explore, find, give, highlight, hypothesize, identify, illustrate, imply, include, indicate, intend to document | explore | remedy | throw light on, investigate, justify, lack, lend credence to, lend insight into, look at, mention, merit, note, offer, possess, postulate, prompt, provide, question, raise the question of, reaffirm, refine, reflect, reiterate, report, require, reveal, seek to assess | calibrate | determine | evaluate | examine | simulate, shed light on, show, suggest, support, take advantage of, test, underscore, utilize, validate, warrant |
| 2 | {=STUDY}+[BE]+V.ed | conclude, confirm, corroborate, need, obtain, report, require, warrant |
| 3 | (as)+([BE])+V.ed by|in+{=STUDY} | demonstrate, find, indicate, predict, utilize |
| 4 | {=WRITER}+[VERB]+(that) | acknowledge, address, aim to answer | analyze | assess | assign | avoid | calculate | capture | characterize | collect | compare | confirm | deliver | detect | determine | develop | distinguish | elucidate | enhance | establish | estimate | evaluate | examine | explore | identify | include | inform | investigate | look for | make | measure | optimize | perform | present | prove | provide | quantify | reduce | review | sequence | study | test | understand | undertake | use | validate | verify, analyze, argue, assess, assume, attempt to acknowledge | adjust | assess | confirm | contact | control | create | detect | determine | equalize | establish | explore | find | identify | include | increase | limit | mitigate | offer | predict | quantify | report | review | select | substitute | surrogate | suspend | trace | understand | use | validate, believe, calculate, conclude, confirm, consider, define, delineate, demonstrate, describe, detect, determine, discover, discuss, draw, elucidate, emphasize, endorse, ensure, estimate, evaluate, examine, expect, explain, explore, feel, find, give, highlight, hypothesize, identify, illustrate, infer, intend to assess | conduct | do | include | induce | match | randomize | perform | provide | test | understand, investigate, know, lack, look at, merit, mention, note, notice, observe, obtain, outline, perform, plan to assess | carry out | combine | compare | do | have | include | investigate | monitor | perform | recruit | send | split | use | validate, posit, postulate, predict, propose, provide, question, realize, recognize, refine, reflect on (upon), recognize, reiterate, report, see, seek to address | answer | avoid | build on | capture | characterize | compare | define | describe | determine | develop | differentiate | dissect | elucidate | estimate | evaluate | examine | exclude | explain | explore | extend | generate | identify | include | inform | incorporate | investigate | learn | measure | obtain | optimize | overcome | recruit | resolve | restore | review | test | understand | validate, shed light on, show, speculate, state, stress, suggest, summarize, surmise, suspect, take advantage of, take into account, test, utilize, validate, calculate |
| 5 | {=TEXT|FIGURE|TABLE|APPENDIX}+[VERB] | address, contain, convey, demonstrate, depict, display, give, highlight, illustrate, indicate, outline, provide, reflect, show, summarize |
| 6 | (as)+([BE])+V.ed in+<ENDOPHORIC> | demonstrate, depict, describe, discuss, display, explain, find, give, highlight, illustrate, include, indicate, list, mention, outline, provide, report, review, show, state, summarize |
| 7 | [VERB]+<ENDOPHORIC> | mention, note, see |
| 8 | {=SCHOLAR}+[VERB]+(that) | advise, aim to evaluate | examine | overcome, analyze, argue, assess, assume, believe, bypass, calculate, characterize, claim, conclude, create, define, demonstrate, devise, discover, discuss, display, draw attention to, employ, evaluate, examine, explain, find, give, highlight, identify, indicate, inhibit, investigate, invite, look at, measure, mention, notice, observe, obtain, perform, pioneer, profile, propose, provide, question, recognize, report, seek to use | estimate | understand | provide, show, state, summarize, surmise, take advantage of, use, utilize, highlight, set out to determine, investigate |
| 9 | (as)+([BE])+V.ed by|in|from+<EXOPHORIC> | claim, define, demonstrate, describe, discuss, explain, find, highlight, include, indicate, list, mention, modify, outline, perform, propose, provide, publish, recommend, report, review, see, state, show, summarize, use |
