Startseite Enhancing 3D printing with composite filaments incorporating electronic waste: a study on flexural and compression strength
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Enhancing 3D printing with composite filaments incorporating electronic waste: a study on flexural and compression strength

  • Yogeshwaran Kumarasamy , Prases Kumar Mohanty EMAIL logo , Nagarjun Jayakumar und Shubhajit Das
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 20. März 2025
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
International Polymer Processing
Aus der Zeitschrift International Polymer Processing Band 40 Heft 2

Abstract

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has emerged as the preferred method for creating three-dimensional (3D) models with minimal waste. To enhance the mechanical strength of the 3D-printed models using FDM, researchers have explored composite filaments. This study aims to advance electronic waste (EW) recycling for effective waste management by fabricating a composite filament by incorporating EW as a filler particle for FDM application. The composite filament merges polylactic acid with printed circuit board (PCB) particles sourced from EW. Physical properties like flexural and compression strength were evaluated. The samples were printed following ASTM D790 and ASTM D695 standards, using default parameters such as a 100 % infill rate, rectilinear pattern, and a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. The optimal printing temperature of 200 °C for the samples was determined through flowability testing. Subsequently, the dimensional stability and surface roughness of the printed samples were assessed, demonstrating that the inclusion of filler particles enhanced dimensional stability and decreased surface roughness. The results of this study show that a composite filament containing 3 wt% EW-PCB exhibits enhanced flexural strength and a notable increase in flexural modulus. Similarly, the filament containing 3 wt% EW-PCB exhibited a 35 % increase in bulk modulus compared to the filament without EW, attributed to the presence of metals in the PCBs. The micromorphological analysis was performed on the tested samples using field emission scanning electron microscopy.

Keywords: electronic waste; composite filament; fused deposition modelling; flexural strength; bulk modulus; surface roughness
Corresponding author: Prases Kumar Mohanty, Department of Mechanical engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jote, Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

The first author and corresponding author express their gratitude for the support provided by Dr. N. Saravanakumar (Principal), Dr. R. Ramesh (Professor & HOD), and Mr. A. Anto Dilip (Research Assistant) from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Tamil Nadu.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Yogeshwaran Kumarasamy: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Investigation, Data curation, Validation, Formal analysis. Prases Kumar Mohanty: Methodology, Supervision, Review & editing. Nagarjun Jayakumar: Review & editing. Shubhajit Das: Review & editing.

  4. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  5. Research funding: None declared.

  6. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

Balamurugan, K., Pavan, M.V., Ali, S.A., and Kalusuraman, G. (2021). Compression and flexural study on PLA-Cu composite filament using FDM. Mater. Today: Proc. 44: 1687–1691, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.858.Suche in Google Scholar

Bleiwas, D.I. and Kelly, T.D. (2001). Obsolete computers, “gold mine”, or high-tech trash? Resource recovery from recycling. US Geological Survey, Denver, USA.10.3133/fs06001Suche in Google Scholar

Bragaglia, M., Mariani, M., Sergi, C., Sarasini, F., Tirillò, J., and Nanni, F. (2023). Polylactic acid as biobased binder for the production of 3D printing filaments for Ti6Al4V alloy manufacturing via bound metal deposition. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 27: 168–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.227.Suche in Google Scholar

Chapiro, M. (2016). Current achievements and future outlook for composites in 3D printing. J. Reinf. Plast. 60: 372–375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2016.10.002.Suche in Google Scholar

Chen, L., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., and Osswald, T.A. (2019). Laser polishing of Cu/PLA composite parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling: analysis of surface finish and mechanical properties. Polym. Compos. 41: 1356–1368, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25459.Suche in Google Scholar

De León, A., Domínguez-Calvo, A., and Molina, S. (2019). Materials with enhanced adhesive properties based on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends for fused filament fabrication (FFF). Mater. Des. 182: 108044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108044.Suche in Google Scholar

De Leon, A.C., Chen, Q., Palaganas, N.B., Palaganas, J.O., Manapat, J., and Advincula, R.C. (2016). High performance polymer nanocomposites for additive manufacturing applications. React. Funct. Polym. 103: 141–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.04.010.Suche in Google Scholar

