Uncovering the Cultural Beliefs in a Nascent Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
-
Joshua E. Marineau
und
Onnolee Nordstrom
Abstract
In this paper, we use Cultural Consensus as a theory and methodology and collect and analyze individuals’ mental models of entrepreneurship. This novel approach, combined with social network analysis, allows us to empirically study the shared cultural beliefs present within a nascent EE. Based on this case, we determine that, in contrast to mature ecosystems, the cultural beliefs within this nascent entrepreneurial ecosystem clearly prioritize action and behavioral elements over individual characteristics or entrepreneurial-related outcomes. Thus, our study suggests that the cultural beliefs within early ecosystems are different than the cultural beliefs that underpin mature ecosystems. We discuss implications and future research related to these findings and this approach.
Funding source: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation
Award Identifier / Grant number: RG-201602-20152633
Funding source: The Sheila and Robert Challey Institute for Global Innovation and Growth
Appendix A Selection of terms from interviewees describing entrepreneurship
| Entrepreneur: outcomes | Entrepreneur: Attributes /behaviors |
|---|---|
| Economic | Capability/actions |
| Creating jobs | Able to adapt and change |
| Creating revenue | Knowing how to fail fast |
| Creating values for oneself and/or for other people | Tolerant of failure |
| Contributing to community and society | Problem solver |
| Reallocating resources from one place to another with higher utilization and impact of the resource | Being resourceful |
| Tech startups having a relatively positive exit event (getting bought, IPOing, etc.) | Being curious |
| Making economic impact | Being connected |
| Creating jobs | Seeing things differently than anybody else |
| Having some skills (accounting, business, marketing, sales, etc.) | |
| Social | Aware of the surroundings and situations |
| Contributing to the world | Pursuing vision/opportunity regardless of currently available resources |
| Building the community that we want to live in | Taking calculated risk to create value |
| Creating growth (community, economy, technologies, jobs, etc.) | Taking something everybody else sees and doing something differently about it |
| Going against the status quo | |
| Personal | Not giving up |
| Learning from failures | Capable of inspiring others with their passion |
| Growing personally | Capable of delivering results |
| Finding the joy and love in what you do | Starting and running your own business (self-starters) |
| Feeling good about oneself | Being your own boss |
| Doing something unique | |
| Entrepreneurial ecosystem: Context | |
| Good community (diverse, supportive, engaging, safe, reasonable cost of living, etc.) | Personality |
| Coordinated efforts to achieve common goals | Ready to sacrifice (time, resources, etc.) |
| Good public & private partnerships (Fargo & Moorhead) | Having passion for what you’re doing |
| Financial investments | Being dedicated |
| Job availability | Believing in yourself |
| A regional hub | Self-aware (of what you’re good and not good at) |
| Good size (not too big & not too small in terms of population & area) | Self-driven |
| Technology background | Emotionally intelligent |
| State support (great programs like jobs training grant program, sales tax reimbursement, etc.) | Fully committed |
References
Acs, Z. J., E. Stam, D. B. Audretsch, and A. O’Connor. 2017. “The Lineages of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Approach.” Small Business Economics: 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9864-8.Suche in Google Scholar
Alvedalen, J., and R. Boschma. 2017. “A Critical Review of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems Research: Towards a Future Research Agenda.” European Planning Studies 25 (6): 887–903, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1299694.Suche in Google Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., and M. Belitski. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Cities: Establishing the Framework Conditions.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 42 (5): 1030–51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8.Suche in Google Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., J. A. Cunningham, D. F. Kuratko, E. E. Lehmann, and M. Menter. 2019. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Economic, Technological, and Societal Impacts.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 44 (2): 313–25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9690-4.Suche in Google Scholar
Badenhausen, K. 2014. Fargo Heads List of Best Small Cities for Business and Careers, Forbes.com. Online: Forbes.Suche in Google Scholar
Baker, T., and F. Welter. 2018. Contextual Entrepreneurship: An Interdisciplinary Perspective: Now.10.1561/0300000078Suche in Google Scholar
Baron, R., and S. Shane. 2007. Entrepreneurship: A Process Perspective. Nelson Education.Suche in Google Scholar