| 10 | [VERB]+<EXOPHORIC> | mention, note, see |
| 11 | (In order [to)To]+[VERB] | accomplish, achieve, acknowledge, activate, adapt, address, adjust for, aid, align with, allow, amplify, analyze, answer, apply, appreciate, approve, ascertain, assay, assess, assign, assist, assure, attempt to resolve | understand, augment, avoid, balance, begin with, break apart, bring some light on, build, calculate, carry out, characterize, check, circumvent, clarify, combat, combine, compare, compensate for, compile, complete, complicate, compute, conclude, conduct, confirm, conform to, contrast, control, convert, correct for, correlate, corroborate, counteract, cover, create, deal with, decide, decipher, decrease, determine, define, delineate, deliver, demonstrate, describe, design, detect, determine, develop, diagnose, discover, disrupt, dissect, distinguish, ease, elaborate, eliminate, elucidate, emphasize, enable, encourage, enhance, ensure, enter, establish, estimate, evaluate, examine, exert, expand, expedite, explain, exploit, explore, extend, extract, face, facilitate, familiarize, file, fill, find, focus on, follow up, form, formulate, gain, generate, get, give, have, help achieve | assess | avoid | determine | inform, highlight, hone, identify, illustrate, implement, improve, increase, include, incorporate, induce, inform, inhibit, interpret, interrogate, investigate, isolate, justify, keep, label, launch, learn, lend, lessen, limit, link, localize, look at, maintain, make, measure, meet, mimic, minimize, mitigate, model, monitor, motivate, move, normalize, observe, obtain, optimize, orchestrate, overcome, parallel, pass through, perform, place, plot, predict, prepare for, present, preserve, prevent, probe, produce, progress, promote, protect, provide, pursue, put, qualify, quantify, rank, reach, receive, reduce, refine, reflect, regulate, relate, remain, remove, replicate, report, represent, resolve, respond to, restrict, retain, revalidate, reveal, rule out, screen, search for, see, seek, select, show, signal, simplify, simulate, slow, solve, specify, stabilize, standardize, study, suggest, summarize, supplement, support, survive, sustain, synchronize, tackle, tailor, take into account, test, transform, translate, treat, try, undergo, understand, validate, verify, visualize, yield |
| 12 | it+[BE]+<EVALUATIVE>+[VERB] | acknowledge, argue, assume, claim, conclude, consider, define, delineate, demonstrate, discover, draw, ensure, emphasize, explain, highlight, hypothesize, improve, investigate, justify, know, mention, note, notice, offer, perform, postulate, predict, question, realize, recognize, reiterate, see, speculate, stress, surmise, underscore, warrant |
| 13 | (it)+remains to be V.ed | address, answer, ascertain, assess, clarify, confirm, define, demonstrate, determine, do, elucidate, establish, explain, explore, identify, investigate, learn, prove, resolve, see, show, study, test, understand |
| 14 | little|less is known | NA |
| 15 | {=LIMITATION}+[BE]+V.ed | acknowledge, highlight |
| 16 | challenge|strength|drawback|limitation+lies in | NA |
| 17 | it+[BE]+V.ed+(that) | acknowledge, advise, argue, assume, believe, calculate, claim, conclude, confirm, consider, demonstrate, discover, draw from, emphasize, ensure, estimate, explain, feel, highlight, hypothesize, infer, know, mention, notice, observe, postulate, predict, propose, prove, question, realize, recognize, recommend, report, show, speculate, state, stress, surmise, take into account, theorize |
| 18 | it+[VERB]+(that) | allow, appear, claim, explain, illustrate, indicate, offer, |
| 19 | this+[VERB]+(that) | refine, imply, indicate, reflect, allow, argue against, ensure, explain, prompt, provide, reinforce, show, suggest, warrant |
| 20 | this+[BE]+V.ed+(that) | consider |
| 21 | ([BE])+thought to|that | NA |
| 22 | conclusion+[BE]+drawn | NA |
| 23 | as V.ed | expect, observe, hypothesize |
| 24 | based on | NA |
| 25 | given that | NA |
| 26 | please note that | NA |
| 27 | taken (all) together | NA |
-
{=STUDY}: analysis, data, database, experiment, evidence, findings, investigation, method, observation, program, project, report, research, review, result, study, theory, trial, work; {=TEXT}: chapter, paragraph, section.