Dizon, J.R.C., Espera, A.H., Chen, Q., and Advincula, R.C. (2017). Mechanical characterization of 3D-printed polymers. Addit. Manuf. 20: 44–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.002.Suche in Google Scholar

Duigou, A.L., Barbé, A., Guillou, E., and Castro, M. (2019). 3D printing of continuous flax fibre reinforced biocomposites for structural applications. Mater. Des. 180: 107884, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107884.Suche in Google Scholar

Forti, V., Baldé, C.P., Kuehr, R., Bel, G., Adrian, S., Brune Drisse, M., Cheng, Y., Devia, L., Deubzer, O., Goldizen, F., et al.. (2020). The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: quantities, flows and the circular economy potential. In: United Nations University (UNU)/United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) – co-hosted SCYCLE Programme, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), The Global E-waste Monitor 2020. United Nations University (UNU), Available at:https://ewastemonitor.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GEM_2020_def_july1_low.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

Gibson, M.A., Mykulowycz, N.M., Shim, J., Fontana, R., Schmitt, P., Roberts, A., Ketkaew, J., Shao, L., Chen, W., Bordeenithikasem, P., et al.. (2018). 3D printing metals like thermoplastics: fused filament fabrication of metallic glasses. Mater. Today 21: 697–702, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.07.001.Suche in Google Scholar

Halim, L. and Suharyanti, Y. (2019). E-waste: current research and future perspective on developing countries. Int. J. Ind. Eng. Manage. 1: 25–42, https://doi.org/10.24002/ijieem.v1i2.3214.Suche in Google Scholar

Hassanifard, S. and Hashemi, S.M. (2019). On the strain-life fatigue parameters of additive manufactured plastic materials through fused filament fabrication process. Addit. Manuf. 32: 100973, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100973.Suche in Google Scholar

Henderson, A.M. and Rudin, A. (1986). Effects of die temperature on extrudate swell in screw extrusion. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 31: 353–365, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070310206.Suche in Google Scholar

Huang, K., Guo, J., and Xu, Z. (2008). Recycling of waste printed circuit boards: a review of current technologies and treatment status in China. J. Hazard. Mater. 164: 399–408, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.051.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Iji, M. (1998). Recycling of epoxy resin compounds for moulding electronic components. J. Mater. Sci. 33: 45–53, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004329209623.10.1023/A:1004329209623Suche in Google Scholar

Jing, H., He, H., Liu, H., Huang, B., and Zhang, C. (2020). Study on properties of polylactic acid/lemongrass fiber biocomposites prepared by fused deposition modeling. Polym. Compos. 42: 973–986, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25879.Suche in Google Scholar

Kanabenja, W., Passarapark, K., Subchokpool, T., Nawaaukkaratharnant, N., Román, A.J., Osswald, T.A., Aumnate, C., and Potiyaraj, P. (2022). 3D printing filaments from plasticized Polyhydroxybutyrate/Polylactic acid blends reinforced with hydroxyapatite. Addit. Manuf. 59: 103130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103130.Suche in Google Scholar

Kariz, M., Sernek, M., Obućina, M., and Kuzman, M.K. (2017). Effect of wood content in FDM filament on properties of 3D printed parts. Mater. Today Commun. 14: 135–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2017.12.016.Suche in Google Scholar

Khoffi, F., Khenoussi, N., Harzallah, O., and Drean, J. (2011). Mechanical behavior of polyethylene terephthalate/copper composite filament. Phys. Procedia 21: 240–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2011.11.001.Suche in Google Scholar

Koh, L.M. and Khor, S.M. (2022). Current state and future prospects of sensors for evaluating polymer biodegradability and sensors made from biodegradable polymers: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 1217: 339989, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339989.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lanzotti, A., Martorelli, M., Maietta, S., Gerbino, S., Penta, F., and Gloria, A. (2019). A comparison between mechanical properties of specimens 3D printed with virgin and recycled PLA. Procedia CIRP 79: 143–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.030.Suche in Google Scholar

