Zum Hauptinhalt springen
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

The effects of thermal treatment on the nanomechanical behavior of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie) cell walls observed by nanoindentation, XRD, and wet chemistry

  • , , , EMAIL logo und EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. September 2016

Abstract

The effects of thermal treatment of bamboo at 130, 150, 170, and 190°C for 2, 4, and 6 h were investigated in terms of changes in chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity, and mechanical behavior of the cell-wall level by means of wet chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation (NI). Particularly, the reduced elastic modulus (Er), hardness (H), and creep behavior were in focus. Both the temperature and treatment time showed significant effects. Expectedly, the hemicelluloses were degraded and the relative lignin content was elevated, while the crystallinity of the cellulose moiety was increased upon thermal treatment. The Er and H data of the cell wall were increased after 6 h treatment at 190°C, from 18.4 to 22.0 GPa and from 0.45 to 0.65 GPa, respectively. The thermal treatment led to a decrease of the creep ratio (CIT) under the same conditions by ca. 28%. The indentation strain state (εi) also decreased significantly after thermal treatment during the load-holding stage.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the support of the Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LZ13C160003, LY16C160009), the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31570552), the Foundation of Zhejiang Key Level 1 Discipline of Forestry Engineering (2014lygcz005), Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province and Tennessee Experimental Station Project #TEN00422.

References

Bhavna, S., Ana, G., Maximilian, B., Michael, R. (2015) Engineered bamboo for structural applications. Constr. Build. Mater. 81:66–73.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.077Suche in Google Scholar

Bhuiyan, M.T.R., Nobuyuki, H., Nobuo, S. (2000) Changes of crystallinity in wood cellulose by heat treatment under dried and moist conditions. J. Wood Sci. 46:431–436.10.1007/BF00765800Suche in Google Scholar

Browning, B.L. Method of Wood Chemistry, Vol. II. Interscience/Wiley, New York, USA, 1967.Suche in Google Scholar

Chinese standard (1994) GB/T 2667.8-1994, China State Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine Fibrous raw material – Determination of acid-insoluble lignin.Suche in Google Scholar

Dubey, M.K., Pang, S., Chauhan, S., Walker, J. (2016) Dimensional stability, fungal resistance and mechanical properties of radiata pine after combined thermo-mechanical compression and oil heat-treatment. Holzforschung 70: 793–800.10.1515/hf-2015-0174Suche in Google Scholar

Esteves, B.M., Pereira, H.M. (2009) Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. BioResources 4:370–404.10.15376/biores.4.1.EstevesSuche in Google Scholar

Ganser, C., Hirn, U., Rohm, S., Schennach, R., Teichert, C. (2014) AFM nanoindentation of pulp fibers and thin cellulose films at varying relative humidity. Holzforschung 68:53–60.10.1515/hf-2013-0014Suche in Google Scholar

Gao, J., Kim, J.S., Terziev, N., Daniel, G. (2016) Decay resistance of softwoods and hardwoods thermally modified by the thermovouto type thermo-vacuum process to brown rot and white rot fungi. Holzforschung 70: 877–884.10.1515/hf-2015-0244Suche in Google Scholar

Gindl, W., Gupta, H.S., Grunwald, C. (2002) Lignification of spruce tracheids secondary cell wall related to longitudinal hardness and modulus of elasticity using nano-indentation. Can. J. Bot. 80:1029–1033.10.1139/b02-091Suche in Google Scholar

Gindl, W., Gupta, H.S., Schoberl, T., Lichtenegger, H.C., Fratzl, P. (2004) Mechanical properties of spruce wood cell walls by nanoindentation. Appl. Phys. A-Mater. 79:2069–2073.10.1007/s00339-004-2864-ySuche in Google Scholar

Gonzalez-Pena, M.M., Curling, S.F., Hale, M.D.C. (2009) On the effect of heat on the chemical composition and dimensions of thermally-modified wood. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94:2184–2193.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.003Suche in Google Scholar

Harries, K.A., Sharma, B., Richard, M.J. (2012) Structural use of full culm bamboo: the path to standardization. Int. J. Archit. Eng. Constr. 1:66–75.10.7492/IJAEC.2012.008Suche in Google Scholar

Huang, X., Jiang, Z. (2008) Dynamic thermomechanical analysis on inside faces of bamboos. For. Technol. Dev. 2:45–47.Suche in Google Scholar

Jager, A., Hofstetter, K., Buksnowitz, C., Gindl, W., Konnerth, J. (2011) Identification of stiffness tensor components of wood cell walls by means of nanoindentation. Compos. Part A. 42:2101–2109.10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.09.020Suche in Google Scholar