Appendix B: Notation scheme of MVPs
| Notation | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Literal text | MVPs appearing as they are in the original context | Based on |
| ( ) | Words may or may not be there | (As) + stated… |
| [UPPER_CASE] | The word lemma in brackets representing all inflectional forms of a verb | [DEMONSTRATE] |
| {=UPPER_CASE} | The curly brackets with equal sign representing a lexical set | {=WRITER} |
| <ENDOPHORIC> | Referring to segments or elements within the current text | <ENDOPHORIC> |
| + | Juxtaposition of more than one MVP element | {=STUDY} + [SUGGEST] |
| | | Alternative lexico-grammatical items | Table|figure + [DEMONSTRATE] |
References
Aadal, Lena, Tove Lise Nielsen, Anders Bonde Jensen, Merete Bjerrum, Claus Vinther Nielsen & Sanne Angel. 2022. What does it take for research to be rehabilitation research? Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 3. 823159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2022.823159.Search in Google Scholar
Ädel, Annelie. 2006. Metadiscourse in L1 and L2 English. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/scl.24Search in Google Scholar
Ädel, Annelie. 2010. Just to give you a kind of a map of where we are going: A taxonomy of metadiscourse in spoken and written academic English. Nordic Journal of English Studies 9(2). 69–97. https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.218.Search in Google Scholar
Ädel, Annelie. 2017. Remember that your reader cannot read your mind: Problem/solution-oriented metadiscourse in teacher feedback on student writing. English for Specific Purposes 45. 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2016.09.002.Search in Google Scholar
Ädel, Annelie. 2018. Variation in metadiscursive “you” across genres: From research articles to teacher feedback. Theory and Practice 18. 777–796. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.4.0037.Search in Google Scholar
Ädel, Annelie & Anna Mauranen. 2010. Metadiscourse: Diverse and divided perspectives. Nordic Journal of English Studies 9. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.215.Search in Google Scholar
Alangari, Manal, Sylvia Jaworska & Jacqueline Laws. 2020. Who’s afraid of phrasal verbs? The use of phrasal verbs in expert academic writing in the discipline of linguistics. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 43. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2019.100814.Search in Google Scholar
Atanelov, Levan, Steven Stiens & Mark Young. 2015. History of physical medicine and rehabilitation and its ethical dimensions. AMA Journal of Ethics 17. 568–574. https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2015.17.6.mhst1-1506.Search in Google Scholar
Becher, Tony. 1989. Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual enquiry and the culture of disciplines. Buckingham: SRHE/Open University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Becher, Tony & Paul Trawler. 2001. Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual enquiry and the culture of disciplines, 2nd edn. Buckingham: SRHE/Open University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bhugra, Dinesh & Antonio Ventriglio. 2015. Social sciences and medical humanities: The new focus of psychiatry. BJPsych International 12(4). 79–80. https://doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000000581.Search in Google Scholar
Crismore, Avon, Raija Markkanen & Mararet Steffensen. 1993. Metadiscourse in persuasive writing: A study of texts written by American and Finnish university students. Written Communication 10. 39–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088393010001002.Search in Google Scholar
ElMalik, Abdullahi Tambul & Hilary Nesi. 2008. Publishing research in a second language: The case of Sudanese contributors to international medical journals. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 7(2). 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.02.007.Search in Google Scholar
Flowerdew, John. 2015. Revisiting metadiscourse: Conceptual and methodological issues concerning signalling nouns. Iberica 29. 15–34.10.1017/CBO9781139135405Search in Google Scholar
Fuoli, Matteo. 2017. Building a trustworthy corporate identity: A corpus-based analysis of stance in annual and corporate social responsibility reports. Applied Linguistics 39. 846–885. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw058.Search in Google Scholar
Gardner, Sheena, Hilary Nesi & Douglas Biber. 2019. Discipline, level, genre: Integrating situational perspectives in a new MD analysis of university student writing. Applied Linguistics 40. 646–674. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amy005.Search in Google Scholar
Granger, Sylviane & Magali Paquot. 2008. Disentangling the phraseological web. In Sylviane Granger & Fanny Meunier (eds.), Phraseology: An interdisciplinary perspective, 27–49. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/z.139.07graSearch in Google Scholar
Gray, Bethany & Douglas Biber. 2012. Current conceptions of stance. In Ken Hyland & Carmen Sancho Guinda (eds.), Stance and voice in written academic genres, 15–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137030825_2Search in Google Scholar