Baron, R. A., and T. B. Ward. 2004. “Expanding Entrepreneurial Cognition’s Toolbox: Potential Contributions from the Field of Cognitive Science.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 28 (6): 553–73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00064.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Batchelder, W. H., and R. Anders. 2012. “Cultural Consensus Theory: Comparing Different Concepts of Cultural Truth.” Journal of Mathematical Psychology 56 (5): 316–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2012.06.002.Suche in Google Scholar
Batchelder, W. H., R. Anders, and Z. Oravecz. 2018. “Cultural Consensus Theory.” Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience 5: 1–64, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119170174.epcn506.Suche in Google Scholar
Baum, J. R., and E. A. Locke. 2004. “The Relationship of Entrepreneurial Traits, Skill, and Motivation to Subsequent Venture Growth.” Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (4): 587, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.587.Suche in Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J. 1990. “Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive and Destructive. 98.” Journal of Political Economy 893.10.1515/9780804757317-008Suche in Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. 2002. NetDraw: Graph Visualization Software. Harvard: Analytic Technologies.Suche in Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. 2005. “Centrality and Network Flow.” Social Networks 27 (1): 55–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008.Suche in Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., and I. Carboni. 2007. “On Measuring Individual Knowledge in Organizations.” Organizational Research Methods 10 (3): 449–62, https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428107300228.Suche in Google Scholar
Borgatti, S., M. Everett, and L. Freeman. 2002. Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis Version 3.6. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.Suche in Google Scholar
Borgatti, S., A. Mehra, D. Brass, and G. Labianca. 2009. “Network Analysis in the Social Sciences.” Science 323 (5916): 892, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165821.Suche in Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., and D. S. Halgin. 2011a. “Consensus Analysis.” In A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology, 171.10.1002/9781444394931.ch10Suche in Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., and D. S. Halgin. 2011b. “On Network Theory.” Organization Science 22 (5): 1168–81, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0641.Suche in Google Scholar
Breazeale, N., M. W.-P. Fortunato, J. E. AllenIV, R. J. Hustedde, and H. Pushkarskaya. 2015. “Constructing a Multi-dimensional Measure of Local Entrepreneurial Culture.” Community Development 46 (5): 516–40, https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2015.1080743.Suche in Google Scholar
Brewer, J. 2000. Ethnography. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.Suche in Google Scholar
Brooks, J. 2014. Fargo Gets Last Lauch with Economic Rebirth. Minneapolis, MN: Start Tribute.Suche in Google Scholar
Brown, R., and C. Mason. 2017. “Looking inside the Spiky Bits: A Critical Review and Conceptualisation of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Small Business Economics 49 (1): 11–30, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9865-7.Suche in Google Scholar
Cantner, U., J. A. Cunningham, E. E. Lehmann, and M. Menter. 2020. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A Dynamic Lifecycle Model.” Small Business Economics: 1–17.10.1007/s11187-020-00316-0Suche in Google Scholar
Caulkins, D., and S. B. Hyatt. 1999. “Using Consensus Analysis to Measure Cultural Diversity in Organizations and Social Movements.” Field Methods 11 (1): 5–26, https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822x9901100102.Suche in Google Scholar
Chatman, D., I. Altman, and T. Johnson. 2008. “Community Entrepreneurial Climate: An Analysis of Small Business Owners Perspectives.” Journal of Rural and Community Development 3 (1).Suche in Google Scholar
Cohen, B. 2006. “Sustainable Valley Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Business Strategy and the Environment 15 (1): 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.428.Suche in Google Scholar
Converse, S. 1993. “Shared mental models in expert team decision making.” In Individual and Group Decision Making: Current Issues, 221.Suche in Google Scholar
Crook, T. R., S. Y. Todd, J. G. Combs, D. J. Woehr, and D. J. KetchenJr. 2011. “Does Human Capital Matter? A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Human Capital and Firm Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 96 (3): 443–56, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022147.Suche in Google Scholar
Cukier, D., and F. Kon. 2018. “A Maturity Model for Software Startup Ecosystems.” Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 7 (1): 14, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-018-0091-6.Suche in Google Scholar