Le Guen, M.-J., Hill, S., Smith, D., Theobald, B., Gaugler, E., Barakat, A., and Mayer-Laigle, C. (2019). Influence of rice husk and wood biomass properties on the manufacture of filaments for fused deposition modeling. Front. Chem. 7: 735, https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00735.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Li, J., Lu, H., Guo, J., Xu, Z., and Zhou, Y. (2007). Recycle technology for recovering resources and products from waste printed circuit boards. Environ. Chall. 41: 1995–2000, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0618245.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Linares, V., Galdón, E., Casas, M., and Caraballo, I. (2021). Critical points for predicting 3D printable filaments behaviour. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 66: 102933, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102933.Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, B., Qian, B., Hu, Z., Liang, Y., and Fan, H. (2024). Design and simulation analysis of an extrusion structure based on screw extrusion 3D printing. Int. Polym. Process. 39: 497–511, https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2024-0066.Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, H., He, H., Peng, X., Huang, B., and Li, J. (2019). Three-dimensional printing of poly (lactic acid) bio-based composites with sugarcane bagasse fiber: effect of printing orientation on tensile performance. Polym. Adv. Technol. 30: 910–922, https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4524.Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Wu, B., Cui, C., Guo, Y., and Yan, C. (2019a). A critical review of fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology in manufacturing polylactic acid parts. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 102: 2877–2889, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03332-x.Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, Z., Lei, Q., and Xing, S. (2019b). Mechanical characteristics of wood, ceramic, metal and carbon fiber-based PLA composites fabricated by FDM. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8: 3741–3751, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.034.Suche in Google Scholar

Menad, N., Björkman, B., and Allain, E.G. (1998). Combustion of plastics contained in electric and electronic scrap. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 24: 65–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(98)00040-8.Suche in Google Scholar

Nagarjun, J., Kanchana, J., Rajeshkumar, G., and Anto Dilip, A. (2023). Enhanced mechanical characteristics of polylactic acid/tamarind kernel filler green composite filament for 3D printing. Polym. Compos. 44: 7925–7940, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.27676.Suche in Google Scholar

Nagarjun, J., Kanchana, J., RajeshKumar, G., Manimaran, S., and Krishnaprakash, M. (2021). Enhancement of mechanical behavior of PLA matrix using tamarind and date seed micro fillers. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 4662–4674, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1870616.Suche in Google Scholar

Nagarjun, J., Kanchana, J., and Rajesh Kumar, G. (2020). Improvement of mechanical properties of coir/epoxy composites through hybridization with sisal and palmyra palm fibers. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 475–484, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1745126.Suche in Google Scholar

Puckett, J. and Smith, T. (2002). Exporting harm: the high-tech trashing of Asia. The basel action network. Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, Seattle.Suche in Google Scholar

Rajesh, R., Kanakadhurga, D., and Prabaharan, N. (2022). Electronic waste: a critical assessment on the unimaginable growing pollutant, legislations and environmental impacts. Environ. Chall. 7: 100507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100507.Suche in Google Scholar

Roman, L.S. and Puckett, J. (2002). E-scrap exportation: challenges and considerations. In: Conference record 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the environment (Cat. No. 02CH37273). IEEE, USA, pp. 79–84.10.1109/ISEE.2002.1003243Suche in Google Scholar

Sahajwalla, V. and Gaikwad, V. (2018). The present and future of e-waste plastics recycling. Curr. Opin. Green Sustainable Chem. 13: 102–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.06.006.Suche in Google Scholar

Slijkoord, J.W. (2015). Is recycling PLA really better than composting? 3D Printing Industry, London, Available at:https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/is-recycling-pla-really-better-than-composting-49679/.Suche in Google Scholar

Song, X., He, W., Chen, P., Wei, Q., Wen, J., and Xiao, G. (2020). Fused deposition modeling of poly (lactic acid)/almond shell composite filaments. Polym. Compos. 42: 899–913, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25874.Suche in Google Scholar

Song, X., He, W., Yang, S., Huang, G., and Yang, T. (2019). Fused deposition modeling of poly (lactic acid)/walnut shell biocomposite filaments – surface treatment and properties. Appl. Sci. 9: 4892, https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224892.Suche in Google Scholar