Henkel, Mary. 2000. Academic identities and policy change in higher education. London: Jessica Kingsley.Search in Google Scholar
Hinkel, Eli. 2019. Teaching academic L2 writing: Practical techniques in vocabulary and grammar, 2nd edn. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780429437946Search in Google Scholar
Ho, Victor & Cissy Li. 2018. The use of metadiscourse and persuasion: An analysis of first year university students’ timed argumentative essays. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 33. 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2018.02.001.Search in Google Scholar
Hoey, Michael. 2005. Lexical priming: A new theory of words and language. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Hunston, Susan & Gill Francis. 1999. Pattern grammar: A corpus-driven approach to the lexical grammar of English. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/scl.4Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken. 1999. Academic attribution: Citation and the construction of disciplinary knowledge. Applied Linguistics 20. 341–367. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/20.3.341.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken. 2002. Directives: Argument and engagement in academic writing. Applied Linguistics 23. 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/23.2.215.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken. 2005. Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. London & New York: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken. 2017. Metadiscourse: What is it and where is it going? Journal of Pragmatics 113. 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken. 2019. Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing, 2nd edn. London: Bloomsbury.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken & Feng Jiang. 2016. “We must conclude that…”: A diachronic study of academic engagement. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 24. 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.09.003.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken & Feng Jiang. 2017. Is academic writing becoming more informal? English for Specific Purposes 45. 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2016.09.001.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken & Feng Jiang. 2019. Academic discourse and global publishing: Disciplinary persuasion in changing times. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780429433962Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken & Feng Jiang. 2020. Text-organizing metadiscourse. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 21. 137–164. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00039.hyl.Search in Google Scholar
Hyland, Ken & Feng Jiang. 2022. Metadiscourse choices in EAP: An intra-journal study of JEAP. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 60. 101165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2022.101165.Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, Feng & Ken Hyland. 2018. Nouns and academic interactions: A neglected feature of metadiscourse. Applied Linguistics 39. 508–531. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw023.Search in Google Scholar
Kwon, Monica Heejung, Shelley Staples & R. Scott Partridge. 2018. Source work in the first-year L2 writing classroom: Undergraduate L2 writers’ use of reporting verbs. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 34. 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2018.04.001.Search in Google Scholar
Lancaster, Zak. 2016. Expressing stance in undergraduate writing: Discipline-specific and general qualities. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 23. 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.05.006.Search in Google Scholar
Lei, Lei & Dilin Liu. 2016. A new medical academic word list: A corpus-based study with enhanced methodology. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 22. 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.01.008.Search in Google Scholar
Levshina, Natalia. 2015. How to do linguistics with R: Data exploration and statistical analysis. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/z.195Search in Google Scholar
Li, Jingjie & Xinyue Zhou. 2018. Interactive metadiscourse of functional sentence stems in academic English texts. Foreign Language Learning Theory and Practice 161. 64–73.Search in Google Scholar
Marco, Maria José Luzon. 2000. Collocational frameworks in medical research papers: A genre-based study. English for Specific Purposes 19(1). 63–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(98)00013-1.Search in Google Scholar
Mauranen, Anna. 1993. Contrastive ESP rhetoric: Metatext in Finnish-English economics texts. English for Specific Purposes 12. 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(93)90024-i.Search in Google Scholar
McGrath, Lisa & Maria Kuteeva. 2012. Stance and engagement in pure mathematics research articles: Linking discourse features to disciplinary practices. English for Specific Purposes 31. 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.11.002.Search in Google Scholar
Millar, Neil, Brian Budgell & Françoise Salager-Meyer. 2020. Hype in reports of clinical research: The authors’ perspectives. English for Specific Purposes 60. 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2020.07.001.Search in Google Scholar
Pickersgill, Martyn. 2013. The social life of the brain: Neuroscience in society. Current Sociology 61(3). 322–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392113476464.Search in Google Scholar
Salager-Meyer, Françoise. 1994. Hedges and textual communicative function in medical English written discourse. English for Specific Purposes 13(2). 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(94)90013-2.Search in Google Scholar
Sinclair, John. 1991. Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Stuart-Hamilton, Ian. 2011. Introduction. In Ian Stuart-Hamilton (ed.), An introduction to gerontology, 1–20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511973697.001Search in Google Scholar
Swales, John M. 1990. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Swales, John M., Ummul K. Ahmad, Yu-Ying Chang, Daniel Chávez Landeros, Dacia F. Dressen & Ruth Seymour. 1998. Consider this: The role of imperatives in scholarly writing. Applied Linguistics 19. 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.1.97.Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, Sarah & Thomas P. Hawes. 1994. Reporting verbs in medical journal articles. English for Specific Purposes 13. 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(94)90012-4.Search in Google Scholar
Thompson, Geoff. 2008. Book review: Ken Hyland, metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. Language in Society 37(1). 138–141. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404508080111.Search in Google Scholar
Thompson, Geoff & Yiyun Ye. 1991. Evaluation in the reporting verbs used in academic papers. Applied Linguistics 12. 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/12.4.365.Search in Google Scholar
Vande Kopple, William J. 1985. Some explanatory discourse on meta-discourse. College Composition & Communication 36. 81–93. https://doi.org/10.2307/357609.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Ruiying Y. & Yiru R. Sang. 2023. Concetp-based language instruction and the teaching of citation in English academic writing. The Modern Language Journal 107. 46–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12822.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, An, Shu-yuan Zheng & Guang-chun Ge. 2015. Epistemic modality in English-medium medical research articles: A systemic functional perspective. English for Specific Purposes 38. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.10.005.Search in Google Scholar
Zareva, Alla. 2016. Multi-word verbs in student academic presentations. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 23. 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.07.001.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Introduction: textual analysis to inform language learning and teaching
- Research Articles
- Internal and external appraisals of analytical writing. A proposal for assessing development and potential improvement
- Group trends and individual variability in writing development: a descriptive grammatical complexity analysis
- Exploring individual longitudinal development in a corpus of ‘natural’ disciplinary writing: what could it mean for teaching?
- The development of syntactic complexity of Chinese JFL learners based on Mean Dependency Distance and Mean Hierarchical Distance
- Connective Frequency Bands informed by textbook frequencies and midadolescents’ knowledge of connectives: a tool to support Spanish literacy instruction across content areas
- Lexical complexity in exemplar EFL texts: towards text adaptation for 12 grades of basic English curriculum in China
- Sub-disciplinary variation of metadiscursive verb patterns in English research articles: a functional analysis of medical discourse
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Introduction: textual analysis to inform language learning and teaching
- Research Articles
- Internal and external appraisals of analytical writing. A proposal for assessing development and potential improvement
- Group trends and individual variability in writing development: a descriptive grammatical complexity analysis
- Exploring individual longitudinal development in a corpus of ‘natural’ disciplinary writing: what could it mean for teaching?
- The development of syntactic complexity of Chinese JFL learners based on Mean Dependency Distance and Mean Hierarchical Distance
- Connective Frequency Bands informed by textbook frequencies and midadolescents’ knowledge of connectives: a tool to support Spanish literacy instruction across content areas
- Lexical complexity in exemplar EFL texts: towards text adaptation for 12 grades of basic English curriculum in China
- Sub-disciplinary variation of metadiscursive verb patterns in English research articles: a functional analysis of medical discourse
