Charging Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle for Congestion Management in Distribution System
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Subhasish Deb
Abstract
In modern electricity market, high penetration of Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) creates a huge burden on distribution system operator (DSO). This high penetration creates a gap between demand-supply which further leads to the congestion in distribution lines. Power flow in a grid connected PEV is bidirectional i. e. it can work either in Grid to Vehicle (G2V) or Vehicle to grid (V2G) mode depending upon the grid constraints and owners demand. This paper proposes a charging coordination strategy of PEVs to alleviate congestion in distribution lines. Firstly, Active Power Flow Sensitivity Factors (PFSFs) are calculated to predict the branch flows or congestion status due to the uncoordinated charging of PEVs. Secondly, a coordination strategy of PEVs charging-discharging is made using different heuristic based algorithms in order to mitigate congestion in radial distribution system. The result of proposed work also shows the reduction in total active power loss while maintaining the electricity grid constraints. The present work is simulated and analyzed on IEEE 10 bus radial distribution system integrated with residential systems. Several case studies are analyzed to demonstrate the heftiness of the proposed work.
Nomenclature
- X
Total cost of charging during G2V mode of operation ($/Day)
- Y
Total revenue generated during V2G mode of operation ($/Day)
- T
Total time interval in a day
- ∆t
1 hour time interval
- V
Total number of vehicles (V1+ V2) available at time interval ∆t
- V1
Total number of vehicles in G2V mode of operation at time interval ∆t
- V2
Total number of vehicles in V2G mode of operation at time interval ∆t
- μc
Cost per kWh duringG2V mode ($/kWh)
- μd
Cost per kWh during V2G Mode($/kWh)
Power exchanged between ith vehicle and grid at time interval ∆t (kW)
maximum acceptable power exchange between grid and PEV at time interval ∆t (kW)
- SOC
Vehicle State of Charge (in % of battery capacity)
- SOCmin and SOCmax
Minimum and maximum value of vehicle state of charge
- SOCcurrent
Current status of vehicle state of charge
- SOCmean
The mean value of state of charge derived from SOC curve
- Bcapacity
Capacity of PEVs battery (in kWh)
- Rcharging and Rdischarging
Resistance of battery during charging and discharging (in Ω)
- Powner
Maximum power set by PEV owner (in kW)
Degree by which burden on DSO and vehicle owners are reduced.
- Pline
Active power flow through a line (kW)
Maximum active power flow through a line (kW)
Appendix A
A. Derivation of PFSF [30]
Where,
| Sum of active and reactive power flows through all the downstream branches connected to the receiving end of branch i respectively. | |
| Total active and reactive load at sending end of branch i respectively. | |
| Total active and reactive load at receiving end of branch i respectively. | |
| Active and reactive power injection at the receiving end of branch i respectively. | |
| Active and reactive power injections at the sending end of branch i respectively. | |
| VF(i) and VT(i): | Magnitude of sending and receiving end voltages of branch i respectively. |
| NBr: | Total number of branches in the distribution system |
| Pi and Qi: | Active and Reactive power flow in branch i respectively. |
| Riand Xi: | Resistance and reactance of branch i respectively |
| Gi and Bi: | Conductance and susceptance of branch i respectively. |
Power flow relation for the sending end of branch i, can be given as:
Voltage balance equation of receiving end bus is written below:
Where,
Differentiating eqs (26)–(28) with respect to
Where,
and
Equations (30)–(32) are for branch i. If total system contains NBr branches, there will be 3NBr equations which can be represented in matrix form as:
Where [C] is a
First NBr elements of Xk represents values of PFSF i. e. sensitivity of line flows in all branches with respect to injected power in bus T(i).
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Research Article
- Simulation of Modified Flyback Snubber Circuit for Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
- Design of Cost Effective Solar PV Powered SRM Driven Agriculture Pump Using Modified Buck-Boost Converter
- High Step-Up Boost Converter with Neural Network Based MPPT Controller for a PEMFC Power Source Used in Vehicular Applications
- A Novel Non-Linear Control for Three-Phase Five-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter Based Shunt Active Power Filter
- Operation of Direct Power Control Scheme in Grid-Connected Mode Using Improved Sliding Mode Observer and Controller
- Enhancement of Power Quality in Wind Based Distributed Generation System Using Adaptive Vectorial Filter
- Intelligence Scheme for Fault Location in a Combined Overhead Transmission Line & Underground Cable
- Adaptive Algorithm for Distribution Transformer Protection to Improve Smart Grid Stability
- LQR Based Control Method for Grid Connected and Islanded DG System
- Charging Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle for Congestion Management in Distribution System
- A Unique Concept of Limited Grid Capacity and Voltage-Frequency Control of an RES Based Rural Electrification System
- Multi-Objective based Optimal Generation Scheduling Considering Wind and Solar Energy Systems
- New Selective Harmonic Elimination-Pulse-Width Modulation for Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverters
- Novel PWM Control with Modified PSO-MPPT Algorithm for Reduced Switch MLI Based Standalone PV System
- Reduced Switch Technique for Solar PV System Based Multilevel Inverter for PQ Improvement
- Phase Locked Loop Based Techniques for Compensation of Voltage Based Power Quality Issues in Distribution System
- A Comparative Study of PWM Techniques for Multiphase Induction Motor Drives