Jalaludin, Z., Hill, C.A.S., Xie, Y., Samsi, H.W., Husain, H., Awang, K., Curling, S.F. (2010) Analysis of the water vapour sorption isotherms of thermally modified acacia and sesendok. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. 5:194–203.10.1080/17480272.2010.503940Suche in Google Scholar

Jiang, J., Lu, J., Huang, R., Li, X. (2009) Effects of time and temperature on the viscoelastic properties of Chinese fir wood. Dry Technol. 27:1229–1234.10.1080/07373930903266726Suche in Google Scholar

Keckes, J., Burgert, I., Frühmann, K., Müller, M., Kölln, K., Hamilton, M., Burghammer, M., Roth, S. V., Stanzl-Tschegg, S., Fratzl, P. (2003) Cell-wall recovery after irreversible deformation of wood. Nat. Mater. 2:810–814.10.1038/nmat1019Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kim, J.S., Gao, J., Terziev, N., Allegretti, O., Daniel, G. (2015) Chemical and ultrastructural changes of ash wood thermally modified (TMW) using the thermo-vacuum process: II. Immunocytochemical study of the distribution of noncellulosic polysaccharides. Holzforschung 69:615–625.10.1515/hf-2014-0149Suche in Google Scholar

Kocaefe, D., Poncsak, S., Boluk, Y. (2008) Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical composition and mechanical properties of birch and aspen. Bioresour. Technol. 3:517–537.Suche in Google Scholar

Konnerth, J., Gindl, W. (2006) Mechanical characterisation of wood-adhesive interphase cell walls by nanoindentation. Holzforschung 60:429–433.10.1515/HF.2006.067Suche in Google Scholar

Konnerth, J., Eiser, M., Jäger, A., Bader, T.K., Hofstetter, K., Follrich, J., Ters, T., Hansmann, C., Wimmer, R. (2010) Macro- and micro-mechanical properties of red oak wood (Quercus rubra L.) treated with hemicellulases. Holzforschung 64:447–453.10.1515/hf.2010.056Suche in Google Scholar

Konnerth, J., Weigl, M., Gindl-Altmutter, W., Avramidis, G., Wolkenhauer, A., Viöl, W., Gilge, M., Obersriebnig, M. (2014) Effect of plasma treatment on cell-wall adhesion of urea-formaldehyde resin revealed by nanoindentation. Holzforschung 68:707–712.10.1515/hf-2013-0130Suche in Google Scholar

Li, X., Wang, S., Du, G., Wu, Z., Meng, Y. (2013) Variation in physical and mechanical properties of hemp stalk fibers along height of stem. Ind. Crop. Prod. 42:344–348.10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.043Suche in Google Scholar

Li, Y., Yin, L., Huang, C., Meng, Y., Fu, F., Wang, S., Wu, Q. (2015) Quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation to determine the influence of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of bamboo cell walls. Holzforschung 69:909–914.10.1515/hf-2014-0112Suche in Google Scholar

Meng, Y., Wang, S., Cai, Z., Young, T.M., Du, G., Li, Y. (2013) A novel sample preparation method to avoid influence of embedding medium during nano-indentation. Appl. Phys. A-Mater. 110:361–369.10.1007/s00339-012-7123-zSuche in Google Scholar

Meng, F., Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, W., Gao, J. (2016) Surface chemical composition analysis of heat-treated bamboo. Appl. Surf. Sci. 371:383–390.10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.015Suche in Google Scholar

Nair, S.S., Wang, S., Hurley, D.C. (2010) Nanoscale characterization of natural fibers and their composites using contact-resonance force microscopy. Compos. Part A. 41:624–631.10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.01.009Suche in Google Scholar

Oliver, W.C., Pharr, G.M. (1992) Improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 7:1564–1583.10.1557/JMR.1992.1564Suche in Google Scholar

Ren, D., Wang, H., Yu, Z., Wang, H., Yu, Y. (2015) Mechanical imaging of bamboo fiber cell walls and their composites by means of peakforce quantitative nanomechanics (PQNM) technique. Holzforschung 69:975–984.10.1515/hf-2014-0237Suche in Google Scholar

Segal, L., Creely, J.J., Martin, A.E., Jr., Conrad, C.M. (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Textile Res. J. 29:786–794.10.1177/004051755902901003Suche in Google Scholar

Sharma, B., Gatoo, A., Bock, M., Mulligan, H., Ramage, M. (2015) Engineered bamboo: state of the art. Constr. Mater. 168: 57–67.10.1680/coma.14.00020Suche in Google Scholar

Sonderegger, W., Mannes, D., Kaestner, A., Hovind, J., Lehmann, E. (2015) On-line monitoring of hygroscopicity and dimensional changes of wood during thermal modification by means of neutron imaging methods. Holzforschung 69:87–95.10.1515/hf-2014-0008Suche in Google Scholar

