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Advances in extraction and sustainable utilization of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) for industrial applications

  • Malaiyarasan Vichitra , Muniraj Sunil Kumar , Nagappan Beemkumar EMAIL logo , Ganesan Subbiah und Kumar Kamakshi Priya EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 17. Juni 2025
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International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
Aus der Zeitschrift International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering Band 23 Heft 5

Abstract

Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a highly versatile byproduct of the cashew processing industry, offers remarkable potential across a broad spectrum of industrial and chemical applications. Extracted from the soft, spongy honeycomb structure inside the hard outer shell of the cashew nut, this dark reddish-brown, viscous liquid is a rich, renewable source of unsaturated phenolic compounds. Among bio-based raw materials, CNSL stands out for its cost-effectiveness, high chemical reactivity, and wide applicability in the production of polymers, coatings, resins, and biofuels. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of various extraction techniques used to isolate CNSL, with a particular focus on chemical extraction methods. Three primary extraction approaches – thermal, mechanical, and chemical – are discussed, each uniquely influencing the yield and composition of the extracted CNSL. Special attention is given to chemical extraction methods such as solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) extraction, evaluating their efficiency, selectivity, and scalability. He extracted CNSL typically contains four major constituents: anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, and 2-methyl cardol, with their relative proportions depending heavily on the extraction technique and operational conditions. Beyond traditional methods, this review also highlights recent advancements in green chemical processes aimed at reducing environmental impacts while enhancing material performance. These innovations pave the way for sustainable production of industrial chemicals and biomaterials from cashew waste, supporting global initiatives toward a circular economy and the principles of green chemistry.

Keywords: cashew nut shell liquid; extraction techniques; bio-based materials; sustainable industrial applications
Corresponding authors: Nagappan Beemkumar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, 562112, India, E-mail: ; and Kumar Kamakshi Priya, Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

Nomenclature

CNSL

cashew nut shell liquid

CNS

cashew nut shell

CO2

carbon dioxide

FTIR

fourier transform infrared

GC-MS

gas chromatography-mass-spectroscopy

H1 NMR

proton nuclear magnetic resonance

HPLC

high performance liquid chromatography

MAE

microwave-assisted extraction

SC–CO2

solvent carbon dioxide

UAE

ultrasound-assisted-extraction

UV–Vis

ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

SP

single pressurization

DP

depressurization

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Received: 2025-04-26
Accepted: 2025-06-01
Published Online: 2025-06-17

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Advances in extraction and sustainable utilization of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) for industrial applications
  4. A critical review on pyrolysis of maize biomass for bio-oil and biochar production with its potential outcomes
  5. Nanomaterials in solar still: recent advances and future perspectives
  6. Articles
  7. Production and characterization of sunflower stalk biochar and ash: a study on batch versus semi-batch gasifier systems
  8. Chemical activation of castor stalk-derived porous carbon for highly efficient CO2 adsorption in sustainable carbon capture applications
  9. Effect of hole diameter and number in vortex finders on flow field and performance of Stairmand gas cyclone
  10. Carbonation reaction in phosphogypsum waste conversion to calcium acetate: experiment and kinetic model study
  11. Numerical investigation of bubble growth and formation under quasi-static conditions
  12. Short Communications
  13. Equilibrium of methylene blue removal onto crayfish shell biochar
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2025-0085
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
cashew nut shell liquid; extraction techniques; bio-based materials; sustainable industrial applications

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Advances in extraction and sustainable utilization of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) for industrial applications
  4. A critical review on pyrolysis of maize biomass for bio-oil and biochar production with its potential outcomes
  5. Nanomaterials in solar still: recent advances and future perspectives
  6. Articles
  7. Production and characterization of sunflower stalk biochar and ash: a study on batch versus semi-batch gasifier systems
  8. Chemical activation of castor stalk-derived porous carbon for highly efficient CO2 adsorption in sustainable carbon capture applications
  9. Effect of hole diameter and number in vortex finders on flow field and performance of Stairmand gas cyclone
  10. Carbonation reaction in phosphogypsum waste conversion to calcium acetate: experiment and kinetic model study
  11. Numerical investigation of bubble growth and formation under quasi-static conditions
  12. Short Communications
  13. Equilibrium of methylene blue removal onto crayfish shell biochar
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