Effect of Temperature on the Drying Behavior and Quality of Citrus Peels
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Samy Marey
Abstract
The effects of the drying temperature and the residual moisture content on the drying behavior, energy consumption and quality of dried citrus peels (CPs), which are value-added food ingredients, were studied. The CP samples were dried in a laboratory-scale hot-air dryer at air temperatures from 40 to 70 °C under a constant air velocity of 1 m/s until the desired moisture content for safe storage was reached or until the final moisture level was achieved for the specific drying conditions. Cakes prepared from blends containing different proportions (0 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %) of dried CPs were also evaluated for chemical composition and sensory attributes. The optimal drying temperatures were 50–60 °C, and the optimal moisture content was 10±0.2 % w.b.; these conditions reduced the drying time and energy consumption and maximized the product quality. In contrast, over-drying CPs with the higher temperatures and to a final moisture level of 5.4±0.2 % sharply increased the loss of vitamin C, carotenoids as antioxidants and essential oils. Incorporation of 15 % dried orange and mandarin peels in cake formulas increased the dietary fiber by 33.5 % and 29.6 %, the crude fat by 2.9 % and 4.6 % and the ash by 30.6 % and 29.0 %, respectively, whereas the protein and total carbohydrate content decreased slightly. Highly acceptable nutritious cakes could be obtained by incorporating 15 % orange or mandarin peel dried to 10 % w.b. moisture content into the formulation.
Nomenclature
- CP
citrus peels
- MR
moisture ratio (dimensionles)
- w.b.
wet basis (%)
- DM
dry mater (kg)
- M
citrus peel moisture content at any time (w.b. %)
- Mf
final moisture content (w.b. %)
- Mo
initial moisture content (w.b. %)
- PC
power consumption (kW h)
- SEC
specific energy consumption (kJ/kg dry mass)
- NL
electric potential (V) being equal to 220 V
- IL
electric current (A)
- η
fan efficiency (95%)
- cos φ
power factor (0.85)
- X
grams of carotene
- y
ml of solution
- E
absorbance at 450 nm
- E1 cm
specific extraction coefficient (2,500)
- SD
standard deviation (%)
Acknowledgments
The authors offer sincere thanks and appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research and the Agricultural Research Center of the College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for supporting this research effort.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Colorimetry Technique as a Tool for Determining Release Kinetics and Mass Transfer Parameters of Anthocyanins Encapsulated in W1/O/W2 Double Emulsions
- Image Analysis and High Dimensional Control Chart for Inspection of Sausage Color Homogeneity and Uniformity
- Impact of Encapsulated Lactobacillus casei 01 Along with Pasteurized Purple-Rice Drinks on Modulating Colon Microbiome using a Digestive Model
- Effects of Soy Lecithin Levels and Microfluidization Conditions on Properties of Fish Gelatin-Based Film Incorporated with Palm Oil
- Effect of Temperature on the Drying Behavior and Quality of Citrus Peels
- Preparation of Cross-Linked High Amylose Corn-Starch and Its Effects on Self-Reinforced Starch Films
- Modeling and Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Partial Hydrolysis for Diacylglycerol Production in Packed Bed Reactor
- Effect of Ohmic Heating on Polyphenol Oxidase Activity, Electrical and Physicochemical Properties of Fresh Tender Coconut Water
- Incorporation of β-Glucans into Pasta Extracted from Two Tunisian Barley Cultivars
- Assessment of Various Pretreatment and Extraction Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus Leaf via Microstructures Analysis
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Colorimetry Technique as a Tool for Determining Release Kinetics and Mass Transfer Parameters of Anthocyanins Encapsulated in W1/O/W2 Double Emulsions
- Image Analysis and High Dimensional Control Chart for Inspection of Sausage Color Homogeneity and Uniformity
- Impact of Encapsulated Lactobacillus casei 01 Along with Pasteurized Purple-Rice Drinks on Modulating Colon Microbiome using a Digestive Model
- Effects of Soy Lecithin Levels and Microfluidization Conditions on Properties of Fish Gelatin-Based Film Incorporated with Palm Oil
- Effect of Temperature on the Drying Behavior and Quality of Citrus Peels
- Preparation of Cross-Linked High Amylose Corn-Starch and Its Effects on Self-Reinforced Starch Films
- Modeling and Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Partial Hydrolysis for Diacylglycerol Production in Packed Bed Reactor
- Effect of Ohmic Heating on Polyphenol Oxidase Activity, Electrical and Physicochemical Properties of Fresh Tender Coconut Water
- Incorporation of β-Glucans into Pasta Extracted from Two Tunisian Barley Cultivars
- Assessment of Various Pretreatment and Extraction Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus Leaf via Microstructures Analysis