Stoof, D. and Pickering, K. (2017). Sustainable composite fused deposition modelling filament using recycled pre-consumer polypropylene. Composites, Part B 135: 110–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.10.005.Suche in Google Scholar

Turaga, R.M.R., Bhaskar, K., Sinha, S., Hinchliffe, D., Hemkhaus, M., Arora, R., Chatterjee, S., Khetriwal, D.S., Radulovic, V., Singhal, P., et al.. (2019). E-waste management in India: issues and strategies. Vikalpa 44: 127–162, https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090919880655.Suche in Google Scholar

Veeman, D., Subramaniyan, M.K., Guo, L., Elumalai, V., and Browne, M.A. (2024). An innovative multilayered material fabricated through additive manufacturing for structural applications: method and mechanical properties. Int. Polym. Process. 39: 630–642, https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2024-0077.Suche in Google Scholar

Widmer, R., Oswald-Krapf, H., Sinha-Khetriwal, D., Schnellmann, M., and Böni, H. (2005). Global perspectives on e-waste. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 25: 436–458, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.001.Suche in Google Scholar

Wu, T.L. (2024). What is E-waste recycling and how Is it done? Earth.Org, Hong kong, https://earth.org/what-is-e-waste-recycling/.Suche in Google Scholar

Yogeshwaran, K. and Das, S. (2022). Mechanical properties of fused deposition modelling processed parts: a review. Mater. Today: Proc., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.12.137.Suche in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-07-19
Accepted: 2025-01-28
Published Online: 2025-03-20
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Corrosion resistive conducting polymeric nanocomposite-based coatings on steel: a mechanistic insight
  4. Research Articles
  5. Effect of compatibilizer type on the properties of thermoplastic elastomers based on recycled polyethylene at high ground tire rubber content
  6. Analyzing the effects of solid fraction and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of 3D printed polymer lattices
  7. Effect of polyvinyl acetate on the properties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/polyethylene glycol blends
  8. A color masterbatch assistance system for optimizing product color by masterbatch addition in injection molding of post-industrial recyclates
  9. Enhancing 3D printing with composite filaments incorporating electronic waste: a study on flexural and compression strength
  10. Development of enhanced co-continuous PVDF/PET nanocomposites via synergistic effects of graphite particle size, hybrid systems, and reduced graphene oxide
  11. Integration of nanographene and action of fiber sequences on functional behaviour of composite laminates
  12. Effect of chain branching on the rheological properties of HDPE/LLDPE and HDPE/LDPE blends under shear and elongational flows and evaluation of die swell and flow instabilities
  13. Effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) on low velocity impact properties of hybrid kevlar/basalt fiber reinforced epoxy based composites
  14. Sustainability in rotational molding: a study on recycling and the influence of additives
https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2024-0090
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
electronic waste; composite filament; fused deposition modelling; flexural strength; bulk modulus; surface roughness

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Corrosion resistive conducting polymeric nanocomposite-based coatings on steel: a mechanistic insight
  4. Research Articles
  5. Effect of compatibilizer type on the properties of thermoplastic elastomers based on recycled polyethylene at high ground tire rubber content
  6. Analyzing the effects of solid fraction and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of 3D printed polymer lattices
  7. Effect of polyvinyl acetate on the properties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/polyethylene glycol blends
  8. A color masterbatch assistance system for optimizing product color by masterbatch addition in injection molding of post-industrial recyclates
  9. Enhancing 3D printing with composite filaments incorporating electronic waste: a study on flexural and compression strength
  10. Development of enhanced co-continuous PVDF/PET nanocomposites via synergistic effects of graphite particle size, hybrid systems, and reduced graphene oxide
  11. Integration of nanographene and action of fiber sequences on functional behaviour of composite laminates
  12. Effect of chain branching on the rheological properties of HDPE/LLDPE and HDPE/LDPE blends under shear and elongational flows and evaluation of die swell and flow instabilities
  13. Effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) on low velocity impact properties of hybrid kevlar/basalt fiber reinforced epoxy based composites
  14. Sustainability in rotational molding: a study on recycling and the influence of additives
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 11.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ipp-2024-0090/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen