Weaving in the Ager Faliscus: A Contextual Approach to the Analysis of Loom Weights from the Sites of Falerii, Narce, Vignanello, Corchiano and Grotta Porciosa

Federico Di Salvo

doi:10.1515/etst-2023-0023

Artikel

Weaving in the Ager Faliscus: A Contextual Approach to the Analysis of Loom Weights from the Sites of Falerii, Narce, Vignanello, Corchiano and Grotta Porciosa

Federico Di Salvo

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 30. April 2024

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Abstract

The focus of this paper is the contextualization of loom weights excavated in the Ager Faliscus region (Falerii, Narce, Vignanello, Corchiano, Grotta Porciosa) from the 19th century onwards. As many of these come from partially published excavations, the first aim is to provide a provisional chronology; a brief analysis of the material finds in their contexts of origin will contribute to a better understanding of when these objects were made and used. Secondly, the nature of these contexts will be discussed: what can they tell us about the social aspect of textile production in the area? What role did weaving play in the sacred and funerary sphere? The attempt to answer these questions aims to make full use of the data at our disposal from past excavations, providing a starting point for future research on the role of textile production in this area of pre-Roman Italy.

Riassunto

Il focus di questo contributo è la contestualizzazione dei pesi da telaio rinvenuti nell’Ager Faliscus (con particolare riguardo ai siti di Falerii, Narce, Vignanello, Corchiano, Grotta Porciosa) a partire dal XIX secolo. Vista l’assenza di pubblicazioni complessive di molti degli scavi da cui provengono, il primo scopo della ricerca è fornire una cronologia indicativa: una breve analisi dei materiali rinvenuti nei contesti d’origine permetterà di comprendere meglio quando gli oggetti studiati furono prodotti e utilizzati. Successivamente, si tratterà della natura di questi contesti: quali informazioni possiamo trarne in merito al ruolo sociale della produzione tessile locale? Qual è il ruolo ricoperto dalla tessitura nella sfera sacra e funeraria? Cercare di rispondere a queste domande mira a sfruttare appieno i dati raccolti negli scavi passati, fornendo un punto di partenza per ricerche future sul ruolo della produzione tessile in quest’area dell’Italia preromana.

Keywords: pre-Roman Italy; Falerii; textile Archaeology; weaving; loom-weights

Corresponding author: Federico Di Salvo, Scienze dell’Antichità, 9311 Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy, E-mail: ad16fdis@uwcad.it

Appendix

The criteria used^[160] for the classification of shapes and upper bases are well presented in a forthcoming publication.^[161] Weights are classified according to their shape: parallelepipedal (I) or truncated-pyramidal (II). The second Roman numeral refers to more or evident tapering towards the upper base (I-II). Letters refer to the shape of the lower base: square (A), rectangular (B), or triangular (C). The catalogue also includes the doughnut weights (III), although it is unclear whether these were intended for weaving, fishing nets, or some other application.

Most weights feature “decorative” elements on the upper base; to simplify the catalogue, a typology was developed and illustrated in pl. IV. Lines indicate grooves, holes may indicate either stamps, circular impressions, or non-passing holes.

For the sake of simplification, wear traces were thus simplified:

Neat edges and angles
Lightly rounded edges and angles
Rounded edges and angles
Very rounded edges and angles

For the same reason, ceramic bodies were schematized as follows:

Brownish red, with diffused inorganic inclusions; Munsell: 2.5YR 6/6, 6/8 (light red), 5/6, 5/8, 4/6, 4/8 (red), 5YR 6/6, 6/8 (reddish yellow), 5/6 (yellowish red). Up to 2.5YR 4/2 (weak red) when misfired.
Brownish red, with sparse inorganic inclusions; Munsell: 2.5YR 6/6 (light red).
Reddish brown, with diffused inorganic inclusions; Munsell: 2.5YR 5/3, 5/4 (reddish brown), 5YR 5/3, 5/4 (reddish brown), 6/4 (light reddish brown), 7.5YR 5/6 (strong brown). Up to 5YR 5/1, 6/1 (grey) when misfired.
Reddish brown, with sparse inorganic inclusions; Munsell: 5YR 5/4.
Pinkish, with diffused inorganic inclusions; Munsell, 5YR 8/4, 7/4 (pink), 7.5YR 8/2 (pinkish white), 8/3, 8/4, 7/3, 7/4 (pink).
Reddish yellow, with diffused inorganic inclusions; Munsell 5YR 7/6 (reddish yellow), 7.5YR 7/6 (reddish yellow).
Yellowish brown, with diffused inorganic inclusions; Munsell: 10YR 8/2, 8/3, 8/4, 7/3, 7/4 (very pale brown), 8/6, 7/6 (yellow), 6/6 (brownish yellow), 5/6 (yellowish brown).
Yellowish brown, with sparse inorganic inclusions; Munsell: 10YR 8/2, 7/4 (very pale brown).
Whiteish, with sparse inorganic inclusions; Munsell 2.5YR 8/1 (white), 10YR 8/1 (white).

Apart from the usual clay weights, one appears to have been made of tuff, and is marked as such.^[162]

Unless otherwise specified, all inventory numbers refer to Museo Archeologico dell’Agro Falisco, Civita Castellana.

I.I.B (parallelepipedal, rectangular l. base), pl. I
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Corchiano	Fratta necropolis T. 2	23179	4, damaged in several spots	II	1		H. 112 L. B. 64x- U. B. 59 × 62 max. Hole Ø 9	813	Gabrici 1912, 82
Corchiano	Fratta necropolis T. 3	23200	2, lightly damaged towards L. B.	II	1	Blackish encrustations	H. 92 L. B. 61 × 49 U. B. 50 × 45 Hole Ø 5	404	Gabrici 1912, 82–3
Falerii	Celle necropolis T. 1 (I acquisizione Feroldi)	7132 (Pl. I.d)	2, cracked	II.5, cross stamps (Ø 9)	7	Major face: cross stamp; scant traces of coating (2.5Y 8/2 white)	H. 104 L. B. 56 × 46 U. B. 55 × 46 Hole Ø 9	381	Bonadies 2020, 603
	Celle sanctuary	2517.2	3, damaged in several spots	II.5, cross stamps (Ø 9)	7	Traces of coating (10YR 8/2 very pale brown)	H. 103 L. B. 67 × 38 U. B. 50 × 39 Hole Ø 8–7	413	Comella 1986, 94.
		2517.3	2, damaged U. B.	II	1		H. 83 L. B. 51 × 44 U. B. 49 × 42 maz Hole Ø 5–4	348
		2517.4	3, abraded	II	7	Blackish spots	H. 102 L. B. 69 × 55 U. B. 68 × 52 Hole Ø 5–8	646
		2517.5	2	III, short groove on a diagonal	1		H. 95 L. B. 62 × 43 U. B. 57 × 37 Hole Ø 7	369	Comella 1986, 94, I.I.1, tav. 49.a
		2517.6	2	III	5		H. 86 L. B. 63 × 52 U. B. 49 × 43 Hole Ø 7–8	339	Comella 1986, 94, I.I.5
		2638.2 (Pl. I.a)	1, lightly damaged	I.1, non-passing holes (Ø 4)	8	Blackened in several spots	H. 96 L. B. 61 × 41 U. B. 59 × 41 Hole Ø 7	397	Comella 1986, 94.
	Penna necropolis T. 7	2456.1	2, lightly abraded	II	5		H. 108 L. B. 63 × 32 U. B. 60 × 29 Hole Ø 8	127	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 152 n. 29; Bonadies 2020, 92, tav. 48
	Penna necropolis T. 10	1368	2, lightly abraded	II.2, circular impressions (Ø 4)	7	Scant traces of coating (10YR 8/2 white)	H. 101 L. B. 52 × 30 U. B. 45 × 34 Hole Ø 5	715	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161 n. 27; Bonadies 2020, 126, tav. 76
	Penna necropolis T. 21	1331.3	2, lightly abraded	VI.1	1		H. 96 L. B. 51 × 30 U. B. 52 × 30 Hole Ø 6	330	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161 n. 39; Bonadies 2020, 251, tav. 180
		1331.4	2, lightly damaged and abraded	II.7, triangular stamps (11 × 11), each decorated with three dots (Ø 3)	7	Blackish encr.; traces of coating (10YR 8/2 white)	H. 99 L. B. 59 × 43 U. B. 60 × 48 Hole Ø 8	415	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161 n. 39; Bonadies 2020, 251, tav. 180
		1331.6	2, lightly abraded	II.5, rosette stamps (Ø 11)	7	Traces of coating? (10 YR 8/1 white)	H. 133 L. B. 80 × 52 U. B. 74 × 52 Hole Ø 10	1354	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161 n. 39; Bonadies 2020, 252, tav. 180
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 14	2144	4, abraded surface	II	1		H. 86 L. B. 63 × 43 U. B. 60 × 42 Hole Ø 6	340	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 199, nn. 84–85
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 179	7179.1	2, damaged L. B., lightly abraded	II	7		H. 144 L. B. 61 × 40 U. B. 62 × 41 Hole Ø 9	148	Unpublished; data collected by E. Bonadies
	Vignale (2022)	FVI.22.1045.38	2	II	2	Black encr.	H. 101 L. B. 64 × 45 U. B. 59 × 42 Hole Ø 8	500	Unpublished
	Vignale (2022)	FVI.22.2002.41	3	II	2		H. 84 L. B. 56 × 47 U. B. 57 × 39 Hole Ø 6	358	Unpublished
	Vignale sanctuary	7236 (pl. I.c)	1, less than half is preserved	III.1	9		H. 53 L. B.– U. B. 53 × 45 Hole Ø 9–8	144	Comella 1986, 95, n. I_fr1, tav. 49d
Narce	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n. 121	3, damaged U. B.	II	7	Irregular shape, leaning towards one side	H. 89 L. B. 63 × 37 U. B. 64 × 39 Hole Ø 9–5	298	Unpublished
		w.n., n.126	4, abraded	II.2, non- passing holes (Ø 7)	7		H. 133 L. B. 104 × 54 U. B. 106 × 50 Hole Ø 7	937
		w.n., n.128 (pl. I.b)	1, missing part of l. b.	II.1, cross stamp (Ø 8)	7		H. 99 L. B. 52 × 39 U. B. 54 × 39 Hole Ø 7–5	292
	Potter excavation	J69 SF 3	1	II	7	Coating 7.5YR 8/3 (pink)	H. 96 L. B. 62 × 40 U. B. 59 × 41 Hole Ø 7–9	295	Potter 1976, 164, n. 165, Figure 53

I.II.A (parallelepipedal, lightly tapered, square l. base)
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Corch.	Fratta necropolis T. 3	23201	4	II	1		H. 99 L. B. 60 × 59 U. B. 42 × 39 Hole Ø 5–3	428	Gabrici 1912, 82–83
Falerii	Celle necropolis T. 5	1497.1	4	II.2, circular stamps (Ø 3), both off center	4		H. 75 L. B. 55 × 57 U. B. 50 × 50 max Hole Ø 5–7	332	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 114 n. 35
Narce	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n.99	2	II	1		H. 98 L. B. 70 × 70 U. B. 66 × 62 Hole Ø 7	792	Unpublished
Narce	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n.123	2	II	1		H. 83 U. B. 67 × 66 U. B. 56 × 53 Hole Ø 6	580	Unpublished
Vign.	Well 4	43739	2, damaged	II	1	Irregular shape	H. 73 L. B. 64 × 62 U. B. 55 × 54 Hole Ø 8–7	436	Giglioli 1924, 246
Vign.	Well 33	44232	2	II	3	Blackened in several spots	H. 75 L. B. 49 × 51 U. B. 46 × 42 Hole Ø 6	299	Giglioli 1924, 253

I.II.B (parallelepipedal, lightly tapered, rectangular l. base), pl. I
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper Base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Falerii	Fratta necropolis, T. 2	23180 (pl. II.a)	3, damaged U. B.	II.2, non-passing holes (Ø 3)	1		H. 102 L. B. 61 × 39 U. B. 56 × 37 Hole Ø 8	368	Gabrici 1912, 82
	Celle necropolis T. 5	1497.2	4	IV	1	Traces of coating 10YR 8/2 (very pale brown)	H. 80 L. B. 59 × 41 U. B. 54 × 34 Hole Ø 4	285	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 114 n. 35
	Celle necropolis T. 5	1497.3	4	II	3	Traces of coating 10YR 8/3 (very pale brown)	H. 82 L. B. 51 × 38 U. B. 69 × 62 max Hole Ø 6	329	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 114 n. 35
	Celle sanctuary	2517.1	3	II	6	Blackish spots	H. 110 L. B. 72 × 31 U. B. 55 × 34 Hole Ø 7–5	408	Comella 1986, 95, I.III.1, tav. 49.c
		2517.7	4, abraded, missing part of L. B.	II	1		H. 112 L. B. 74 × 59 U. B. 53 × 44 Hole Ø 8–5	681	Comella 1986, 95
		2517.8	2	I	1	Blackish spots	H. 86 L. B. 59 × 41 U. B. 54 × 31 Hole Ø 7–5	365
		2517.9	3, abraded	II	7	Traces of coating (10YR 8/3 very pale brown)	H. 100 L. B. 59 × 52 U. B. 54 × 52 Hole Ø 8–6	434
		2517.10	3, damaged in several spots	II	1	Blackish spots	H. 81 L. B. 62 × 58 U. B. 56 × 40 Hole Ø 6–5	379
		2517.11	3, damaged in several spots	II	1		H. 83 L. B. 68 × 42 U. B. 52 × 34 Hole Ø 6–5	340
		2638.1	1, damaged in several spots	II	7		H. 92 L. B. 74 × 33 U. B. 72 × 31 Hole Ø 5–4	350	Comella 1986, 94
	Orto Belloni	w.n., US 15, n. 0.1	2, damaged U. B.	II	1	Irregular shape; black encr.	H. 82 L. B. 58 × 42 U. B. 52 × 33 Hole Ø 8	275	Unpublished
	Penna necropolis T. 7	2456.2	2	II.3, only one circular impression (Ø 5)	7	Blackish encr.; traces of coating (7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white)	H. 98 L. B. 54 × 35 U. B. 53 × 39 Hole Ø 9	111	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 152, n. 29; Bonadies 2020, 92, tav. 48
	Penna necropolis T. 7	2456.3	2, lightly abraded	II.2, light rosette stamps (Ø 12), both close to one edge	5	Reddish encr.; traces of coating (7.5YR 7/1 light gray)	H. 95 L. B. 60 × 45 U. B. 59 × 39 Hole Ø 12	112	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 152, n. 29; Bonadies 2020, 92–93, tav. 48
	Penna necropolis T. 21	1331.2	2, lightly damaged and abraded	II	1	Major face: non passing hole (Ø 3)	H. 82 L. B. 52 × 40 U. B. 46 × 40 Hole Ø 7	335	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161, n. 39; Bonadies 2020, 251, tav. 179
	Penna necropolis T. 21	1331.7	2, lightly damaged and abraded	II	1	Misfired	H. 144 L. B. 89 × 52 U. B. 74 × 52 Hole Ø 8	1180	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161, n. 39; Bonadies 2020, 252, tav. 181
	Sassi Caduti sanctuary	12541.1	4, damaged L. B.	II	3	Traces of coating (10YR 8/3 (very pale brown)	H. 150 L. B. 98 × 66 U. B. 82 × 59 Hole Ø 8–7	1245	Comella 1986, 95
	Sassi Caduti sanctuary	12541.3	4, damaged L. B.	II	1	Blackened in several spots	H. 112 L. B. 80 × 57 U. B. 72 × 52 Hole Ø 6	749	Comella 1986, 95
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 12	1082	2	II	7	Traces of coating 5YR 8/3 (pink); L. B. and part of sides coating 10R 5/8 (red)	H. 95 L. B. 61 × 49 U. B. 56 × 35 Hole Ø 7–9	327	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 197, n. 29
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 14	2143	2, cracked surface	II	7	Blackened on one side; scant traces of coating 10YR 8/2 (very pale brown)	H. 102 L. B. 65 × 48 U. B. 57 × 40 Hole Ø 7–5	444	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 199 nn. 84–85
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 179	7179.2	4, abraded surface	II.5, circular impressions (Ø 6)	5		H. 86 L. B. 67 × 52 U. B. 59 × 47 Hole Ø 10	147	Unpublished; data collected by E. Bonadies
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 179	7179.3	3, very damaged, missing part of L. B., lightly abraded	II.3, only one, deep non-passing hole in one angle (Ø 6)	5		H. 108 L. B. 74 × 35 U. B. 50 × 40 Hole Ø 8	127	Unpublished; data collected by E. Bonadies
Narce	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n.113	2	I	7		H. 127 L. B. 89 × 65 U. B. 84 × 59 Hole Ø 9	1007	Unpublished
		w.n., n.117	2	I	6	Irregular shape	H. 88 L. B. 63 × 39 U. B. 57 × 32 Hole Ø 5	294
		w.n., n.118	2	II.5, rosette stamps (Ø 9)	7		H. 156 L. B. 121 × 52 U. B. 116 × 57 Hole Ø 7–6	1550
		w.n., n.127 (pl. I.d)	4, lightly abraded	II.5, cross stamps (Ø 9)	7	Major face: asterisk incision (8 lines)	H. 153 L. B. 114 × 62 U. B. 107 × 55 Hole Ø 6	1437
		w.n., n.133	2	I	7	Major face: slight impression (fingertip?)	H. 93 L. B. 70 × 47 U. B. 65 × 36 Hole Ø 6	362
		w.n., n.0.7 (pl. I.c)	3	II.5, circular impressions (Ø 3)	1		H. 90 L. B. 72 × 38 U. B. 67 × 34 Hole Ø 7	404
		w.n., n.0.8	3, abraded surface	II.5, cross stamps (Ø 7); short indentation parallel to the groove	7	Major face: non passing hole (Ø 4)	H. 141 L. B. 119 × 64 U. B. 115 × 62 Hole Ø 7	1527
Vignanello	L Lined Well	43697 (pl. I.b)	1	II	7		H. 104 L. B. 69 × 46 U. B. 64 × 41 Hole Ø 7–6	427	Giglioli 1924, 234–35
	Uncertain, perhaps Well 27	44240	3, damaged U. B.	Perhaps II	1		H. 82 L. B. 51 × 42 U. B. 44 × 37 Hole Ø 6	270	Giglioli 1924, 252
	Well 39	44242	2, lightly damaged	II	1		H. 92 L. B. 64 × 45 U. B. 53 × 37 Hole Ø 6–2	361	Giglioli 1924, 254

II.I.A (truncated pyramidal, lightly tapered, square l. base), pl. II
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper Base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Falerii	Sassi Caduti sanctuary	12541.5	2	II, on one side off center tear-shaped impression (Ø 6 × 3)	7	.	H. 90 L. B. 50 × 53 U. B. 48 × 36 Hole Ø 9	307	Comella 1986, 95
Narce	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n.61	3, abraded surface	I	1	Below suspension hole: non-passing hole (Ø 5)	H. 84 L. B. 60 × 56 U. B. 51 × 50 Hole Ø 5–4	448	Unpublished
		w.n., n.111	2	II	1	.	H. 91 L. B. 71 × 68 U. B. 58 × 55 Hole Ø 5	681
		w.n., n.115 (Pl. II.a)	3	I	1	Major face: deep impression (Ø 9)	H. 65 L. B. 55 × 54 U. B. 46 × 46 Hole Ø 4	284
		w.n., n.124	2	II	1	.	H. 71 L. B. 61 × 59 U. B. 50 × 47 Hole Ø 7–6	395
Vign.	Well 4	43723	4	II	1	Black encr.	H. 98 L. B. 56 × 55 U. B. 44 × 41 Hole Ø 4	405	Giglioli 1924, 246
		43724	2	II	1	Black encr.	H. 82 L. B. 49 × 41 U. B. 42 × 40 Hole Ø 6–5	302
		43726	2, damaged in several spots	II	1	Black encr.	H. 78 L. B. 51 × 56 U. B. 46 × 41 Hole Ø 5	307
		43727	2	II	1		H. 78 L. B. 51 × 50 U. B. 43 × 40 Hole Ø 4	301
		43728	4, damaged on one side	II, groove lightly traced	3		H. 113 L. B. 64 × 63 U. B. 54 × 50 Hole Ø 7–6	608
		43735	2, damaged in several spots	II	1	Minor face: inverted Latin cross incised	H. 92 L. B. 53 × 49 U. B. 44 × 44 Hole Ø 6	352
		43736	2	II	1	Minor face: inverted Latin cross incised	H. 92 L. B. 50 × 48 U. B. 43 × 38 Hole Ø 5	329
		43737 (pl. II.c)	2	II	1	Misfired; minor face: horizontal incision forming a slight curve	H. 94 L. B. 51 × 49 U. B. 45 × 44 Hole Ø 5	375
		43742	2, damaged in several spots	I	1	Grayish areas	H. 105 L. B. 52 × 50 U. B. 40 × 35 Hole Ø 9–8	325
	Well 5	43751	2, damaged in several spots	IV	6		H. 87 L. B. 73 × 71 U. B. 57 × 52 Hole Ø 7	525
	Well 8	44251	4	I	1		H. 79 L. B. 59 × 56 U. B. 47 × 46 Hole Ø 6–5	334
	Well 33	44233	3	II	1		H. 85 L. B. 60 × 58 U. B. 44 × 38 Hole Ø 5	360	Giglioli 1924, 253
	Sporadic finds	43767	4	II	1		H. 91 L. B. 70 × 68 U. B. 54 × 47 Hole Ø 8	536	Unpublished
	Sporadic finds	43779 (pl. II.b)	3, damaged in several spots, missing ca. half of L. B.	I	7	Major face, upper half: eye-shaped incision; internally 10YR 6/1 (gray), blackend on minor face	H. 93 L. B. 58 × 57 U. B. 46 × 31 Hole Ø 6–4	554	Unpublished

II.I.B (truncated pyramidal, lightly tapered, rectangular l. base), pl. III
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper Base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Corch.	Fratta necropolis T. 4	23202	2	II	1		H. 91 L. B. 57 × 48; U. B. 47 × 35 Hole Ø 6	330	Gabrici 1912, 83
Falerii	Celle necropolis T. 20	2426	2, damaged L. B.	V	1		H. 100 L. B. 74 × 53 U. B. 61 × 54 max Hole Ø 6	633	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 134 n. 7
	Celle sanctuary	2517.13	2, slightly damaged	II	1		H. 93 L. B. 58 × 38 U. B. 57 × 35 Hole Ø 6–4	311	Comella 1986, 94–95
		2517.14 (pl. III.a)	2, damaged in several spots	II.2, cross stamps (Ø 8)	7	Blackish spots	H. 137 L. B. 99 × 73 U. B. 91 × 65 Hole Ø 8–9	1278
		2517.16	2, abraded	II	6		H. 109 L. B. 62 × 48 U. B. 59 × 40 Hole Ø 8	446
		2517.17	3, damaged and abraded	II	1	Slightly blackened in some spots	H. 129 L. B. 100 × 80 U. B. 89 × 77 Hole Ø 8–6	1398
		2517.18	3	II	7		H. 95 L. B. 56 × 43 U. B. 53 × 41 Hole Ø 7–6	276	Comella 1986, 94–95
		2517.19 (pl. III.b)	3, missing L. B.	VI	5		H. 137 L. B. 95 × 75 max U. B. 90 × 62 Hole Ø 10	1423	Comella 1986, 94 n. I.II.1, tav. 49.b
	Penna necropolis T. 21	1331.5	2, lightly damaged	II.5, elliptical impressions (13 × 9), both close to one edge	7	Traces of coating (10 YR 8/2 white)	H. 124 L. B. 68 × 62 U. B. 61 × 52 Hole Ø 11	910	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161 n. 39; Bonadies 2020, 251 tav. 180
	Sassi Caduti sanctuary	12541.2	4, slightly damaged L. B.	II	5		H. 109 L. B. 60 × 36 U. B. 54 × 37 Hole Ø 6–8	297	Comella 1986, 94–95
	Sassi Caduti sanctuary	12541.4	3	II	7		H. 88 L. B. 61 × 52 U. B. 47 × 40 Hole Ø 9–8	289	Comella 1986, 94–95
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 2	2368	3, slightly damaged L. B., abraded	III	1		H. 141 L. B. 90 × 63 U. B. 79 × 57 Hole Ø 6–7	1318	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 190 n. 8
	Falerii Vignale (2022)	FVI.22.2006.52 (pl. III.f)	3, lightly damaged	II	2		H. 80 L. B. 64 × 42 U. B. 55 × 37 Hole Ø 6	325	Unpublished
Narce	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n.59	2	II	5		H. 103 L. B. 79 × 36 U. B. 75 × 37 Hole Ø 8	440
		w.n., n.105	2	II	1	Black encr.	H. 102 L. B. 74 × 42 U. B. 67 × 39 Hole Ø 6	538
		w.n., n.108	2	II.4, circular impressions (Ø 3); the central one is slightly off center	1	Black encr.	H. 94 L. B. 68 × 38 U. B. 58 × 34 Hole Ø 5-4	368
		w.n., n.109	3, lightly damaged	III.2	7		H. 91 L. B. 61 × 52 U. B. 55 × 44 Hole Ø 6–5	379
		w.n., n.119.2	3	II	1		H. 75 L. B. 59 × 42 U. B. 58 × 41 Hole Ø 5–4	295
		w.n., n.122	2	II.5, non-passing holes (Ø 3)	1		H. 98 L. B. 69 × 46 U. B. 60 × 37 Hole Ø 7–5	455
		w.n., n.136 (Pl. III.d)	3	IV.1	1		H. 86 L. B. 53 × 40 U. B. 49 × 39 Hole Ø 6	338
		w.n., n.0.4	2, missing part of L. B.	II.3, circular impressions (Ø 7)	1	Misfired; blackened in one spot	H. 99 L. B. 70 × 38 U. B. 57 × 36 Hole Ø 6–5	409
	Potter excavation	V68 SF13	3	II	5		H. 84 L. B. 51 × 46 U. B. 46 × 39 Hole Ø 7–5	311	Potter 1976, 164 n. 163, Figure 53
	Potter excavation	V69 SF41	1, ca. the upper half is preserved, damaged U. B.	Uncertain; longitudinal groove and one cross stamp (Ø 10) in each of the three preserved angles	8	Coating 7.5YR 8/3 (pink); sparse inorganic inclusions	H. 146 L. B. - U. B. 111x- Hole Ø 10	1063	Potter 1976, 166 n. 167, Figure 53
Vignanello	Cupa necropolis T. 10	44150 (pl. III.c)	4, damaged in several spots	II	1	Blackened in some spots	H. 142 L. B. 92 × 64 U. B. 72 × 52 Hole Ø 8	1319	Giglioli 1924, 210
	Well 3	43719	4, damaged	I	3		H. 89 L. B. 62 × 52 U. B. 50 × 50 Hole Ø 9–7	422	Giglioli 1924, 245
	Well 4	43722	1	II	7		H. 99 L. B. 72 × 46 U. B. 64 × 43 Hole Ø 7–5	392	Giglioli 1924, 246
	Well 4	43741	2	II	1	Minor face: inverted Latin cross incised	H. 95 L. B. 54 × 49 U. B. 43 × 41 Hole Ø 7–6	367
	Well 8	44248	2	II	7		H. 90 L. B. 61 × 46 U. B. 50 × 37 Hole Ø 6	347
	Well 8	44250	2	II	1		H. 82 L. B. 72 × 40 U. B. 57 × 37 Hole Ø 5	354
	Well 36	44241	1, slightly abraded	II.4, non-passing holes (Ø 2)	7		H. 88 L. B. 60 × 42 U. B. 49 × 36 Hole Ø 5–4	242	Giglioli 1924, 254
	Sporadic finds	43748	2, damaged	II	1	Black encr.	H. 92 L. B. 58 × 47 U. B. 51 × 35 Hole Ø 6–5	366	Unpublished
		43749	2, damaged	I	1		H. 77 L. B. 58 × 35 U. B. 43 × 39 Hole Ø 5–4	195
		43777 (pl. III.e)	2, damaged	II	8		H. 78 L. B. 65 × 51 U. B. 49 × 39 Hole Ø 4	320
		42778	3	II	1	Slightly blackened in some spots	H. 95 L. B. 60 × 40 U. B. 51 × 32 Hole Ø 4–3	301

II.II.A (truncated pyramidal, very tapered, square l. base), pl. IV
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper Base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Falerii	Celle sanctuary	2517.12	3, damaged in several spots	II	1	Mostly blackened	H. 87 L. B. 66 × 64 U. B. 36 × 33 Hole Ø 5–4	416	Comella 1986, 95
	Celle sanctuary	2517.15 (pl. IV.a)	3, damaged in several spots	II, on one side, towards the middle, two circular and one ovoid impressions arranged in a triangular shape	1	.	H. 100 L. B. 71 × 68 U. B. 55 × 51 Hole Ø 6–7	637	Comella 1986, 95, I.IV.1, tav. 49.c
	Orto Belloni	w.n., US 15, n. 0.2	2	II	1	Irregular shape; finger impression on three sides Black encr.	H. 84 L. B. 53 × 53 U. B. 44 × 42 Hole Ø 7-6	341	Unpublished
Narce	Cavone di Monte Li Santi necropolis, T. LXXX	5325 (pl. IV.b)	3, very damaged surface and U. B.	II	9	Two passing holes, perpendicular, towards U. B.; one on a diagonal	H. 82 max L. B. 64 × 60 U. B. 31x- Hole Ø 9	225	Pasqui 1894, 462, tav. V.5; De Lucia Brolli and Laurito 2017, 206, Figure 3a
	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n.58	2, lightly damaged	II	1	Major face: non passing hole (Ø 4)	H. 97 L. B. 62 × 59 U. B. 53 × 45 Hole Ø 6–5	524	De Lucia and Brolli 2017, Figure 3e
		w.n., n.64	4, damaged in several spots	II.5, non-passing holes (Ø 3)	1		H. 94 L. B. 58 × 53 U. B. 48 × 37 Hole Ø 6–3	374	Unpublished
		w.n., n.102	3, damaged in several spots	I	1	Black encr.	H. 68 L. B. 52 × 50 U. B. 44 × 41 Hole Ø 5	240
		w.n., n.107	2	IV	1	Irregular shape; minor face: spindle-whorl impression (Ø 20, central navel Ø 5)	H. 84 L. B. 57 × 57 U. B. 35 × 33 Hole Ø 6–5	304
		w.n., n.0.6	3	I	1		H. 97 L. B. 53 × 51 U. B. 37 × 36 Hole Ø 5	369
Vignanello	Cupa necropolis, T. 2	274010	4, cracked and lightly damaged	IV	1		H. 101 L. B. 82 × 80 U. B. 63 × 61 Hole Ø 9–8	807	Giglioli 1916, 82
	Well 4	43729	4, broken in two pieces; severely damaged	II	Tuff: 5YR 6/4 (light reddish brown)	Minor face: v- shaped incision	H. 106 L. B. 65 × 65 U. B. 55 × 50 max Hole Ø 6–4	567	Giglioli 1924, 246
	Well 4	43740	2, missing part of U. B.	IV	1		H. 85 L. B. 66 × 62 U. B. 44 × 42 Hole Ø 4	333
	Well 8	44249	2, damaged and cracked	I	1	Blackened in several spots	H. 114 L. B. 60 × 60 U. B. 44 × 40 Hole Ø 8–4	535
	Well 33	44234	3, missing ca. half of U. B., damaged and cracked	Uncertain; ca. half of a longitudinal groove is preserved	3	Blackened in several spots	H. 116 L. B. 79 × 77 U. B. 60 × 32 max Hole Ø 5	883	Giglioli 1924, 253
	Well 8	44238	2, lightly damaged	I	1	Blackened on one side	H. 97 L. B. 59 × 59 U. B. 40 × 37 Hole Ø 5–4	445	Giglioli 1924, 25–54
	Sporadic finds	43776	1	II	1	Irregular shape	H. 81 L. B. 52 × 50 U. B. 37 × 35 Hole Ø 5	251	Unpublished

II.II.B (truncated pyramidal, very tapered, rectangular l. base), pl. II
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Corch.	II sep. del Vallone T. 22	M.N.E.V.G ^an. 6421 (pl. II.c)	4, lightly damaged, abraded	II	7		H. 141 L. B. 83 × 66 U. B. 64 × 45 Hole Ø 9–8	1015	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 275 n. 63
Falerii	Penna necropolis T. 21	1331.1	3	II	1		H. 78 L. B. 54 × 34 U. B. 38 × 28 Hole Ø 8	285	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 161, n. 39; Bonadies 2020, 251, tav. 179
	Sassi Caduti sanctuary	12541.6	4	II	1		H. 81 L. B. 61 × 45 U. B. 50 × 37 Hole Ø 6	302	Comella 1986, 95
	Sassi Caduti sanctuary	12541.7	2	IV	1	Lightly blackened in some spots	H. 85 L. B. 56 × 51 U. B. 42 × 37 Hole Ø 6–5	316	Comella 1986, 95
	Valsiarosa necropolis T. 104CP	2418	3	II	1	Traces of coating 10YR 8/3 (very pale brown), mostly blackend	H. 98 L. B. 86 × 69 U. B. 65 × 49 Hole Ø 11–7	739	Cozza and Pasqui 1981, 204 n. 11
	Vignale (2022)	FVI.22.0.377	4, more than the lower half is preserved	UK	1		H. 79 max L. B. 59 × 55 U. B. - Hole Ø -	312	Unpublished
Narce	Pizzo Piede (1933)	w.n., n.33 (pl. II.b)	4	II	1	Major face: two ring-shaped impressions stacked vertically (Ø 18)	H. 95 L. B. 71 × 43 U. B. 54 × 35 Hole Ø 6	378
		w.n., n.69	1	II	1		H. 90 L. B. 67 × 43 U. B. 54 × 38 Hole Ø 5	408
		w.n., n.100	2, missing part of U. B.	VII, circular impressions (Ø 4)	7	Black encr.	H. 133 L. B. 88 × 52 U. B. 72 × 45 Hole Ø 9–7	826
		w.n., n.104	2	II	7		H. 104 L. B. 87 × 67 U. B. 71 × 51 Hole Ø 7–6	694
		w.n., n.110	4, damaged in several spots, missing part of U. B.	II	1		H. 116 L. B. 71 × 64 U. B. 59 × 48 Hole Ø 7–6	740
		w.n., n.114	2, slightly damaged	II	1		H. 90 L. B. 69 × 45 U. B. 55 × 37 Hole Ø 5	411
		w.n., n.116	2, missing part of L. B.	II.5, circular impressions (Ø 4)	1		H. 91 L. B. 70 × 45 U. B. 67 × 34 Hole Ø 7–5	358
		w.n., n.119.1 (pl. II.e)	3, damaged towards L. B.	II	1	Irregular shape; major face: one passing hole (Ø 3)	H. 77 L. B. 66 × 55 U. B. 40 × 38 Hole Ø 8–4	298
		w.n., n.120 (pl. II.d)	2, missing part of L. B.	II	1	Major face: v- shaped incision	H. 121 L. B. 87 × 43 U. B. 61 × 35 Hole Ø 6	677
		w.n., n.129	2, missing part of U. B.	II	1		H. 102 L. B. 74 × 42 U. B. 61 × 34 Hole Ø 6–4	439
		w.n., n.130	2	I	1		H. 90 L. B. 67 × 42 U. B. 55 × 31 Hole Ø 7–6	387
		w.n., n.135	3, damaged on one side	II	1		H. 91 L. B. 66 × 60 U. B. 57 × 51 Hole Ø 5–3	550	De Lucia Brolli and Laurito 2017, 206, Figure 3c
		w.n., n.0.1	3, missing part of U. B.	I	7		H. 119 L. B. 94 × 94 U. B. 64 × 60 Hole Ø 6	711	Unpublished
		w.n., n.0.2	2	II.5, circular impressions (Ø 7)	7		H. 136 L. B. 96 × 53 U. B. 88 × 47 Hole Ø 9–8	983
		w.n., n.0.3 (pl. II.a)	2	II.6, circular impressions (Ø 6), not preserved in one of the angles	7	Minor face: deep diagonal incision	H. 130 L. B. 93 × 55 U. B. 87 × 51 Hole Ø 9–8	975
		w.n., n.0.5	3	I	1	Next to passing hole: non-passing hole (Ø 4)	H. 67 L. B. 70 × 52 U. B. 50 × 36 Hole Ø 6–5	355
	Potter excavation	V68 SF53	1	II	5	.	H. 92 L. B. 65 × 46 U. B. 56 × 33 Hole Ø 5	350	Potter 1976, 164 n. 164, Figure 53
	Potter excavation	V68 SF52	1, ca. the upper half is preserved	V.2, net stamps (Ø 12)	9	Coating 7.5YR 8/2 (pinkish white)	H. 185 L. B. - U. B. 111 × 86 Hole Ø 12–10	1901	Potter 1976, 166 n. 169, Figure 53
Vignanello	R foundations	42652	2, slightly damaged	II	1	Major face: circular impression with irregular profile	H. 85 L. B. 59 × 46 U. B. 37 × 33 Hole Ø 5–4	245	Giglioli 1924, 230–34
	Well 4	43738	4, very abraded U. B.	I	1	Irregular shape	H. 73 L. B. 72 × 59 U. B. 53 × 38 Hole Ø 8–6	406	Giglioli 1924, 246
		43743	2, damaged in several spots	I	1	.	H. 96 L. B. 78 × 73 U. B. 69 × 64 Hole Ø 7	712
		43744	2	II	1	Black encr.	H. 89 L. B. 63 × 53 U. B. 50 × 37 Hole Ø 6–5	391
		43745	4, severly damaged, missing part of U. B.	II	3		H. 101 max L. B. 77 × 64 max U. B. 63 × 55 max Hole Ø 10	551
	Well 8	44245	2	II	2		H. 79 L. B. 59 × 45 U. B. 37 × 30 Hole Ø 5–4	224
	Well 34	44239	4	I	1	Irregular shape; blackened in several spots	H. 102 L. B. 64 × 54 U. B. 48 × 44 Hole Ø 6	415	Giglioli 1924, 253–54

II.II.C (truncated pyramidal, very tapered, triangular l. base), pl.I
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Falerii	Celle sanctuary	2545.1 (pl. I.a)	2	I	1		H. 81 L. B. 59 × 55 U. B. 29 × 29 Hole Ø 5	178	Comella 1986, 95 n. I.V.1, tav. 49c; De Lucia Brolli and Laurito 2017, 206, Figure 3b
Falerii	Celle sanctuary	2545.2	4	I	1	Blackened in some spots	H. 79 L. B. 54 × 49 U. B. 29 × 37 Hole Ø 4–6	178	Comella 1986, 95 n. I.V.2; De Lucia Brolli and Laurito 2017, 206, Figure 3b

FR (Fragmentary)
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Upper base type	Clay	Other	Measurements	W.	Bibliography
Falerii	Vignale sanctuary	7235	Ca. the upper third is preserved, damaged U. B.	V.1, short arched groove cutting one of the diagonal impressions	5		H. 85 max L. B. 89 × 70 U. B. - Hole Ø 9	628	Comella 1986, 95 n. I_fr2, tav. 49e
	Vignale Survey (2020)	FVI 20.102.109	3, ca. the upper half is preserved		1		H. 51 max L. B. - U. B. 31 × 22 max Hole Ø -	83	Unpublished
		FVI 20.103.23	Small fragment: part of the U. B. and one side		6		H. 42 max L. B. - U. B. 34 × 26 max Hole Ø -	25
		FVI 20.8.16	3, ca. the upper half is preserved	II	3		H. 56 max L. B. - U. B. 51 × 35 max Hole Ø -	135
	Vignale (2022)	FVI.22.0.209	4, ca. the lower half is preserved, damaged	UK	2		H. 73 max L. B. 56 × 46 U. B. - Hole Ø -	209
		FVI.22.1021.1	4, ca. the upper half is preserved, damaged	I	2	Black encr.	H. 86 max L. B. - U. B. 60 × 53 Hole Ø 7	392
		FVI.22.2002.40	3, less than the lower half is preserved, damaged	UK	1		H. 69 max L. B. 88 × 54 U. B. - Hole Ø -	452
Narce	Potter excavation	V68 SF 51	1, ca. the upper half is preserved	Uncertain: longitudinal groove and, in the preserved angle, a cross stamp (Ø 10)	8	Coating 7.5YR 8/3 (pink)	H. 144 L. B. - U. B. - Hole Ø 9	782
Narce	Potter excavation	V68 SF 77	1, very damaged bases	Uncertain: in one angle, half of a net stamp	5	Coating 7.5YR 8/4 (pink)	H. 156 L. B. - U. B. - Hole Ø 10	834
Vignanello	Unknown provenance	26278	3, less than the lower half is preserved		7		H. 68 L. B. 70 × 55 U. B. - Hole Ø -	288
	Well 4	43730	4, less than the upper half is preserved, damaged in several spots	Uncertain; part of a longitudinal groove is preserved	3		H. 60 max L. B. - U. B. 46 × 45 max Hole Ø -	145	Giglioli 1924, 246
		43731	4, ca. the lower half is preserved		3		H. 63 max L. B. 58 × 56 U. B. - Hole Ø 8	246
		43732	4, less than the lower half is preserved, damaged in several spots		3		H. 70 max L. B. 50 × 49 U. B. - Hole Ø -	217
		43746	Less than the upper half is preserved	I	5		H. 57 max L. B. - U. B. 55 × 55 Hole Ø 7	190
	Well 5	43752	4, ca. the upper half is preserved, damaged in several spots	II.4, non-passing holes (Ø 5)	1	Internally 5YR 5/1 (gray)	H. 81 max L. B. 65 × 52 max U. B. 71 × 71 max Hole Ø 7	526

III (Doughnut), pl. I
Context		Inv.	Use wear	Clay	Diameter	Hole Ø	Weight	Bibliography
Falerii	Vignale (2022)	FVI.22.2019.78 (pl. I.a)	Lightly damaged, severely worn around the hole	7	58	7	67	Unpublished

^aMuseo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia.

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Received: 2023-09-06

Accepted: 2024-02-16

Published Online: 2024-04-30

Published in Print: 2024-11-26

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Artikel in diesem Heft

https://doi.org/10.1515/etst-2023-0023

Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel

pre-Roman Italy; Falerii; textile Archaeology; weaving; loom-weights