Cukier, D., F. Kon, and T. S. Lyons. 2016. “Software Startup Ecosystems Evolution: The New York City Case Study.” In Paper Presented at the 2016 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation/IEEE lnternational Technology Management Conference (ICE/ITMC).10.1109/ICE/ITMC39735.2016.9026150Suche in Google Scholar
D’Andrade, R. G. 1981. “The Cultural Part of Cognition.” Cognitive Science 5 (3): 179–95, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_1.Suche in Google Scholar
Daniel, L., C. J. Medlin, A. O’Connor, L. Statsenko, R. Vnuk, and G. Hancock. 2018. “Deconstructing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Concept.” In Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Place-Based Transformations and Transitions, 38, 23–44. Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-63531-6_2Suche in Google Scholar
DeChurch, L. A., and J. R. Mesmer-Magnus. 2010. Measuring Shared Team Mental Models: A Meta-analysis. Educational Publishing Foundation.10.1037/a0017455Suche in Google Scholar
Denzau, A. T., and D. C. North. 1994. “Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions.” Kyklos 47: 3–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1994.tb02246.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Drake, B. 2020. The Unlikely Story of Emerging Prairie. Fargo Inc! Fargo, ND: Spotllight Media.Suche in Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., M. C. Balieiro, and J. E. Dos Santos. 2015. “Finding Culture Change in the Second Factor: Stability and Change in Cultural Consensus and Residual Agreement.” Field Methods 27 (1): 22–38, https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822x14542755.Suche in Google Scholar
Feld, B. 2012. Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Your City. John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/9781119204459Suche in Google Scholar
Florida, R. 2002. “The Economic Geography of Talent.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (4): 743–55, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00314.Suche in Google Scholar
Fortunato, M. W., and D. K. McLaughlin. 2012. “Interaction and Purpose in Highly Entrepreneurial Communities.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 2 (1), https://doi.org/10.2202/2157-5665.1049.Suche in Google Scholar
Foss, N. J., P. G. Klein, Y. Y. Kor, and J. T. Mahoney. 2008. “Entrepreneurship, Subjectivism, and the Resource‐based View: Toward a New Synthesis.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 2 (1): 73–94, https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.41.Suche in Google Scholar
Frazier, B., L. Stoel, L. Niehm, and N. Eckerson. 2013. “Optimism for New Business Survival in Rural Communities: An Institutional Perspective.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 26 (5): 443–63.10.1080/08276331.2013.876761Suche in Google Scholar
Freeman, L. 1979. “Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification.” Social Networks 1 (3): 215–39.10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7Suche in Google Scholar
Freeman, L. C., A. K. Romney, and S. C. Freeman. 1987. “Cognitive Structure and Informant Accuracy.” American Anthropologist 89 (2): 310–25, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.2.02a00020.Suche in Google Scholar
Gauthier, J., M. Penzel, and M. Marmer. 2017. Global Startup Ecosystem Report 2017. San Francisco: Startupgenome.Suche in Google Scholar
Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books.Suche in Google Scholar
Grant, K. L., and M. L. Miller. 2004. “A Cultural Consensus Analysis of Marine Ecological Knowledge in the Solomon Islands.” SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin 17 (3–14).Suche in Google Scholar
Grégoire, D. A., A. C. Corbett, and J. S. McMullen. 2011. “The Cognitive Perspective in Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Future Research.” Journal of Management Studies 48 (6): 1443–77, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00922.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Greve, A., and J. W. Salaff. 2003. “Social Networks and Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 28 (1): 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00029.Suche in Google Scholar
Hammersley, M., and P. Atkinson. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Harrington, K. 2016. “Is Your Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Scaling? An Approach to Inventorying and Measuring a Region’s Innovation Momentum.” Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 11 (1–2): 126–42, https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00252.Suche in Google Scholar
Harrington, K. 2017. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Momentum and Maturity the Important Role of Entrepreneur Development Organizations and Their Activities. Available at SSRN 3030886.10.2139/ssrn.3030886Suche in Google Scholar
Hayton, J. C., and G. Cacciotti. 2013. “Is There an Entrepreneurial Culture? A Review of Empirical Research.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 708–31, https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.862962.Suche in Google Scholar
