Distribution of lignin in vascular bundles of coconut wood (Cocos nucifera) by cellular UV-spectroscopy and relationship between lignification and tensile strength in single vascular bundles

References

Alston, A. (1976) Potential use of coconut wood for particleboard and other panel products. Proceedings coconut stem utilization seminar. 25–29 October 1976, Tonga. pp. 240–248.Search in Google Scholar

Bamber, R.K. (2001) A general theory for the origin of growth stresses in reaction wood: how trees stay upright. IAWA J. 22:205–212.10.1163/22941932-90000279Search in Google Scholar

Bhat, K.M., Liese, W., Schmitt, U. (1990) Structural variability of vascular bundles and cell wall in rattan stem. Wood Sci. Technol. 24:211–224.Search in Google Scholar

Bodig, J., Jayne, B.A. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, 1982.Search in Google Scholar

Butterfield, B., Meylan, B. (1979) The structure of coconut wood (abstract). International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) Bulletin. No. 2/3: 35/36.Search in Google Scholar

Donaldson, L.A. Determination of lignin distribution in agricultural fibres. Wood Processing Division, New Zealand Forest Research Institute vol. 1, New Zealand, 1996, pp. 1–25.Search in Google Scholar

Fergus, B.J., Goring, D.A.I. (1970a) The location of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins in birch xylem tissue. Holzforschung 24:113–117.10.1515/hfsg.1970.24.4.113Search in Google Scholar

Fergus, B.J., Goring, D.A.I. (1970b) The distribution of lignin in birch wood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Holzforschung 24:118–124.10.1515/hfsg.1970.24.4.118Search in Google Scholar

Fergus, B.J., Procter, A.R., Scott, J.A.N., Goring, D.A.I. (1969) The distribution of lignin in spruce wood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci. Techn. 3:117–138.Search in Google Scholar

Gibson, L.J. (2012) The hierarchical structure and mechanics of plant materials. J. R. Soc. Interface 9:2749–2766.Search in Google Scholar

Gonçalves, A.R., Schuchardt, U., Bianchi, M.L., Curvelo, A.A.S. (2000) Piassava fibers (Attalea funifera): NMR spectroscopy of their lignin. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 11:491–494.Search in Google Scholar

He, L., Terashima, N. (1991) Formation and structure of lignin in monocotyledons IV. Deposition process and structural diversity of lignin in the cell wall of sugarcane and rice plant studied by ultraviolet microscopic spectroscopy. Holzforschung 45:191–198.10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.3.191Search in Google Scholar

Higuchi, T. (1987) Chemistry and biochemistry of bamboo. Bamboo J. 4:132–145.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, J.S., Lee, K.H., Cho, C.H., Koch, G., Kim, Y.S. (2008) Micromorphological characteristics and lignin distribution in bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) degraded by the white rot fungus Lentinus edodes. Holzforschung 62:481–487.10.1515/HF.2008.080Search in Google Scholar

Kleist, G., Schmitt, U. (1999) Evidence of accessory components in vessel walls of Sapelli heartwood (Entandrophragma cylindricum) obtained by transmission electron microscopy. Holz Roh-Werkst. 57:93–95.10.1007/PL00002633Search in Google Scholar

Kloot, N.H. (1952) Mechanical and physical properties of coconut palm. Aust. J. Appl. Sci. 3:293–323.Search in Google Scholar

Koch, G., Kleist, G. (2001) Application of scanning UV microspectrophotometry to localize lignins and phenolic extractives in plant cell walls. Holzforschung 55:1–5.10.1515/HF.2001.091Search in Google Scholar

Koch, G., Grünwald, C. (2004) Application of UV microspectrophotometry for the topochemical detection of lignin and phenolic extractives in wood fibre cell walls. In: Wood Fiber Cell Walls: Methods to Study their Formation, Structure and Properties. Eds. Schmitt, U., Anderer, P., Barnett, J.R., Emons, A.M.C., Jeronimidis, G., Saranpää, P., Stanzl-Tschegg, S. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. pp. 119–130.Search in Google Scholar

Koch, G., Schmitt, U. (2013) Topochemical and electron microscopic analyses on the lignification of individual cell wall layers during wood formation and secondary changes. In: Cellular Aspects of Wood Formation, Plant Cell Monographs 20. Ed. Fromm, J. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-36491-4_2Search in Google Scholar

