Knowledge, attitude and practice of cigarette smoking among senior secondary school students in Depok, Indonesia
-
Mochamad Iqbal Nurmansyah
, Yuyun Umniyatun
Abstract
Background
Smoking behavior is primarily initiated and established during adolescence. Understanding the social context of smoking behavior among young people is required for developing strategies in preventing first tobacco use.
Objective
This study aimed at exploring the determinants of smoking behavior among senior secondary school students in Depok, Indonesia by identifying knowledge regarding smoking-related adverse outcomes, perception and attitude toward smoking behavior and tobacco control policy.
Methods
This study employed a cross-sectional design method. A total of 587 students from six senior secondary schools in Depok, Indonesia participated in this study. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to determine associations between cigarette smoking and independent variables.
Results
Respondents ranged from 14 to 19 years old students. The proportion of current cigarette smokers were 99 students (17.0%) where the majority of the smokers were male (35.5%). The majority of the students, both smokers and non-smokers, were aware that cigarette smoking causes health problems. The present study found that attitudes that may lead to smoking behavior, in most cases, have been found to be significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. The perception of smoking behavior of smokers and non-smokers, such as smoking makes one more confident, cool, makes it easier to make friends, can relieve stress, symbolizes adulthood and masculinity, was statistically significant to smoking behavior.
Conclusion
The study highlights the importance of changing youths’ image of cigarette smoking than merely educating students regarding the health hazards of smoking when they already possessed a good knowledge about those issues.
Acknowledgments
We would like to extend our gratitude to the Research and Development Agency of University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka for financial support provided for the entire process of this research.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
[1] WHO. Tobacco Fact Sheet [Internet]. WHO; 2017. p. 1. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/.Search in Google Scholar
[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC – Fact Sheet – Fast Facts – Smoking & Tobacco Use [Internet]. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/. 2013 [cited 2018 May 17]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/.Search in Google Scholar
[3] World Health Organization. Indonesian Ministry of Health; CDC Foundation. Gats, Indonesia. 2011. 1–182 p.Search in Google Scholar
[4] U.S. Surgeon General. Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults. A report from the Surgeon General. US Dept Health Hum Serv [Internet]; 2012. p. 1395. Available from: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/preventing-youth-tobacco-use/factsheet.ht.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Verlato G, Melotti R, Corsico AG, Bugiani M, Carrozzi L, Marinoni A, et al. Time trends in smoking habits among Italian young adults. Respir Med. 2006;100(12):2197–206.10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[6] National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Transportation Research Board. Preventing Teen Motor Crashes: Contributions from the Behavioral and Social Sciences: Workshop Report [Internet]. Program Committee for a Workshop on Contributions from the Behavioral and Social Sciences in Reducing and Preventing Teen Motor Crashes; 2007. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9667/pdf/TOC.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
[7] Berenbaum SA, Beltz AM, Corley R. The importance of puberty for adolescent development: conceptualization and measurement. Adv Child Dev Behav. 2015;48:53–92.10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.11.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] Hammond D. Smoking behaviour among young adults: beyond youth prevention. Tob Control. 2005;14(3):181–5.10.1136/tc.2004.009621Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[9] Vietnam Steering Committee no Smoking and Health, Alliance SATC. The ASEAN Tobacco Control Report. 2012.Search in Google Scholar
[10] World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. WHO Mag. 2015. p. 1–359.Search in Google Scholar
[11] World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic India WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) status. 2017; Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/ind.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
[12] World Health Organization. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Indonesia report 2014 [Internet]. WHO-SEARO. 2015. 24 p. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/tobacco/data/ino_rtc_reports/en/, http://www.searo.who.int/tobacco/documents/ino_gyts_report_2014.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
[13] Prabandari YS, Dewi A. How do Indonesian youth perceive cigarette advertising? A cross-sectional study among Indonesian high school students. Glob Health Action [Internet]. 2016;9(1):30914. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.v9.30914.10.3402/gha.v9.30914Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[14] Bigwanto M, Mongkolcharti A, Peltzer K, Laosee O. Determinants of cigarette smoking among school adolescents on the island of Java, Indonesia. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2017;29(2).10.1515/ijamh-2015-0036Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[15] Smet B, Maes L, De Clercq L, Haryanti K, Winarno RD. Determinants of smoking behaviour among adolescents in Semarang., Indonesia. Tob Control. 1999;8(2):186–91.10.1136/tc.8.2.186Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[16] Goh YM, Chua S. Knowledge, attitude and practices for design for safety: a study on civil & structural engineers. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;93:260–6.10.1016/j.aap.2015.09.023Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[17] Xu X, Chen C, Abdullah AS, Liu L, Sharma M, Li Y, et al. Smoking related attitudes, motives, and behaviors of male secondary school students in an urban setting of China. Springerplus. 2016;5(1).10.1186/s40064-016-3694-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[18] Smith M, Umenai T. Knowledge, attitude and practice of smoking among university students of allied health sciences in Japan. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2000;12(1):17–21.10.1177/101053950001200104Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[19] Al-Haqwi AI, Tamim H, Asery A. Knowledge, attitude and practice of tobacco smoking by medical students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Thorac Med [Internet]. 2010;5(3):145–8. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954848666&partnerID=40&md5=e6bbd2d32d4b54b7a5de35e4248a1b19.10.4103/1817-1737.65044Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[20] Launiala A. How much can a KAP survey tell us about people’s knowledge, attitudes and practices? Some observations from medical anthropology research on malaria in pregnancy in Malawi. Anthropol Matters J [Internet]. 2009;11(1):1–13. Available from: http://www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php/anth_matters/article/view/31/53.10.22582/am.v11i1.31Search in Google Scholar
[21] Hamid HA, Azmawati AA, Ahmad JH, Nik Ha NN. Communication and environment: sustainability and risks. Penerbit University Sains Malaysia; 2012.Search in Google Scholar
[22] WHO. World Health Organization, Partnership ST. A guide to developing knowledge, attitude and practice surveys. World Heal Organ. 2008;1–68.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Elhady A. Islamic reform movement in Indonesia : role of Muhammadiyah in social empowerment. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci. 2017;7(8):340–50.10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i8/3234Search in Google Scholar
[24] Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Depok. Statistik Daerah Kota Depok 2017. Depok: Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Depok; 2018.Search in Google Scholar
[25] Indonesian Agency for Research and Health Development. National Report of Basic Health Survey 2010 [Internet]. Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2010. Available from: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jfu/article/view/7385/5639, http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/blje/article/view/2379, http://jurnal.untad.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/Biocelebes/article/viewFile/5125/3901, www.ijpras.com.Search in Google Scholar
[26] Smet B, Maes L, De Clercq L, Haryanti K, Winarno RD. Determinants of smoking behaviour among adolescents in Semarang, Indonesia. Tobacco Control. 1999;8(2):186–191.10.1136/tc.8.2.186Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[27] Byron MJ, Cohen JE, Gittelsohn J, Frattaroli S, Nuryunawati R, Jernigan DH. Influence of religious organisations’ statements on compliance with a smoke-free law in Bogor, Indonesia: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12).10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008111Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[28] Ertas N. Factors associated with stages of cigarette smoking among Turkish youth. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17(2):155–61.10.1093/eurpub/ckl095Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[29] Nagarajappa R, Daryani H, Sharda AJ, Asawa K, Batra M, Sanadhya S, et al. Knowledge and attitude towards smoking among Indian students of dentistry. Int Dent J. 2013;63(5):244–8.10.1111/idj.12033Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[30] World Health Organization. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Indonesia report 2014 [Internet]. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2015. 24 p. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/tobacco/data/ino_rtc_reports/en/, http://www.searo.who.int/tobacco/documents/ino_gyts_report_2014.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
[31] Hansen K, Lindström M, Rosvall M. Age at smoking initiation and self-rated health among second grade high school boys and girls in Scania, Sweden, a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1).10.1186/s12889-015-2457-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[32] Lenz B. The transition from adolescence to young adulthood: a theoretical perspective. J Sch Nurs. 2001;17(6):300–6.10.1177/10598405010170060401Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[33] Hwang JH, Park SW. Age at smoking initiation and subsequent smoking among Korean adolescent smokers. J Prev Med Public Heal. 2014;47(5):266–72.10.3961/jpmph.14.032Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[34] Reidpath DD, Ling ML, Wellington E, Al-Sadat N, Yasin S. The relationship between age of smoking initiation and current smoking: an analysis of school surveys in three European countries. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15(3):729–33.10.1093/ntr/nts177Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[35] Reidpath DD, Davey TM, Kadirvelu A, Soyiri IN, Allotey P. Does one cigarette make an adolescent smoker, and is it influenced by age and age of smoking initiation? Evidence of association from the U.S. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (2011). Prev Med (Baltim). 2014;59(1):37–41.10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.11.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[36] Subramaniam M, Shahwan S, Fauziana R, Satghare P, Picco L, Vaingankar JA, et al. Perspectives on smoking initiation and maintenance: a qualitative exploration among Singapore youth. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(8):8956–70.10.3390/ijerph120808956Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[37] Fakhoury H, Al-Mohrej O, AlTraif S, Tamim H. Will any future increase in cigarette price reduce smoking in Saudi Arabia? Ann Thorac Med [Internet]. 2014;9(3):154. Available from: http://www.thoracicmedicine.org/text.asp?2014/9/3/154/134070.10.4103/1817-1737.134070Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[38] Ng N, Weinehall L, Öhman A. “If I don’t smoke, I’m not a real man” – Indonesian teenage boys’ views about smoking. Health Educ Res. 2007;22(6):794–804.10.1093/her/cyl104Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[39] Johnston V, Westphal DW, Earnshaw C, Thomas DP. Starting to smoke: a qualitative study of the experiences of Australian indigenous youth. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1).10.1186/1471-2458-12-963Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[40] Cummings KM, Proctor RN. The changing public image of smoking in the United States: 1964–2014. Vol. 23. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent. 2014:32–6.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0798Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Close-in-age exemption laws: focusing on the best interests of children and adolescents
- Review
- Literature review: nutritional factors influencing academic achievement in school age children
- Original Articles
- Appointed by young people – a qualitative study on young patients recruiting hospital staff in Denmark
- Child labor and mental health status of in-school adolescents in a municipal local government area of Lagos state, Nigeria
- Usefulness of hematological parameters for differential diagnosis of endometriomas in adolescents/young adults and older women
- Assessment of the WHO Health Promoting Schools Framework among schools in selected villages of rural Puducherry, South India – a mixed method study
- The development and psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to market healthy breakfast and snacks among adolescents
- Awareness of bicycle light use of young adults
- A brief study on the knowledge and choice of contraception methods in married adolescent girls
- Coverage of and compliance to iron supplementation under the National Iron Plus Initiative among reproductive age-group women in urban Puducherry – a cross-sectional study
- Adolescents’ smartphone use at night, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms
- Prevalence and determinants of poor quality of sleep among adolescents in rural Puducherry, South India
- Health awareness, lifestyle and dietary behavior of university students in the northeast part of Bangladesh
- The effectiveness of group counseling on prenatal care knowledge and performance of pregnant adolescents in a Kurdish region of Iran
- High adenovirus 36 seroprevalence among a population of Hispanic American youth
- Development and psychometric properties of the female adolescents’ sexual reproductive self-care scale
- “Decide Now, Buy Marlboro”: Examining the influence and appeal of Marlboro’s new brand architecture among Filipino adolescents
- Knowledge, attitude and practice of cigarette smoking among senior secondary school students in Depok, Indonesia
- Factors associated with knowledge of where to access health care among youth in juvenile detention: a mixed methods study
- Association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms: a cross-sectional study among adolescents in four developing countries
- A prospective 1-year study on load reduction of school backpacks shows reversible changes of body posture in schoolchildren
- Level, motivation and barriers to participate in physical activity among late adolescents in Puducherry
- A pilot study to improve sugar and water consumption in Maltese school children
- Deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in adolescents: a study in a tertiary hospital
- Prevalence and determinants of condom use among male adolescents in Indonesia
- Iranian mothers’ needs for reproductive health education of their adolescent daughters: a qualitative study
- Short Communication
- Psychosocial determinants of stress among adolescents in an urban slum in a city of Western Maharashtra: a cross-sectional study
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Close-in-age exemption laws: focusing on the best interests of children and adolescents
- Review
- Literature review: nutritional factors influencing academic achievement in school age children
- Original Articles
- Appointed by young people – a qualitative study on young patients recruiting hospital staff in Denmark
- Child labor and mental health status of in-school adolescents in a municipal local government area of Lagos state, Nigeria
- Usefulness of hematological parameters for differential diagnosis of endometriomas in adolescents/young adults and older women
- Assessment of the WHO Health Promoting Schools Framework among schools in selected villages of rural Puducherry, South India – a mixed method study
- The development and psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to market healthy breakfast and snacks among adolescents
- Awareness of bicycle light use of young adults
- A brief study on the knowledge and choice of contraception methods in married adolescent girls
- Coverage of and compliance to iron supplementation under the National Iron Plus Initiative among reproductive age-group women in urban Puducherry – a cross-sectional study
- Adolescents’ smartphone use at night, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms
- Prevalence and determinants of poor quality of sleep among adolescents in rural Puducherry, South India
- Health awareness, lifestyle and dietary behavior of university students in the northeast part of Bangladesh
- The effectiveness of group counseling on prenatal care knowledge and performance of pregnant adolescents in a Kurdish region of Iran
- High adenovirus 36 seroprevalence among a population of Hispanic American youth
- Development and psychometric properties of the female adolescents’ sexual reproductive self-care scale
- “Decide Now, Buy Marlboro”: Examining the influence and appeal of Marlboro’s new brand architecture among Filipino adolescents
- Knowledge, attitude and practice of cigarette smoking among senior secondary school students in Depok, Indonesia
- Factors associated with knowledge of where to access health care among youth in juvenile detention: a mixed methods study
- Association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms: a cross-sectional study among adolescents in four developing countries
- A prospective 1-year study on load reduction of school backpacks shows reversible changes of body posture in schoolchildren
- Level, motivation and barriers to participate in physical activity among late adolescents in Puducherry
- A pilot study to improve sugar and water consumption in Maltese school children
- Deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in adolescents: a study in a tertiary hospital
- Prevalence and determinants of condom use among male adolescents in Indonesia
- Iranian mothers’ needs for reproductive health education of their adolescent daughters: a qualitative study
- Short Communication
- Psychosocial determinants of stress among adolescents in an urban slum in a city of Western Maharashtra: a cross-sectional study