Obesity-related proliferative diseases: the interaction between adipose tissue and estrogens in post-menopausal women

References

1. Wolin KY, Carson K, Colditz GA. Obesity and cancer. Oncologist 2010;15:556–65.10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0285Suche in Google Scholar

2. Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, Green J, Spencer E, Bull D, Million Women Study Collaboration. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the million women study: cohort study. BMJ 2007;335:1134–9.10.1136/bmj.39367.495995.AESuche in Google Scholar

3. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1625–38.10.1056/NEJMoa021423Suche in Google Scholar

4. Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:579–91.10.1038/nrc1408Suche in Google Scholar

5. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008;371:569–78.10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-XSuche in Google Scholar

6. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: AICR, 2007.Suche in Google Scholar

7. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Weight control and physical activity. In: Vainio H, Bianchini F, editors. IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention, vol. 6. Lyon: IARC Press, 2002:1–315.Suche in Google Scholar

8. Kitahara CM, Platz EA, Freeman LE, Hsing AW, Linet MS, Park Y, Schairer C, Schatzkin A, Shikany JM, Berrington de González A. Obesity and thyroid cancer risk among U.S. men and women: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20:464–72.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-1220Suche in Google Scholar

9. Lichtman MA. Obesity and the risk for a haematological malignancy: leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma. Oncologist 2010;15:1083–101.10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0206Suche in Google Scholar

10. Ahn J, Schatzkin A, Lacey JV Jr, Albanes D, Ballard-Barbash R, Adams KF, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Hollenbeck AR, Leitzmann MF. Adiposity, adult weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2091–102.10.1001/archinte.167.19.2091Suche in Google Scholar

11. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Longcope C, Speizer FE. Reproductive factors and family history of breast cancer in relation to plasma estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women in the nurses’ health study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995;6:217–24.10.1007/BF00051793Suche in Google Scholar

12. Sjöström L, Gummesson A, Sjöström CD, Narbro K, Peltonen M, Wedel H, Bengtsson C, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Dahlgren S, Jacobson P, Karason K, Karlsson J, Larsson B, Lindroos AK, Lönroth H, Näslund I, Olbers T, Stenlöf K, Torgerson J, Carlsson LM, Swedish Obese Subjects Study. Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden (Swedish Obese Subjects Study): a prospective, controlled intervention trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:653–62.10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70159-7Suche in Google Scholar

13. Harvie M, Hooper L, Howell AH. Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2003;4:157–73.10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00108.xSuche in Google Scholar

14. Arslan AA, Helzlsouer KJ, Kooperberg C, Shu XO, Steplowski E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Fuchs CS, Gross MD, Jacobs EJ, Lacroix AZ, Petersen GM, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Zheng W, Albanes D, Amundadottir L, Bamlet WR, Barricarte A, Bingham SA, Boeing H, Boutron-Ruault MC, Buring JE, Chanock SJ, Clipp S, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci EL, Hankinson SE, Hartge P, Hoover RN, Hunter DJ, Hutchinson A, Jacobs KB, Kraft P, Lynch SM, Manjer J, Manson JE, McTiernan A, McWilliams RR, Mendelsohn JB, Michaud DS, Palli D, Rohan TE, Slimani N, Thomas G, Tjønneland A, Tobias GS, Trichopoulos D, Virtamo J, Wolpin BM, Yu K, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Patel AV, Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan). Anthropometry, physical activity, and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. JAMA Intern Med 2010;170:791–802.10.1001/archinternmed.2010.63Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Friedenreich C, Cust A, Lahmann PH, Steindorf K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Mesrine S, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Overvad K, Mendez M, Redondo ML, Garcia CM, Larrañaga N, Tormo MJ, Gurrea AB, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Allen N, Key T, Trichopoulou A, Vasilopoulou E, Trichopoulos D, Pala V, Palli D, Tumino R, Mattiello A, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Berglund G, Manjer J, Lundin E, Lukanova A, Slimani N, Jenab M, Kaaks R, Riboli E. Anthropometric factors and risk of endometrial cancer: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:399–413.10.1007/s10552-006-0113-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Dai Z, Xu YC, Niu L. Obesity and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:4199–206.10.3748/wjg.v13.i31.4199Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Moghaddam AA, Woodward M, Huxley R. Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 31 studies with 70,000 events. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:2533–47.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0708Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Steffen A, Schulze MB, Pischon T, Dietrich T, Molina E, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Amiano P, Quirós JR, Tumino R, Mattiello A, Palli D, Vineis P, Agnoli C, Misirli G, Boffetta P, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, May AM, Spencer EA, Allen NE, Bingham S, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Overvad K, Stegger J, Manjer J, Lindkvist B, Hallmanns G, Stenling R, Lund E, Riboli E, Gonzalez CA, Boeing H. Anthropometry and esophageal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2079–89.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0265Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Britton KA, Massaro JM, Murabito JM, Kreger BE, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Body fat distribution, incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:921–5.10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.027Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

20. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, Van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation 2008;117:1658–67.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739714Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Dirat B, Bochet L, Escourrou G, Valet P, Muller C. Unraveling the obesity and breast cancer links: a role for cancer-associated adipocytes. Endocr Dev 2010;19:45–52.10.1159/000316896Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Hanahan D, Coussens LM. Accessories to the crime: functions of cell recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2012;21:309–22.10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Nakajima EC, Van Houten B. Metabolic symbiosis in cancer: refocusing the Warburg lens. Mol Carcinog 2013;52:329–37.10.1002/mc.21863Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Whitaker-Menezes D, Pavlides S, Chiavarina B, Bonuccelli G, Trimmer C, Tsirigos A, Migneco G, Witkiewicz AK, Balliet R, Mercier I, Wang C, Flomenberg N, Howell A, Lin Z, Caro J, Pestell RG, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. The autophagic tumor stroma model of cancer or “battery-operated tumor growth” a simple solution to the autophagy paradox. Cell Cycle 2010;9:4297–306.10.4161/cc.9.21.13817Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. Santos CR, Schulze A. Lipid metabolism in cancer. FEBS J 2012;279:2610–23.10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08644.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Friedenreich CM, Biel RK, Lau DC, Csizmadi I, Courneya K, Magliocco A, Yasui Y, Cook L. Case-control study of the metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk factors for endometrial cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20:2384–95.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0715Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1994;309:901–11.10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Roberts DL, Dive C, Renehan AG. Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives. Annu Rev Med 2010;61:301–16.10.1146/annurev.med.080708.082713Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Ziech D, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in human carcinogenesis. Mutant Res 2011;711:167–73.10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.015Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Kim YJ, Kim EH, Hahm KB. Oxidative stress in inflammation-based gastrointestinal tract diseases: challenges and opportunities. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:1004–10.10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07108.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Guerrero J, Tobar N, Cáceres M, Espinoza L, Escobar P, Dotor J, Smith PC, Martìnez J. Soluble factors derived from tumor mammary cell lines induce a stromal mammary adipose reversion in human and mice adipose cells. Possible role of TGF- β1 and TNF-x. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;119:497–508.10.1007/s10549-009-0491-1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Inouye KE, Shi H, Howard JK, Daly CH, Lord GM, Rollins BJ, Flier JS. Absence of CC chemokine ligand 2 does not limit obesity-associated infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue. Diabetes 2007;56:2242–50.10.2337/db07-0425Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:7265–70.10.1073/pnas.1133870100Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Khasawneh J, Schulz M, Walch A, Rozman J, Hrabe de Angelis M, Klingenspor M, Buck A, Schwaiger M, Saur D, Schmid RM, Klöppel G, Sipos B, Greten FR, Arkan MC. Inflammation and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation link obesity to early tumor promotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:3354–9.10.1073/pnas.0802864106Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

35. Pou KM, Massaro JM, Hoffman U, Vasan RS, Maurovich-Horvat P, Larson MG, Keaney JF Jr, Meigs JB, Lipinska I, Kathiresan S, Murabito JM, O’Donnell CJ, Benjamin EJ, Fox CS. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Circulation 2007;116:1234–41.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710509Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Samani AA, Yakar S, LeRoith D, Brodt P. The role of the IGF system in cancer growth and metastasis: Overview and recent insights. Endocr Rev 2007;28:20–47.10.1210/er.2006-0001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Mu N, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Xue F. Insulin resistance: a significant risk factor of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012;125:751–7.10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.032Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Gruber CJ, Tschugguel W, Schneeberger C, Huber JC. Production and actions of estrogens. New Engl J Med 2002;346:340–52.10.1056/NEJMra000471Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Rose DP, Vona-Davis L. Interaction between menopausal status and obesity in affecting breast cancer risk. Maturitas 2010;66:33–8.10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.019Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Stocco C. Tissue physiology and pathology of aromatase. Steroids 2012;77:27–35.10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

41. Simpson ER, Clyne C, Rubin G, Boon WC, Robertson K, Britt K, Speed C, Jones M. Aromatase-a brief overview. Ann Rev Physiol 2002;64:93–127.10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081601.142703Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Chen S. Aromatase and breast cancer. Front Biosci 1998;3:d922–33.10.2741/A333Suche in Google Scholar

43. Matsumine H, Hirato K, Yanaihara T, Tamada T, Yoshida M. Aromatization by skeletal muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:717–20.10.1210/jcem-63-3-717Suche in Google Scholar

44. Simpson ER, Ackerman GE, Smith ME, Mendelson CR. Estrogen formation in stromal cells of adipose tissue of women: induction by glucocorticosteroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78:5690–4.10.1073/pnas.78.9.5690Suche in Google Scholar

45. MacDonald PC, Madden JD, Brenner PF, Wilson JD, Siiteri PK. Origin of estrogen in normal men and in women with testicular feminization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;49:905–16.10.1210/jcem-49-6-905Suche in Google Scholar

46. Ackerman GE, Smith ME, Mendelson CR, MacDonald PC, Simpson ER. Aromatization of androstenedione by human adipose tissue stromal cells in monolayer culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53:412–7.10.1210/jcem-53-2-412Suche in Google Scholar

47. Chow JD, Simpson ER, Boon WC. Alternative 5’-untranslated first exons of the mouse Cyp19A1 (aromatase) gene. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009;115:115–25.10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.03.010Suche in Google Scholar

48. Simpson ER. Aromatase: biologic relevance of tissue-specific expression. Semin Reprod Med 2004;22:11–23.10.1055/s-2004-823023Suche in Google Scholar

49. Burger HG. The endocrinology of the menopause. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1999;69:31–5.10.1016/S0960-0760(98)00145-9Suche in Google Scholar

50. Simpson ER, Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Michael MD, Bulun SE, Hinshelwood MM, Graham-Lorence S, Sun T, Fisher CR, Qin K, Mendelson CR. Aromatase expression in health and disease. Recent Progr Horm Res 1997;52:185–213.Suche in Google Scholar

51. Meseguer A, Puche C, Cabero A. Sex steroid biosynthesis in white adipose tissue. Horm Metab Res 2002;34:731–6.10.1055/s-2002-38249Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Bélanger C, Luu-The V, Dupont P, Tchernof A. Adipose tissue intracrinology: potential importance of local androgen/estrogen metabolism in the regulation of adiposity. Horm Metab Res 2002;34:737–45.10.1055/s-2002-38265Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

53. Nilsson S, Mäkelä S, Treuter E, Tujague M, Thomsen J, Andersson G, Enmark E, Pettersson K, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Mechanism of estrogens action. Physiol Rev 2001;81:1535–65.10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1535Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Pallottini V, Bulzomi P, Galluzzo P, Martini C, Marino M. Estrogen regulation of adipose tissue functions: involvement of estrogen receptor isoform. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2008;8:52–60.10.2174/187152608784139631Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Mattson C, Olsson T. Estrogens and glucocorticoid hormones in adipose tissue metabolism. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:2918–24.10.2174/092986707782359972Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Heine PA, Taylor JA, Iwamoto GA, Lubahn DB, Cooke PS. Increase adipose tissue in male and female estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:12729–34.10.1073/pnas.97.23.12729Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Jones ME, Thorburn AW, Britt KL, Hewitt KN, Wreford NG, Proietto J, Oz OK, Leury BJ, Robertson KM, Yao S, Simpson ER. Aromatase deficient (ArKO) mice have a phenotype of increased adiposity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:12735–40.10.1073/pnas.97.23.12735Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

58. Cooke PS, Naaz A. Role of estrogens in adipocyte development and function. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004;229:1127–35.10.1177/153537020422901107Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Ohlsson C, Hellberg N, Parini P, Vidal O, Bohlooly-Y M, Rudling M, Lindberg MK, Warner M, Angelin B, Gustafsson JA. Obesity and disturbed lipoprotein profile in estrogen receptor-alpha-deficient male mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;278:640–5.10.1006/bbrc.2000.3827Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Naaz A, Zakroczymski M, Heine P, Taylor J, Saunders P, Lubahn D, Cooke PS. Effect of ovariectomy on adipose tissue of mice in the absence of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha): a potential role of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). Horm Metab Res 2002;34:758–63.10.1055/s-2002-38259Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

61. O’Sullivan AJ. Does oestrogen allow women to store fat more efficiently? A biological advantage for fertility and gestation. Obes Rev 2009;10:168–77.10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00539.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Brown LM, Clegg DJ. Central effects of estradiol in the regulation of adiposity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;122:65–73.10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

63. Brown LM, Gent L, Davis K, Clegg DJ. Metabolic impact of sex hormones on obesity. Brain Res 2010;1320:77–85.10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.056Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

64. Spangenburg, EE, Wohlers LM, Valencia AP. Metabolic dysfunction under reduced estrogen levels: looking to exercise for prevention. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2012;40:195–203.10.1097/JES.0b013e31825eab9fSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Hirschberg AL. Sex hormones, appetite and eating behaviour in women. Maturitas 2012;71:248–56.10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.016Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Kim JH, Cho HT, Kim YJ. The role of estrogen in adipose tissue metabolism: insights into glucose homeostasis regulation. Endocr J 2014;61:1055–67.10.1507/endocrj.EJ14-0262Suche in Google Scholar

67. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 2006;444:860–7.10.1038/nature05485Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol 2011;29:415–45.10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

69. Rudich A, Kanety H, Bashan N. Adipose stress-sensing kinases: linking obesity to malfunction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007;18:291–9.10.1016/j.tem.2007.08.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 2008;454:428–35.10.1038/nature07201Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Stice JP, Knowlton AA. Estrogen, NFkappaB, and the heat shock response. Mol Med 2008;14:517–27.10.2119/2008-00026.SticeSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

72. Tracy RP. Inflammation, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2003;134;10–7.Suche in Google Scholar

73. Steffan RJ, Matelan E, Ashwell MA, Moore WJ, Solvibile WR, Trybulski E, Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Kenney T, Winneker RC, Eckert A, Borges-Marcucci L, Adelman SJ, Xu Z, Mosyak L, Harnish DC. Control of chronic inflammation with pathway selective estrogen receptor ligands. Curr Top Med Chem 2006;6:103–11.10.2174/156802606775270279Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Stice JP, Mbai FN, Chen L, Knowlton AA. Rapid activation of nuclear factor κb by 17β-estradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulators: pathways mediating cellular protection. Shock 2012;38:128–36.10.1097/SHK.0b013e31825da754Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

75. Guilherme A, Virbasius JV, Puri V, Czech MP. Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008;9:367–77.10.1038/nrm2391Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

76. Zhang K, Kaufman RJ. From endoplasmic-reticulum stress to the inflammatory response. Nature 2008;454:455–62.10.1038/nature07203Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

77. Lumeng CN, Saltiel AR. Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 2011;121:2111–7.10.1172/JCI57132Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

78. Chmelar J, Chung KJ, Chavakis T. The role of innate immune cells in obese adipose tissue inflammation and development of insulin resistance. Thromb Haemost 2013;109:399–406.10.1160/TH12-09-0703Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

79. Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Vilahur G, Badimon L, Palomo I. Mechanisms of chronic state of inflammation as mediators that link obese adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2013;2013:136584.10.1155/2013/136584Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

80. Fain JN, Madan AK, Hiler ML, Cheema P, Bahouth SW. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology 2004;145:2273–82.10.1210/en.2003-1336Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Tuohy KM, Chabo C, Waget A, Delmée E, Cousin B, Sulpice T, Chamontin B, Ferrières J, Tanti JF, Gibson GR, Casteilla L, Delzenne NM, Alessi MC, Burcelin R. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007;56:1761–72.10.2337/db06-1491Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

82. Erridge C, Attina T, Spickett CM, Webb DJ. A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1286–92.10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1286Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

83. Monteiro R, Soares R, Guerreiro S, Pestana D, Calhau C, Azevedo I. Red wine increases adipose tissue aromatase expression and regulates body weight and adipocyte size. Nutrition 2009;25:699–705.10.1016/j.nut.2009.01.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

84. Galien R, Garcia T. Etrogen receptor impairs interleukin-6 expression by preventing protein binding on the NF-κB site. Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:2424–9.10.1093/nar/25.12.2424Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

85. Stein B, Yang MX. Repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-κB and C/EBPκ. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:4971–9.10.1128/MCB.15.9.4971Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

86. Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Halis G, Taskiran S, Kayisli UA, Arici A. DNA-binding ability of NF-κB is affected differently by ERα and ERβ and its activation results in inhibition of estrogen responsiveness. Reprod Sci 2008;15:493–505.10.1177/1933719108317583Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

87. Evans MJ, Eckert A, Lai K, Adelman SJ, Harnish DC. Reciprocal antagonism between estrogen receptor and NF-κB activity in vivo. Circ Res 2001;89:823–30.10.1161/hh2101.098543Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

88. Xing D, Oparil S, Yu H, Gong K, Feng W, Black J, Chen YF, Nozell S. Estrogen modulates NFκB signaling by enhancing IβBα levels and blocking p65 binding at the promoters of inflammatory genes via estrogen receptor-α. PLoS One 2012;7:e36890.10.1371/journal.pone.0036890Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

89. Dodel RC, Du R, Bales KR, Gao F, Paul SM. Sodium salicylate and 17β-estradiol attenuate nuclear transcription factor NF-κB translocation in cultured rat astroglial cultures following exposure to amyloid Aκ1-40 and lipopolysaccharides. J Neurochem 1999;73:1453–60.10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731453.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

90. Simoncini T, Maffei S, Basta G, Barsacchi G, Genazzani AR, Liao JK, De Caterina R. Estrogens and glucocorticoids inhibit endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by different transcriptional mechanisms. Circ Res 2000;87:19–25.10.1161/01.RES.87.1.19Suche in Google Scholar

91. Wen Y, Yang S, Liu R, Perez E, Yi KD, Koulen P, Simpkins JW. Estrogen attenuates nuclear factor-kappa B activation induced by transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2004;1008:147–54.10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.019Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

92. Liu CJ, Lo JF, Kuo CH, Chu CH, Chen LM, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Tzang BS, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Akt mediates 17β-estradiol and/or estrogen receptor-α inhibition of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α expression and myocardial cell apoptosis by suppressing the JNK1/2-NFκB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13:3655–67.10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00669.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

93. Vona-Davis L, Rose DP. The obesity-inflammation-eicosanoid axis in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013;18:291–307.10.1007/s10911-013-9299-zSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

94. Suzuki R, Orsini N, Saji S, Key TJ, Wolk A. Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status-a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009;124:698–712.10.1002/ijc.23943Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

95. Cotterchio M, Kreiger N, Theis B, Sloan M, Bahl S. Hormonal factors and the risk of breast cancer according to estrogen- and progesterone-receptor subgroup. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:1053–60.Suche in Google Scholar

96. Niraula S, Ocana A, Ennis M, Goodwin PJ. Body size and breast cancer prognosis in relation to hormone receptor and menopausal status: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;134:769–81.10.1007/s10549-012-2073-xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

97. Bulun SE, Chen D, Moy I, Brooks DC, Zhao H. Aromatase, breast cancer and obesity: a complex interaction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012;23:83–9.10.1016/j.tem.2011.10.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

98. Vona-Davis L, Rose DP. Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007;14:189–206.10.1677/ERC-06-0068Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

99. Subbaramaiah K, Howe LR, Bhardwaj P, Du B, Gravaghi C, Yantiss RK, Zhou XK, Blaho VA, Hla T, Yang P, Kopelovich L, Hudis CA, Dannenberg AJ. Obesity is associated with inflammation and elevated aromatase expression in the mouse mammary gland. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011;4:329–46.10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0381Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

100. Morris PG, Hudis CA, Giri D, Morrow M, Falcone DJ, Zhou XK, Du B, Brogi E, Crawford CB, Kopelovich L, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ. Inflammation and increased aromatase expression occur in the breast tissue of obese women with breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011;4:1021–9.10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0110Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

101. Fain JN. Release of inflammatory mediators by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily by the nonfat cells: a review. Mediat Inflamm 2010;2010:513948.10.1155/2010/513948Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

102. Wentworth JM, Naselli G, Brown WA, Doyle L, Phipson B, Smyth GK, Wabitsch M, O’Brien PE, Harrison LC. Pro-inflammatory CD11c+CD206+ adipose tissue macrophages are associated with insulin resistance in human obesity. Diabetes 2010;59:1648–56.10.2337/db09-0287Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

103. Hwang D, Scollard D, Byrne J, Levine E. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:455–60.10.1093/jnci/90.6.455Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

104. Singh-Ranger G, Kirkpatrick KL, Clark GM, Mokbel K. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression correlates with progesterone receptor positivity in human breast cancer. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:131–34.10.1080/030079903125001569Suche in Google Scholar

105. Boland GP, Butt IS, Prasad R, Knox WF, Bundred NJ. COX-2 expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype in ductal carcinoma in situ. Br J Cancer 2004;90:423–9.10.1038/sj.bjc.6601534Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

106. Tan KB, Yong WP, Putti TC. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression: a potential prognostic and predictive marker for high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Histopathology 2004;44:24–8.10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01774.xSuche in Google Scholar

107. Nakopoulou L, Mylona E, Papadaki I, Kapranou A, Giannopoulou I, Markaki S, Keramopoulos A. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with a favorable prognostic phenotype in breast carcinoma. Pathobiology 2005;72:241–9.10.1159/000089418Suche in Google Scholar

108. Perrone G, Santini D, Vincenzi B, Zagami M, La Cesa A, Bianchi A, Altomare V, Primavera A, Battista C, Vetrani A, Tonini G, Rabitti C. COX-2 expression in DCIS: correlation with VEGF, HER-2/neu, prognostic molecular markers and clinicopathological features. Histopathology 2005;46:561–8.10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02132.xSuche in Google Scholar

109. Takeshita E, Osanai T, Higuchi T, Soumaoro LT, Sugihara K. Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with histological grade in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. J Med Dent Sci 2005;52:189–93.Suche in Google Scholar

110. Karmali RA, Marsh J. Antitumor activity in a rat mammary adenocarcinoma: the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and immunization against prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1985;20:283–6.10.1016/0262-1746(85)90150-7Suche in Google Scholar

111. Rose DP, Connolly JM. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacol Ther 1999;83:217–44.10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00026-1Suche in Google Scholar

112. Harris RE, Casto BC, Harris ZM. Cyclooxygenase-2 and the inflammogenesis of breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014;5:677–92.10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.677Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

113. Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, Wang S, Fortier M, Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2005;46: 2347–55.10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

114. Subbaramaiah K, Morris PG, Zhou XK, Morrow M, Du B, Giri D, Kopelovich L, Hudis CA, Dannenberg AJ. Increased levels of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 contribute to elevated aromatase expression in inflamed breast tissue of obese women. Cancer Discov 2012;2:356–65.10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0241Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

115. Candido J, Hagemann T. Cancer-related inflammation. J Clin Immunol 2013;33(Suppl 1):S79–84.10.1007/s10875-012-9847-0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

116. Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Estrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumor is stimulated by PGE2 via cyclic AMP, leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology 1996;137: 5739–42.10.1210/endo.137.12.8940410Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

117. Brueggemeier RW, Quinn AL, Parrett ML, Joarder FS, Harris RE, Robertson FM. Correlation of aromatase and cyclooxygenase gene expression in human breast cancer specimens. Cancer Lett 1999;140:27–35.10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00050-6Suche in Google Scholar

118. Richards JA, Brueggemeier RW. Interactions of cyclooxygenase and aromatase pathways in normal and malignant breast cells. In: Harris RE, editor. COX-2 Blockade in cancer prevention and therapy. Totowa: Humana Press, 2002:205–24.Suche in Google Scholar

119. Díaz-Cruz ES, Brueggemeier RW. Interrelationships between cyclooxygenases and aromatase: unraveling the relevance of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in breast cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2006;6:221–32.10.2174/187152006776930873Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

120. Dannenberg AJ, Lippman SM, Mann JR, Subbaramaiah K, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor: pharmacologic targets for chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:254–66.10.1200/JCO.2005.09.112Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

121. Bhattacharjee RN, Timoshenko AV, Cai J, Lala PK. Relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in vascular endothelial growth factor C up-regulation and lymphangiogenesis in human breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2010;101:2026–32.10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01647.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

122. Whelan J, McEntee MF. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, and APC-driven intestinal tumorigenesis. In: Harris RE, editor. COX-2 Blockade in cancer prevention and therapy. Totowa: Humana Press, 2002:117–45.Suche in Google Scholar

123. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Association of Cancer Registries. Cancer in Australia 1999. Canberra: AIHW and Australian Association of Cancer Registries, 2002.Suche in Google Scholar

124. Bray F, Dos Santos Silva I, Moller H, Weiderpass E. Endometrial cancer incidence trends in Europe: underlying determinants and prospects for prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:1132–42.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0871Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

125. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:225–49.10.3322/caac.20006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

126. Engelsen IB, Akslen LA, Salvesen HB. Biologic markers in endometrial cancer treatment. APMIS 2009;117:693–707.10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02467.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

127. Sivridis E, Fox H, Buckley C. Endometrial carcinoma: two or three entities? Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998;8:183–8.10.1046/j.1525-1438.1998.09806.xSuche in Google Scholar

128. Trimble CL, Kauderer J, Zaino R, Silverberg S, Lim PC, Burke JJ 2nd, Alberts D, Curtin J. Concurrent endometrial carcinoma in women with a biopsy diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a gynecologic oncology group study. Cancer 2006;106:812–9.10.1002/cncr.21650Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

129. Uharcek P. Prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34:776–83.10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00796.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

130. Austin H, Austin Jr JM, Partridge EE, Hatch KD, Shingleton HM. Endometrial cancer, obesity, and body fat distribution. Cancer Res 1991;51:568–72.Suche in Google Scholar

131. Olson SH, Trevisan M, Marshall JR, Graham S, Zielezny M, Vena JE, Hellmann R, Freudenheim JL. Body mass index, weight gain, and risk of endometrial cancer. Nutr Cancer 1995;23:141–9.10.1080/01635589509514370Suche in Google Scholar

132. Baanders-van Halewyn EA, Blankenstein MA, Thijssen JH, de Ridder CM, de Waard F. A comparative study of risk factors for hyperplasia and cancer of the endometrium. Eur J Cancer Prev 1996;5:105–12.10.1097/00008469-199604000-00004Suche in Google Scholar

133. Hirose K, Tajima K, Hamajima N, Takezaki T, Inoue M, Kuroishi T, Kuzuya K, Nakamura S, Tokudome S. Subsite (cervix/endometrium)-specific risk and protective factors in uterus cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996;87:1001–9.10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb02132.xSuche in Google Scholar

134. Kalandidi A, Tzonou A, Lipworth L, Gamatsi I, Filippa D, Trichopoulos D. A case-control study of endometrial cancer in relation to reproductive, somatometric, and life-style variables. Oncology 1996;53:354–9.10.1159/000227587Suche in Google Scholar

135. Kelsey JL, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR, Fischer DB, Mostow ED, Schwartz PE, O’Connor T, White C. A case-control study of cancer of the endometrium. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:333–42.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113417Suche in Google Scholar

136. La Vecchia C, Parazzini F, Negri E, Fasoli M, Gentile A, Franceschi S. Anthropometric indicators of endometrial cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 1991;27:487–90.10.1016/0277-5379(91)90392-QSuche in Google Scholar

137. Ricci E, Moroni S, Parazzini F, Surace M, Benzi G, Salerio B, Polverino G, La Vecchia C. Risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia: results from a case-control study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002;12:257–60.10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200205000-00004Suche in Google Scholar

138. Goodman MT, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Lyu LC, McDuffie K, Liu LQ, Kolonel LN. Diet, body size, physical activity, and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 1997;57:5077–85.Suche in Google Scholar

139. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Parazzini F, Franceschi S. Body mass at different ages and subsequent endometrial cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1992;50:567–71.10.1002/ijc.2910500413Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

140. Chang SC, Lacey JV Jr, Brinton LA, Hartge P, Adams K, Mouw T, Carroll L, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF. Lifetime weight history and endometrial cancer risk by type of menopausal hormone use in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:723–30.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0675Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

141. Siiteri PK. Steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 1978;38:4360–6.Suche in Google Scholar

142. Judd HL. Hormonal dynamics associated with the menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1976;19:775–88.10.1097/00003081-197612000-00005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

143. Cleland WH, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Effects of aging and obesity on aromatase activity of human adipose cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:174–7.10.1210/jcem-60-1-174Suche in Google Scholar

144. Sasano H, Harada N. Intratumoral aromatase in human breast, endometrial, and ovarian malignancies. Endocr Rev 1998;19:593–607.Suche in Google Scholar

145. Siiteri PK. Adipose tissue as a source of hormones. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(Suppl 1):277–82.10.1093/ajcn/45.1.277Suche in Google Scholar

146. Nagamani M, Hannigan EV, Dillard EA Jr, Van Dinh T. Ovarian steroid secretion in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:508–12.10.1210/jcem-62-3-508Suche in Google Scholar

147. Möllerström G, Carlström K, Lagrelius A, Einhorn N. Is there an altered steroid profile in patients with endometrial carcinoma? Cancer 1993;72:173–81.10.1002/1097-0142(19930701)72:1<173::AID-CNCR2820720132>3.0.CO;2-XSuche in Google Scholar

148. Knab DR. Estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1977;32:267–81.10.1097/00006254-197705000-00001Suche in Google Scholar

149. Tseng L, Mazella J, Funt MI, Mann WJ, Stone ML. Preliminary studies of aromatase in human neoplastic endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 1984;63:150–4.Suche in Google Scholar

150. Wynder EL, Escher GC, Mantel N. An epidemiological investigation of cancer of the endometrium. Cancer 1966;19:489–520.10.1002/1097-0142(196604)19:4<489::AID-CNCR2820190406>3.0.CO;2-WSuche in Google Scholar

151. Hemsell DL, Grodin JM, Brenner PF, Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC. Plasma precursors of estrogen. II. Correlation of the extent of conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone with age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974;38:476–9.10.1210/jcem-38-3-476Suche in Google Scholar

152. Southcott BM. Carcinoma of the endometrium. Drugs 2001;61:1395–405.10.2165/00003495-200161100-00003Suche in Google Scholar

153. Lachance JA, Everett EN, Greer B, Mandel L, Swisher E, Tamimi H, Goff B. The effect of age on clinical/pathologic features, surgical morbidity, and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006;101:470–5.10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.11.009Suche in Google Scholar

154. Burbos N, Musonda P, Giarenis I, Shiner AM, Giamougiannis P, Morris EP, Nieto JJ. Predicting the risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women presenting with vaginal bleeding: the Norwich DEFAB risk assessment tool. Br J Cancer 2010;102:1201–6.10.1038/sj.bjc.6605620Suche in Google Scholar

155. Allen NE, Key TJ, Dossus L, Rinaldi S, Cust A, Lukanova A, Peeters PH, Onland-Moret NC, Lahmann PH, Berrino F, Panico S, Larrañaga N, Pera G, Tormo MJ, Sánchez MJ, Ramón Quirós J, Ardanaz E, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J, Schulz M, Boeing H, Lundin E, Palli D, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Naska A, Tumino R, Riboli E, Kaaks R. Endogenous sex hormones and endometrial cancer risk in women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Endocr Relat Cancer 2008;15:485–97.10.1677/ERC-07-0064Suche in Google Scholar

156. Kirschner MA, Schneider G, Ertel NH, Worton E. Obesity, androgens, estrogens, and cancer risk. Cancer Res 1982;42(Suppl 8):3281–5.Suche in Google Scholar

157. Pettersson B, Bergstrom R, Johansson ED. Serum estrogens and androgens in women with endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1986;25:223–33.10.1016/0090-8258(86)90103-4Suche in Google Scholar

158. Azziz R. Reproductive endocrinologic alterations in female asymptomatic obesity. Fertil Steril 1989;52:703–25.10.1016/S0015-0282(16)61020-8Suche in Google Scholar

159. Nyholm HC, Nielsen AL, Lyndrup J, Dreisler A, Hagen C, Haug E. Plasma oestrogens in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:1115–9.10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15176.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

160. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Akhmedkhanov A, Kato I, Koenig KL, Shore RE, Kim MY, Levitz M, Mittal KR, Raju U, Banerjee S, Toniolo P. Postmenopausal endogenous oestrogens and risk of endometrial cancer: results of a prospective study. Br J Cancer 2001;84:975–81.10.1054/bjoc.2001.1704Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

161. Lukanova A, Lundin E, Micheli A, Arslan A, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Krogh V, Lenner P, Shore RE, Biessy C, Muti P, Riboli E, Koenig KL, Levitz M, Stattin P, Berrino F, Hallmans G, Kaaks R, Toniolo P, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Circulating levels of sex steroid hormones and risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2004;108:425–32.10.1002/ijc.11529Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

162. Chang RJ, Judd HL. The ovary after menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1981;24:181–91.10.1097/00003081-198103000-00017Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

163. Potischman N, Hoover RN, Brinton LA, Siiteri P, Dorgan JF, Swanson CA, Berman ML, Mortel R, Twiggs LB, Barrett RJ, Wilbanks GD, Persky V, Lurain JR. Case control study of endogenous steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1127–35.10.1093/jnci/88.16.1127Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

164. Aiman J. Age, estrogen, and the endometrium. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1981;24:193–202.10.1097/00003081-198103000-00018Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

165. Jongen VH, Hollema H, Van Der Zee AG, Heineman MJ. Aromatase in the context of breast and endometrial cancer. A review. Minerva Endocrinol 2006;31:47–60.Suche in Google Scholar

166. Murphy LJ, Ghahary A. Uterine insulin-like growth factor-1: regulation of expression and its role in estrogen-induced uterine proliferation. Endocr Rev 1990;11:443–53.10.1210/edrv-11-3-443Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

167. Rose PG. Endometrial carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996;335:640–9.10.1056/NEJM199608293350907Suche in Google Scholar

168. Weiss NS, Hill DA. Postmenopausal estrogens and progestogens and the incidence of gynecologic cancer. Maturitas 1996;23:235–9.10.1016/0378-5122(95)00976-0Suche in Google Scholar

169. Emons G, Fleckenstein G, Hinney B, Huschmand A, Heyl W. Hormonal interactions in endometrial cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2000;7:227–42.10.1677/erc.0.0070227Suche in Google Scholar

170. Lundberg V, Tolonen H, Stegmayr B, Kuulasmaa K, Asplund K, WHO MONICA Project. Use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy in the WHO MONICA project. Maturitas 2004;48:39–49.10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.08.006Suche in Google Scholar

171. Ziel HK, Finkle WD. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1167–70.10.1056/NEJM197512042932303Suche in Google Scholar

172. Mack TM, Pike MC, Henderson BE, Pfeffer RI, Gerkins VR, Arthur M, Brown SE. Estrogens and endometrial cancer in a retirement community. N Engl J Med 1976;294:1262–7.10.1056/NEJM197606032942304Suche in Google Scholar

173. MacDonald PC, Edman CD, Hemsell DL, Porter JC, Siiteri PK. Effect of obesity on conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;130:448–55.10.1016/0002-9378(78)90287-9Suche in Google Scholar

174. Antunes CM, Strolley PD, Rosenshein NB, Davies JL, Tonascia JA, Brown C, Burnett L, Rutledge A, Pokempner M, Garcia R. Endometrial cancer and estrogen use. Report of a large case-control study. N Engl J Med 1979;300:9–13.10.1056/NEJM197901043000103Suche in Google Scholar

175. Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K, Ernster V, Petitti D. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:304–13.10.1016/0029-7844(94)00383-OSuche in Google Scholar

176. Beresford SA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women. Lancet 1997;349:458–61.10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07365-5Suche in Google Scholar

177. Weiderpass E, Adami HO, Baron JA, Magnusson C, Lindgren A, Persson I. Use of oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 1999;10:277–84.10.1023/A:1008945721786Suche in Google Scholar

178. Beral V, Reeves G, Banks E. Current evidence about the effect of hormone replacement therapy on the incidence of major conditions in postmenopausal women. BJOG 2005;112:692–5.10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00541.xSuche in Google Scholar

179. Voigt LF, Weiss NS, Chu J, Daling JR, McKnight B, van Belle G. Progestagen supplementation of exogenous oestrogens and risk of endometrial cancer. Lancet 1991;338:274–7.10.1016/0140-6736(91)90417-NSuche in Google Scholar

180. Bergström A, Pisani P, Tenet V, Wolk A, Adami HO. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer 2001;91:421–30.10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1053>3.0.CO;2-TSuche in Google Scholar

181. Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Kurzer MS. Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:1531–3.Suche in Google Scholar

182. Polednak AP. Trends in incidence rates for obesity-associated cancers in the US. Cancer Detect Prev 2003;27:415–21.10.1016/j.cdp.2003.09.002Suche in Google Scholar

183. Bray F, Loos AH, Oostindier M, Weiderpass E. Geographic and temporal variations in cancer of the corpus uteri: incidence and mortality in pre- and postmenopausal women in Europe. Int J Cancer 2005;117:123–31.10.1002/ijc.21099Suche in Google Scholar

184. Lépine J, Audet-Walsh E, Grégoire J, Têtu B, Plante M, Ménard V, Ayotte P, Brisson J, Caron P, Villeneuve L, Bélanger A, Guillemette C. Circulating estrogens in endometrial cancer cases and their relationship with tissular expression of key estrogen biosynthesis and metabolic pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2689–98.10.1210/jc.2010-2648Suche in Google Scholar