Optimal Scheduling Method of Controllable Loads in DC Smart Apartment Building
-
Tsubasa Shimoji
,
Hayato Tahara
Abstract
From the perspective of global warming suppression and the depletion of energy resources, renewable energies, such as the solar collector (SC) and photovoltaic generation (PV), have been gaining attention in worldwide. Houses or buildings with PV and heat pumps (HPs) are recently being used in residential areas widely due to the time of use (TOU) electricity pricing scheme which is essentially inexpensive during middle-night and expensive during day-time. If fixed batteries and electric vehicles (EVs) can be introduced in the premises, the electricity cost would be even more reduced. While, if the occupants arbitrarily use these controllable loads respectively, power demand in residential buildings may fluctuate in the future. Thus, an optimal operation of controllable loads such as HPs, batteries and EV should be scheduled in the buildings in order to prevent power flow from fluctuating rapidly. This paper proposes an optimal scheduling method of controllable loads, and the purpose is not only the minimization of electricity cost for the consumers, but also suppression of fluctuation of power flow on the power supply side. Furthermore, a novel electricity pricing scheme is also suggested in this paper.
Nomenclature
Water Heating System
- β
Parameter for unit conversion (1/3,600 Wh/J)
- ηh
Solar collection efficiency (60%)
- ρ
Density of water (0.975 kg/l)
- c
Specific heat of water (4.19 × 103 J/(kg · K))
- COP
Coefficient of performance
- Ia
Solar irradiation (W/m2)
- nsc
Number of panels of SC (3 panels)
- PHPt
Power consumption of HP (kW)
- Qa
Thermal energy from solar radiation (W)
- QHPe
Thermal energy from HP (W)
- Qloss
Heat loss (W)
- Qsw
Thermal energy from city water (W)
- Qtl
Thermal energy taken from storage tank (W)
- Sc
Solar collector area (1.6 m2)
- T
Outside temperature (K)
- t
Time interval (hour)
- T∞
Base temperature (273 K (0°C))
- Te
Goal temperature (K)
- Th
Temperature in storage tank (K)
- Tl
Temperature of thermal load (K)
- Tw
Temperature of hot water from storage tank (K)
- Ust
Heat transmission coefficient (2.87 W/K)
- VHPw
Volume of hot water heated by HP (l/h)
- Vl
Volume of water consumption (l/h)
- Vsw
Volume of water supply from city water (l/h)
- Vtl
Volume of usage water from storage tank (l/h)
- Vw
Storage tank capacity (l)
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©2015 by De Gruyter
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Association Analysis of System Failure in Wide Area Backup Protection System
- Interdependency Assessment of Coupled Natural Gas and Power Systems in Energy Market
- Determination of the Prosumer’s Optimal Bids
- A Mathematical Model to Predict Voltage Fluctuations in a Distribution System with Renewable Energy Sources
- The Effect of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Harmonic Analysis of Smart Grid
- A Computational Methodology to Support Reimbursement Requests Analysis Concerning Electrical Damages
- Optimal Scheduling Method of Controllable Loads in DC Smart Apartment Building
- Risky Group Decision-Making Method for Distribution Grid Planning
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Association Analysis of System Failure in Wide Area Backup Protection System
- Interdependency Assessment of Coupled Natural Gas and Power Systems in Energy Market
- Determination of the Prosumer’s Optimal Bids
- A Mathematical Model to Predict Voltage Fluctuations in a Distribution System with Renewable Energy Sources
- The Effect of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Harmonic Analysis of Smart Grid
- A Computational Methodology to Support Reimbursement Requests Analysis Concerning Electrical Damages
- Optimal Scheduling Method of Controllable Loads in DC Smart Apartment Building
- Risky Group Decision-Making Method for Distribution Grid Planning