Hoang, H., and A. Yi. 2015. “Network-based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Decade in Review.” Foundations and Trends (R) in Entrepreneurship 11 (1): 1–54, https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000052.Suche in Google Scholar
Holdman, J. 2016. ’Game Changers’ in Bismarck, Fargo: B; p.1. Bismarck Tribune.Suche in Google Scholar
Hopp, C., and U. Stephan. 2012. “The Influence of Socio-cultural Environments on the Performance of Nascent Entrepreneurs: Community Culture, Motivation, Self-efficacy and Start-up Success.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24 (9–10): 917–45, https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.742326.Suche in Google Scholar
Horowitz, D. M. 2009. “A Review of Consensus Analysis Methods in Consumer Culture, Organizational Culture and National Culture Research.” Consumption, Markets and Culture 12 (1): 47–64, https://doi.org/10.1080/10253860802560839.Suche in Google Scholar
Huggins, R., and P. Thompson. 2012. “Entrepreneurship and Community Culture: A Place-based Study of Their Interdependency.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 2 (1), https://doi.org/10.2202/2157-5665.1045.Suche in Google Scholar
Huggins, R., and P. Thompson. 2014. “Culture, Entrepreneurship and Uneven Development: A Spatial Analysis.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26 (9–10): 726–52, https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2014.985740.Suche in Google Scholar
Hunzaker, M. F., and L. Valentino. 2019. “Mapping Cultural Schemas: From Theory to Method.” American Sociological Review 84 (5): 950–81, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419875638.Suche in Google Scholar
Isenberg, D. J. 2010. “How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution.” Harvard Business Review 88 (6): 40–50.Suche in Google Scholar
Isenberg, D. 2011. The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Strategy as a New Paradigm for Economic Policy: Principles for Cultivating Entrepreneurship. Dublin, Ireland: Institute of International European Affairs.Suche in Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1983. Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Jones, N., H. Ross, T. Lynam, P. Perez, and A. Leitch. 2011. “Mental Models: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis of Theory and Methods.” Ecology and Society 16 (1), https://doi.org/10.5751/es-03802-160146.Suche in Google Scholar
Julien, P.-A. 2008. A Theory of Local Entrepreneurship in the Knowledge Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781847208750Suche in Google Scholar
Kaplan, M. D. G. 2015. Inside Fargo, America’s Most Undervalued Tech Hub, Fortune. Online: Fortune.com.Suche in Google Scholar
Kendall, M. G. 1955. “Further Contributions to the Theory of Paired Comparisons.” Biometrics 11 (1): 43–62, https://doi.org/10.2307/3001479.Suche in Google Scholar
Klyver, K., and P. H. Thornton. 2010. The Cultural Embeddedness of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Intentions: A Cross-national Comparison. Montreal, August: Academy of Management.Suche in Google Scholar
Krackhardt, D. 1988. “Predicting with Networks: Nonparametric Multiple Regression Analysis of Dyadic Data.” Social Networks 10 (4): 359–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(88)90004-4.Suche in Google Scholar
Lau, V. P., M. N. Dimitrova, M. A. Shaffer, T. Davidkov, and D. I. Yordanova. 2012. “Entrepreneurial Readiness and Firm Growth: An Integrated Etic and Emic Approach.” Journal of International Management 18 (2): 147–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2012.02.005.Suche in Google Scholar
Leech, N. L., and A. J. Onwuegbuzie. 2009. “A Typology of Mixed Methods Research Designs.” Quality and Quantity 43 (2): 265–75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-007-9105-3.Suche in Google Scholar
Lyons, T. S., T. R. Alter, D. Audretsch, and D. Augustine. 2012. “Entrepreneurship and Community: The Next Frontier of Entrepreneurship Inquiry.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 2 (1), https://doi.org/10.2202/2157-5665.1064.Suche in Google Scholar
Mack, E., and H. Mayer. 2016. “The Evolutionary Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Urban Studies 53 (10): 2118–33, https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015586547.Suche in Google Scholar
Malecki, E. J. 2018. “Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Geography Compass 12 (3), e12359, https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12359.Suche in Google Scholar
Martin, B. C., J. J. McNally, and M. J. Kay. 2013. “Examining the Formation of Human Capital in Entrepreneurship: A Meta-analysis of Entrepreneurship Education Outcomes.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (2): 211–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002.Suche in Google Scholar