Stanzl-Tschegg, S., Beikircher, W., Loidl, D. (2009) Comparison of mechanical properties of thermally modified wood at growth ring and cell wall level by means of instrumented indentation tests. Holzforschung 63:443–448.10.1515/HF.2009.085Suche in Google Scholar

Wagner, L., Bader, T.K., de Borst, K. (2014) Nanoindentation of wood cell walls: effects of sample preparation and indentation protocol. J. Mater. Sci. 49:94–102.10.1007/s10853-013-7680-3Suche in Google Scholar

Wagner, L., Bader, T.K., Ters, T., Fackler, K., de Borst, K. (2015) A combined view on composition, molecular structure, and micromechanics of fungal degraded softwood. Holzforschung 69:471–482.10.1515/hf-2014-0023Suche in Google Scholar

Wang, C.L., Zhang, M. Nieh, T.G. (2009) Nanoindentation creep of nanocrystalline nickel at elevated temperatures. J. Phys. D. 42:115405.10.1088/0022-3727/42/11/115405Suche in Google Scholar

Wang, X., Deng, Y., Wang, S., Liao, C., Meng, Y., Pham, T. (2013) Nanoscale characterization of reed stalk fiber cell walls. BioResources 8:1986–1996.10.15376/biores.8.2.1986-1996Suche in Google Scholar

Wang, X., Deng, Y., Wang, S., Min, C., Meng, Y., Pham, T., Ying, Y. (2014) Evaluation of the effects of compression combined with heat treatment by nanoindentation (NI) of poplar cell walls. Holzforschung 68:167–173.10.1515/hf-2013-0084Suche in Google Scholar

Wang, X., Li, Y., Deng, Y., Yu, W., Xie, X., Wang, S. (2016) Contributions of basic chemical components to the mechanical behavior of wood fiber cell walls as evaluated by nanoindentation. BioResources 11:6026–6039.10.15376/biores.11.3.6026-6039Suche in Google Scholar

Wimmer, R., Lucas, B.N., Tsui, T.Y., Oliver, W.C. (1997) Longitudinal hardness and Young’s modulus of spruce tracheid secondary walls using nanoindentation technique. Wood Sci. Technol. 31:131–141.10.1007/BF00705928Suche in Google Scholar

Wise, L.E., Murphy, M., D’Addieco, A.A. (1946) Chlorite holocellulose, its fractionation and bearing on summative wood analysis and on studies on the hemicelluloses. Pap. Trade J. 122:35–43.Suche in Google Scholar

Wikberg, H., Maunu, S.L. (2004) Characterisation of thermally modified hard- and softwoods by 13C CPMAS NMR. Carbohyd. Polym. 58:461–466.10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.08.008Suche in Google Scholar

Wu, Y., Wang, S., Zhou, D., Xing, C., Zhang, Y. (2009) Use of nanoindentation and SilviScan to determine the mechanical properties of 10 hardwood species. Wood Fiber Sci. 41:64–73.Suche in Google Scholar

Wu, Y., Wang, S., Zhou, D., Xing, C., Zhang, Y., Cai, Z. (2010) Evaluation of elastic modulus and hardness of crop stalks cell walls by nano-indentation. Bioresource Technol. 101:2867–2871.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.074Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Xing, C., Wang, S., Pharr, G.M., Groom, L.H. (2008) Effect of thermo-mechanical refining pressure on the properties of wood fibers as measured by nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. Holzforschung 62:230–236.10.1515/HF.2008.050Suche in Google Scholar

Yildiz, S., Gezer, E.D., Yildiz, U.C. (2006) Mechanical and chemical behavior of spruce wood modified by heat. Build. Environ. 41:1762–1766.10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.017Suche in Google Scholar

Yin, Y., Berglund, L., Salmén, L. (2011) Effect of steam treatment on the properties of wood cell walls. Biomacromolecules 12:194–202.10.1021/bm101144mSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Yun, H., Li, K., Tu, D., Hu, C. (2016) Effect of heat treatment on bamboo fiber morphology crystallinity and mechanical properties. Wood Res-Slovakia. 61:227–233.Suche in Google Scholar

Yu, Y., Fei, B., Wang, H., Tian, G. (2011) Longitudinal mechanical properties of cell wall of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) as related to moisture content: a nanoindentation study. Holzforschung 65:121–126.10.1515/hf.2011.014Suche in Google Scholar

Zhao, R., Shupe, T. (2010) Effects of steam treatment on bending properties and chemical composition of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). J. Trop. For. Sci. 22:197–201.Suche in Google Scholar

Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Yu, W. (2012) Effect of thermal treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo. Holz Roh Werkst. 71:61–67.10.1007/s00107-012-0643-6Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2016-7-28
Accepted: 2016-8-15
Published Online: 2016-9-22
Published in Print: 2017-2-1

©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 17.4.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2016-0124/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen