Tensile stress relaxation of wood impregnated with different ACQ formulations at various temperatures
-
Lili Yu
Abstract
The reactions between constituents of alkaline copper quat (ACQ) and of wood were investigated by a tensile stress relaxation approach. Small samples were stressed and impregnated with various ACQ solutions, in which the ratios of monoethanolamine (MEA), ACQ, and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) were varied. The other parameters included temperature and concentration of the treating solutions. The stress relaxation curves of wood were recorded during the impregnation period and the effects of impregnation parameters were investigated by an orthogonal experimental design (OED). The effects of water, MEA, and DDAC on stress relaxation of the samples were also observed. The bulking effect of water was tested separately in samples treated with distilled water without stretching. The results showed that the stress relaxes dramatically in the initial period and then changes slightly over a long period, which is readily visible in double logarithmic plots of f (t)/f (0) versus time (t). There are complex interactions between the components of ACQ solutions and wood matrix: (1) in rapid phase I, the splitting of the easily accessible hydrogen bonds (mainly in the amorphous hemicelluloses) are prevalent by interaction with components of ACQ solution; (2) in slow phase II, Cu penetrates deeper in less accessible regions (e.g., in paracrystalline regions of cellulose) and renders possible further relaxation. The results of range and variance analysis reveal that the molar ratio of Cu to MEA and temperature of ACQ solution have significant effects on the rate of reaction during phase I, whereas in phase II only the temperature of ACQ solution has a significant effect. The stress relaxation curves of samples impregnated in water, MEA, and DDAC all showed a quasi one phase stress relaxation rate, which suggests that phase II is mostly related to Cu in ACQ formulations. It is concluded that the formation of complexes with Cu is still the major reaction in wood although there is competition among ACQ constituents for reaction sites.
©2010 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- Original Papers
- Initiating ECF bleaching sequences of eucalyptus kraft pulps with Z/D and Z/E stages
- Characterization of black liquors from kraft pulping of first-thinning Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
- Analysis of products from the oxidation of technical lignins by oxygen and H3PMo12O40 in water and aqueous methanol by size-exclusion chromatography
- Oxidative polymerisation of models for phenolic lignin end-groups by laccase
- Determination of anionic groups in wood by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
- Effects of sample preparation on NIR spectroscopic estimation of chemical properties of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake wood
- Detection of wet-pockets on the surface of Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
- Cellular distribution of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa as revealed by Raman microscopy
- Hydrolysis of cellulose and wood powder treated with DMDHEU by a hydrolase enzyme complex, Fenton's reagent, and in a liquid culture of Trametes versicolor
- Effects of timing and intensity of thinning on wood structure and chemistry in Norway spruce
- Effects of calcium-based materials and iron impurities on wood degradation by the brown rot fungus Serpula lacrymans
- Lignin and carbohydrate variation with earlywood, latewood, and compression wood content of bent and straight ramets of a radiata pine clone
- Tensile stress relaxation of wood impregnated with different ACQ formulations at various temperatures
- Estimate of resistance-curve in wood through the double cantilever beam test
- Moisture-induced stresses and distortions in spruce cross-laminates and composite laminates
- Short Note
- Recovery of cellulose and xylan liquefied in ionic liquids by precipitation in anti-solvents
- Meetings
- Meetings
Articles in the same Issue
- Original Papers
- Initiating ECF bleaching sequences of eucalyptus kraft pulps with Z/D and Z/E stages
- Characterization of black liquors from kraft pulping of first-thinning Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
- Analysis of products from the oxidation of technical lignins by oxygen and H3PMo12O40 in water and aqueous methanol by size-exclusion chromatography
- Oxidative polymerisation of models for phenolic lignin end-groups by laccase
- Determination of anionic groups in wood by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
- Effects of sample preparation on NIR spectroscopic estimation of chemical properties of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake wood
- Detection of wet-pockets on the surface of Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
- Cellular distribution of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa as revealed by Raman microscopy
- Hydrolysis of cellulose and wood powder treated with DMDHEU by a hydrolase enzyme complex, Fenton's reagent, and in a liquid culture of Trametes versicolor
- Effects of timing and intensity of thinning on wood structure and chemistry in Norway spruce
- Effects of calcium-based materials and iron impurities on wood degradation by the brown rot fungus Serpula lacrymans
- Lignin and carbohydrate variation with earlywood, latewood, and compression wood content of bent and straight ramets of a radiata pine clone
- Tensile stress relaxation of wood impregnated with different ACQ formulations at various temperatures
- Estimate of resistance-curve in wood through the double cantilever beam test
- Moisture-induced stresses and distortions in spruce cross-laminates and composite laminates
- Short Note
- Recovery of cellulose and xylan liquefied in ionic liquids by precipitation in anti-solvents
- Meetings
- Meetings