Koch, G., Rose, B., Patt, R., Kordsachia, O. (2003) Topochemical investigation on delignification of Picea abies [L.] Karst. During alkaline sulfite (ASA) and bisulfite pulping by scanning UV microspectrophotometry. Holzforschung 57:611–618.10.1515/HF.2003.092Search in Google Scholar

Kuo-Huang, L.-L., Huang, Y.-S., Chen, S.-S., Huang, Y.-R. (2004) Growth stresses and related anatomical characteristics in coconut palm trees. IAWA J. 25:297–310.10.1163/22941932-90000367Search in Google Scholar

Lybeer, B., Koch, G. (2005) A topochemical and semiquantitative study of the lignification during ageing of bamboo culms (Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens). IAWA J. 26:99–109.10.1163/22941932-90001605Search in Google Scholar

Mendonça, R., Ferraz, A., Kordsachia, O., Koch, G. (2004) Cellular UV-microspectrophotometric investigations on pine wood (Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii) delignification during biopulping with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Pilát) Gilbn. & Ryv. and alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone treatment. Wood Sci. Techn. 38:567–575.Search in Google Scholar

Meylan, B.A. (1978) Density variation within Cocos nucifera. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 8:369–383.Search in Google Scholar

Musha, Y., Goring, D.A.I. (1975) Distribution of syringyl and guaiacyl moieties in hardwoods as indicated by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci. Technol. 9:45–58.Search in Google Scholar

Pearl, I.A., Beyer, D.L., Laskowski, D. (1959a) Alkaline hydrolysis of representative palms. Tappi J. 42:779–782.Search in Google Scholar

Pearl, I.A., Beyer, D.L., Lee, S.S., Laskowski, D. (1959b) Alkaline hydrolysis of representative hardwoods. III. Tappi J. 42:61–67.Search in Google Scholar

Rich, P.M. (1986) Mechanical architecture of arborescent rain forest palms. Principes 30:117–131.Search in Google Scholar

Rüggeberg, M., Speck, T., Paris, O., Lapierre, C., Pollet, B., Koch, G., Burgert, I. (2008) Stiffness gradients in vascular bundles of the palm Washingtonia robusta. Proc. R. Soc. B 275:2221–2229.Search in Google Scholar

Sarkanen, K.V., Hergert, H.L. (1971) Classification and distribution. In: Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions. Eds. Sarkanen, K.V., Ludwig, C.H. Wiley, New York, pp. 43–49.Search in Google Scholar

Scott, J.A.N., Procter, A.R., Fergus, B.J., Goring, D.A.I. (1969) The application of ultraviolet microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 3:73–92.Search in Google Scholar

Singh, A., Schmitt, U., Möller, R., Dawson, B., Koch, G. (2006) Ray tracheids in Pinus radiate are more highly resistant to soft rot as compared to axial tracheids: relationship to lignin concentration. Wood Sci. Technol. 40:16–25.Search in Google Scholar

Siqueira, G., Milagres, A.M., Carvalho, W., Koch, G., Ferraz, A. (2011) Topochemical distribution of lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids in sugar-cane cell walls and its correlation with the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Biotechn. Biofuels 4:7.10.1186/1754-6834-4-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Spurr, A.R. (1969) A low viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastr. Res. 26:31–43.Search in Google Scholar

Sudo, S. (1980) Some anatomical properties and density of the stem of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), with consideration for pulp quality. IAWA Bull. n.s. 1:161–171.Search in Google Scholar

Suzuki, S., Rodriquez, E.B., Saito, K., Shintani, H., Iiyama, K. (1998) Compositional and structural characteristics of residual biomass from tropical plantations. J. Wood Sci. 44:40–46.10.1007/BF00521873Search in Google Scholar

Takabe, K., Miyauchi, S., Tsunoda, R., Fukazawa, K. (1992) Distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins in Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) variation within an annual ring. IAWA Bull. n.s. 13:105–112.Search in Google Scholar

Winandy, J.E., Rowell, R.M. (1984) The chemistry of wood strength. In: The Chemistry of Solid Wood. Advances in the Chemistry Series 207. Ed. Rowell, R.M. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 211–255.10.1021/ba-1984-0207.ch005Search in Google Scholar

Zhai, H.M., Lee, Z.Z. (1989) Ultrastructure of delignification in alkaline pulping of wheat straw. J. Wood Chem. Techn. 9:387–406.Search in Google Scholar