印尼福建话的语言活力: 以棉兰与泗水为例
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王 晓梅
and
祝 家丰
摘要
福建人是印尼最大的方言群，根据 1947 年的人口统计，其人口约占印尼华人人口的 31.6%。关于福建人的语言使用，既有的研究多集中于印尼福建话（闽南话）的描写，而缺乏语言活力的调查；即使是已有的语言使用的研究也多以在华的印尼留学生为调查对象，缺少在地的实际调查；而有限的实证研究又多以华语学习者或教师为研究对象，很难全面反映福建人语言使用的实际状况。有鉴于此，本研究选取福建人较为集中的两个城市进行实地的访问调查，这两个城市分别为苏门答腊岛的棉兰和爪哇岛的泗水。田野调查于 2015 年 7 月 28 日至 8 月 5 日期间展开，主要研究工具为语言活力调查问卷（共 30 个项目），调查主要以面访的形式进行，尽量涵盖不同年龄层与性别的福建人。本研究共收集 64 份问卷（棉兰 32 份，泗水 32 份）。研究结果显示，印尼福建人的语言使用呈现明显的地域差异。棉兰与泗水在多数项目上都有明显差异，尤其是福建话水平与家庭用语。这些特点和差异都与印尼国家与语言政策的演变密切相关。在调查结果的基础上，本文尝试预测印尼福建话的发展前景，并与马来西亚华人的语言状况作出比较。
Abstract
Hokkien is the largest Chinese dialect group in Indonesia. According to the census data in 1947, the Hokkien group constitute 31.6% of the total Chinese population in Indonesia. The current studies on language use of Indonesian Hokkien mainly focus on the description of language structure but lack surveys on linguistic vitality. Even the studies on language use mostly take Indonesian students in China as subjects and few investigations have been carried out in Indonesia. Among the limited empirical studies on Indonesian Hokkien, Chinese language learners are the main subjects, which may not reflect the real situation of language use by Indonesian Hokkien. In view of this, the current study was conducted in Medan and Surabaya where Hokkien are major groups within the Chinese community. Fieldwork was carried out during the period of July 28 and August 5, 2015. The main research instrument was a questionnaire on linguistic vitality which contained 30 items. Data were collected through interviews and subjects from different age groups and gender were covered in the study. In total, 64 subjects were interviewed (32 from Medan and 32 from Surabaya). The results show that there are significant regional differences in language use by Indonesian Hokkien. Significant differences are found between Medan and Surabaya in terms of proficiency in Hokkien and home language. These differences and characteristics are resulted from the national language policy in Indonesia. Based on the results, this paper predicts the future development of Indonesian Hokkien and compares it with the situation in Malaysia.
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