Home Technology On the performance investigation of a low profile UWB antenna backed with conjointly connected sickle shaped AMC structure for on-/off body communications
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

On the performance investigation of a low profile UWB antenna backed with conjointly connected sickle shaped AMC structure for on-/off body communications

  • Venkatesh Pandi Ravichandran EMAIL logo and Narmadha Velayudham
Published/Copyright: April 22, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Frequenz
From the journal Frequenz Volume 79 Issue 7-8

Abstract

Enormous growth in wireless communication has led its applicability in various scenarios. One among them is the wireless based on-/off body communication. Achieving this requires compact and efficient antennas for wireless data transfer. To meet this requirement, a low profile Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna is reported in this work. The antenna’s dimension is 35 × 45 × 0.8 mm3 which is designed using a semi flexible Rogers 5,880 substrate. Using partial ground and asymmetric feed techniques, an ultra-wide bandwidth of 10 GHz (3–13 GHz) is achieved with a good peak gain of 6.7 dB, while the efficiency ranging from 80 % to 92 % in the UWB spectrum. A novel approach of conjointly connecting the Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) structures is followed to achieve desired reflection response. AMC structures are deployed to achieve directional radiation pattern at 5.8 GHz to support off body communication, while concentric ring slots and partial ground plane enable Omni-directional pattern at 2.45 GHz which supports on body communication. On body measurements on various body parts and real time measurements under wet conditions are carried out. 0.654 and 0.327 W/kg of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz respectively, confirms minimum radiation hazards. The path loss of the antenna was analyzed for free space, on body and off body scenarios and were found to be considerably minimum. Similar scenarios were used to analyze group delay and minimum variation in group delay (<1.5 ns) is witnessed. The pulse similarity has been analyzed using fidelity factor and the values obtained satisfy the required standard values. The obtained results are predominant compared to the ones in the literature with good compatibility between simulated and measured results.

Keywords: antenna; AMC structure; group delay; on-/off body communication; specific absorption rate
Corresponding author: Venkatesh Pandi Ravichandran, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam, India, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

[1] S. Movassaghi, M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman, D. Smith, and A. Jamalipour, “Wireless body area networks: a survey,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1658–1686, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2013.121313.00064.Search in Google Scholar

[2] P. S. Hall and Y. Hao, Antenna and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, Norwood, MA, USA, Artech House, 2006.10.1109/EUCAP.2006.4584864Search in Google Scholar

[3] N. S. Babu, A. Q. Ansari, S. Kumar, G. Singh, B. K. Kanaujia, and B. Goyal, “Low-profile dual-band monopole antenna with AMC array for LTE, WLAN, Wi-MAX, and ISM band applications,” Sādhanā, vol. 49, no. 56, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02416-5.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Imran, A. I., Elwi, T. A., and Salim, A. J., “On the distortionless of UWB wearable Hilbert-shaped metamaterial antenna for low energy applications,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. M, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 219–239, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2528/pierm20113008.Search in Google Scholar

[5] H. M. AlSabbagh, T. A. Elwi, Y. Al-Naiemy, and H. M. Al-Rizzo, “A compact triple-band metamaterial-inspired antenna for wearable applications,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 763–777, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32067.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Z. H. Jiang, D. E. Brocker, P. E. Sieber, and D. H. Werner, “A compact, low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna for wearable medical body-area network devices,” IEEE Trans.Antenn. Propag., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 4021–4030, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2014.2327650.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Kumar, M. V. and Sharma, D., “Design of high gain metasurface antenna using hybrid African vulture’s optimization and capuchin search algorithm for RF energy harvesting,” Wireless Pers Commun., vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 67–94, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10583-1.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Rajavel, V. and Ghoshal, D., “AMC-based low-profile dual-band slotted patch antenna for IoT devices in the healthcare system,” Iran J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Electr. Eng., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 437–450, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-022-00581-7.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Yin, B., Gu, J., Feng, X., Wang, B., Yu, Y., and Ruan, W., “A low SAR value wearable antenna for wireless body area network based on AMC structure,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 119–129, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC19040103.Search in Google Scholar

[10] B. Hazarika, B. Basu, and A. Nandi, “A wideband, compact, high gain, low-profile, monopole antenna using wideband artificial magnetic conductor for off-body communications,” Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 194–203, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1759078721000490.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Othman, N., Samsuri, N. A., Rahim, M. K. A., and Kamardin, K., “Low specific absorption rate and gain-enhanced meandered bowtie antenna utilizing flexible dipole-like artificial magnetic conductor for medical application at 2.4 GHz,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 3881–3889, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32507.Search in Google Scholar

[12] M. El Atrash, M. A. Abdalla, and H. M. Elhennawy, “A wearable dual-band low profile high gain low SAR antenna AMC-backed for WBAN applications,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 6378–6388, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2923058.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Gao, G., Zhang, R., Yang, C., Meng, H., Geng, W., and Hu, B., “Microstrip monopole antenna with a novel UC-EBG for 2.4 GHz WBAN applications,” IET Microw. Antenn. Propag., vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 2319–2323, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.0271.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Ashyap, A. Y. I., Dahlan, S. H. B., and Abidin, Z. Z., “Robust and efficient integrated antenna with EBG-DGS enabled wide bandwidth for wearable medical device applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 56346–56358, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981867.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Laskar, M. I., Basu, B., and Nandi, A., “A multiband slot antenna with groundless EBG structure for wearable WLAN/WiMAX applications,” Int. J. Electron., vol. 111, no. 11, pp. 1–16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2023.2248568.Search in Google Scholar

[16] T. Pawase, A. Malhotra, and A. Mahajan, “Compact hybrid EBG microstrip antenna for wearable applications,” Frequenz, vol. 77, nos. 11–12, pp. 557–566, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2023-0009.Search in Google Scholar

[17] M. Darabi and F. Mohajeri, “An efficient and compact monopole antenna backed with square loop EBG structure for medical wireless body area network applications,” Radio Sci., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RS007335.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Mendes, C. and Peixeiro, C., “A dual-mode single-band wearable microstrip antenna for body area networks,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3055–3058, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2760142.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Simorangkir, R. B. V. B., Yang, Y., Matekovits, L., and Esselle, K. P., “Dual-band dual-mode textile antenna on PDMS substrate for body-centric communications,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 677–680, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2598729.Search in Google Scholar

[20] R. Cao and M. S. Liu, “Dual mode dual-band circularly polarized modified square ring antenna,” J. Electr. Eng. Technol., vol. 16, pp. 1019–1026, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00636-x.Search in Google Scholar

[21] C. Zhao and W. Geyi, “Design of a dual band dual mode antenna for on/off Body communications,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 514–520, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32085.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Mahmood, S. N., Ishak, A. J., Ismail, A., Soh, A. C., Zakaria, Z., and Alani, S., “ON-OFF body ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for wireless body area networks (WBAN): a review,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 150844–150863, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015423.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Purna, S., Shengjian, J. C., and Christophe, F., “Wearable textile multiband antenna for WBAN applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 1391–1402, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2022.3230550.Search in Google Scholar

[24] T. Saeidi, I. Ismail, W. P. Wen, A. R. H. Alhawari, and A. Mohammadi, “Ultra-wideband antennas for wireless communication applications,” Int. J. Antenn. Propag., vol. 2019, 2019, Article ID 7918765, p. 25. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7918765.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Naser, H. M., Ahmed Al-Ani, O., Muttair, K. S., and Farhan Mosleh, M., “Wideband fork-shaped MIMO antenna for modern wireless communication,” in 2022 4th IEEE Middle East and North Africa COMMunications Conference (MENACOMM), Amman, Jordan, IEEE Xplore, 2022, pp. 32–36.10.1109/MENACOMM57252.2022.9998302Search in Google Scholar

[26] P. Sambandam, M. Kanagasabai, S. Ramadoss, “Compact monopole antenna backed with fork- slotted AMC for wearable applications,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 228–232, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2955706.Search in Google Scholar

[27] A. Arif, M. Zubair, M. Ali, M. U. Khan, and M. Q. Mehmood, “A compact, low-profile fractal antenna for wearable on-body WBAN applications,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 981–985, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2906829.Search in Google Scholar

[28] P. Venkatesh, T. V. Narmadha, M. Ponnrajakumari, and K. Lavanya, “Time domain and qualitative analysis of a compact asymmetrically fed circular UWB antenna for WBAN scenarios,” Int. J. Electrical and Comput. Eng. Syst., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 39–51, 2024. https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.16.1.5.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Venkatesh, P. and Narmadha, T. V., “Miniaturized triband planar monopole antenna using right turned L-shaped stubs for wireless communications,” in 2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT), Mandya, India, IEEE Xplore, 2022, pp. 1–6.10.1109/ICERECT56837.2022.10060645Search in Google Scholar

[30] Volakis, J., Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th ed. Newyork, McGraw-Hill, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

[31] P. Venkatesh and T. V. Narmadha, “Design of a compact sigma slotted dual- mode UWB antenna for wireless body area network applications,” Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 203–216, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1759078723000983.Search in Google Scholar

[32] M. Sandhya and L. Anjaneyulu, “Improved wearable, breathable, tripleband Artificial Magnetic Conductor-loaded fractal antenna for wireless body area network applications,” ETRI J., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 571–580, 2023, https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0137.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Durgun, A. C., Balanis, C. A., Birtcher, C. R., Huang, H., and Yu, H., “High- impedance surfaces with periodically perforated ground planes,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 4510–4517, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2331703.Search in Google Scholar

[34] D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R. F. Broas, N. G. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch, “High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theor. Tech., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2059–2074, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1109/22.798001.Search in Google Scholar

[35] H. Rong and X. X. Zhang, “Study of PBG structure and its application in antennas,” Acta Electron. Sin., vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1765–1770, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

[36] C. L. Holloway and E. F. Kuester, “Net and partial inductance of a microstrip ground plane,” IEEE Trans. Electromag. Compat., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 33–46, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1109/15.659518.Search in Google Scholar

[37] L. Yang, M. Fan, F. Chen, J. She, and Z. Feng, “A novel compact electromagnetic-bandgap (AMC) structure and its applications for microwave circuits,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theor. Tech., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 183–190, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2004.839322.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Alam, M. S., Islam, M. T., and Misran, N., “A novel compact split ring slotted Artificial Magnetic Conductor structure for microstrip patch antenna performance enhancement,” Prog Electromag. Res., vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 389–409, 2012. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER12060702.Search in Google Scholar

[39] H. R. Raad, A. I. Abbosh, H. M. Al-Rizzo, and D. G. Rucker, “Flexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicine applications,” IEEE Trans Antenn. Propag., vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 24–531, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2012.2223449.Search in Google Scholar

[40] Kim, S., Ren, Y. -J., Lee, H., Rida, A., Nikolaou, S., and Tentzeris, M. M., “Monopole antenna with Inkjet-printed AMC array on paper substrate for wearable applications,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 663–666, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2203291.Search in Google Scholar

[41] T. V. Padmavathy, P. Venkatesh, D. Bhargava, and N. Sivakumar, “Design of I-shaped dual C-slotted rectangular microstrip patch antenna (I-DCSRMPA) for breast cancer tumor detection,” Cluster Comput., vol. 22, no. Suppl 6, pp. 13985–13993, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-2161-8.Search in Google Scholar

[42] P. S. Hall, Y. Hao, Y. Nechayev, “Antennas and propagation for on-body communication Systems,” IEEE Antenn. Propag. Magaz., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 41–58, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2007.4293935.Search in Google Scholar

[43] V. Pandi Ravichandran, N. Velayudham, and P. Velayudham, “On the design and analysis of a miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna using quatrefoil-shaped non-uniform meta-surfaces for body-centric communications,” Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 32, no. 6, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5712.Search in Google Scholar

[44] G. Quintero and J. K. Skrivervik, “System fidelity factor: a new method for comparing UWB antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 2502–2512, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2011.2152322.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-06-26
Accepted: 2025-03-31
Published Online: 2025-04-22
Published in Print: 2025-08-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Research Articles
  3. Microwave-based breast cancer detection using a high-gain Vivaldi antenna and metasurface neural network approach for medical diagnostics
  4. Design and implementation of on-body PEC backed 2 × 2 MIMO antenna
  5. Horn integrated 3-D printed four-port MIMO DRA for CubeSats
  6. On the performance investigation of a low profile UWB antenna backed with conjointly connected sickle shaped AMC structure for on-/off body communications
  7. Frequency and pattern reconfigurable patch antenna for multi-standard wireless applications
  8. A novel high isolation quad-port multiband MIMO antenna for V2X applications at Sub-6 GHz band
  9. Axial ratio control of circularly polarized microstrip antenna using miniaturized multilayer graphene resistive pads
  10. Subspace estimation of coherent wideband OFDM signals
  11. Dual-band SIW filter using slot perturbation
  12. Cuckoo search-ExtraTrees model for Radio-frequency power amplifier under different temperatures
https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2024-0204
Keywords for this article
antenna; AMC structure; group delay; on-/off body communication; specific absorption rate

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Research Articles
  3. Microwave-based breast cancer detection using a high-gain Vivaldi antenna and metasurface neural network approach for medical diagnostics
  4. Design and implementation of on-body PEC backed 2 × 2 MIMO antenna
  5. Horn integrated 3-D printed four-port MIMO DRA for CubeSats
  6. On the performance investigation of a low profile UWB antenna backed with conjointly connected sickle shaped AMC structure for on-/off body communications
  7. Frequency and pattern reconfigurable patch antenna for multi-standard wireless applications
  8. A novel high isolation quad-port multiband MIMO antenna for V2X applications at Sub-6 GHz band
  9. Axial ratio control of circularly polarized microstrip antenna using miniaturized multilayer graphene resistive pads
  10. Subspace estimation of coherent wideband OFDM signals
  11. Dual-band SIW filter using slot perturbation
  12. Cuckoo search-ExtraTrees model for Radio-frequency power amplifier under different temperatures
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 30.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/freq-2024-0204/html
Scroll to top button