Mathieu, J., T. Heffner, G. Goodwin, E. Salas, and J. Cannon-Bowers. 2000. “The Influence of Shared Mental Models on Team Process and Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (2): 273–83, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.273.Suche in Google Scholar
Miller, M. L., J. Kaneko, P. Bartram, J. Marks, and D. D. Brewer. 2004. “Cultural Consensus Analysis and Environmental Anthropology: Yellowfin Tuna Fishery Management in Hawaii.” Cross-Cultural Research 38 (3): 289–314, https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397104264278.Suche in Google Scholar
Mishra, C. S., and R. K. Zachary. 2011. “Entrepreneurship and the Community.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 2 (1), https://doi.org/10.2202/2157-5665.201.Suche in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., L. Busenitz, T. Lant, P. P. McDougall, E. A. Morse, and J. B. Smith. 2002a. “Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 27 (2): 93–104, https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00001.Suche in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., J. B. Smith, E. A. Morse, K. W. Seawright, A. M. Peredo, and B. McKenzie. 2002b. “Are Entrepreneurial Cognitions Universal? Assessing Entrepreneurial Cognitions across Cultures.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 26 (4): 9–32, https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600402.Suche in Google Scholar
Mulas, V., A. Nedayvoda, and G. Zaatari. 2017. Creative Community Spaces: Spaces that Are Transforming Cities into Innovation Hubs. World Bank.10.1596/28329Suche in Google Scholar
Muralidharan, E., and S. Pathak. 2017. “Informal Institutions and International Entrepreneurship.” International Business Review 26 (2): 288–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.07.006.Suche in Google Scholar
Nambisan, S., and R. A. Baron. 2013. “Entrepreneurship in Innovation Ecosystems: Entrepreneurs’ Self‐regulatory Processes and Their Implications for New Venture Success.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (5): 1071–97, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00519.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. 2014. [1983]. “Some Observations on Mental Models.” In Mental Models, Vol. 7, edited by A. L. Stevens, 7–14. Taylor & Francis.Suche in Google Scholar
Paris, C. M., G. Musa, and T. Thirumoorthi. 2015. “A Comparison between Asian and Australasia Backpackers Using Cultural Consensus Analysis.” Current Issues in Tourism 18 (2): 175–95, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.920771.Suche in Google Scholar
Quinn, N. 2005. How to Reconstruct Schemas People Share, from What They Say, Finding Culture in Talk, 35–81. Springer.10.1007/978-1-137-05871-3_2Suche in Google Scholar
Rauch, A., and M. Frese. 2007. “Let’s Put the Person Back into Entrepreneurship Research: A Meta-analysis on the Relationship between Business Owners’ Personality Traits, Business Creation, and Success.” European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology 16 (4): 353–85, https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701595438.Suche in Google Scholar
Rinne, T., and J. Fairweather. 2012. “A Mixed Methods Approach: Using Cultural Modeling and Consensus Analysis to Better Understand New Zealand’s International Innovation Performance.” Journal of Mixed Methods Research 6 (3): 166–83, https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689811420572.Suche in Google Scholar
Romney, A. K. 1999. “2 Cultural Consensus as a Statistical Model.” Current Anthropology 40 (S1): S93–S115, https://doi.org/10.1086/200063.Suche in Google Scholar
Romney, A. K., W. H. Batchelder, and S. C. Weller. 1987. “Recent Applications of Cultural Consensus Theory.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (2): 163–77, https://doi.org/10.1177/000276487031002003.Suche in Google Scholar
Romney, A. K., J. P. Boyd, C. C. Moore, W. H. Batchelder, and T. J. Brazill. 1996. “Culture as Shared Cognitive Representations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (10): 4699–705, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.10.4699.Suche in Google Scholar
Romney, A. K., S. C. Weller, and W. H. Batchelder. 1986. “Culture as Consensus: A Theory of Culture and Informant Accuracy.” American Anthropologist 88 (2): 313–38, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1986.88.2.02a00020.Suche in Google Scholar
Rouse, W. B., and N. M. Morris. 1986. “On Looking into the Black Box: Prospects and Limits in the Search for Mental Models.” Psychological Bulletin 100 (3): 349, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.349.Suche in Google Scholar
Saxenian, A. 1994. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. 1934. The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Schvaneveldt, R. W. 1990. Pathfinder Associative Networks: Studies in Knowledge Organization. Ablex Publishing.Suche in Google Scholar
Shane, S. 2000. “Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Organization Science 11 (4): 448, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.4.448.14602.Suche in Google Scholar
Shane, S. A. 2003. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781781007990Suche in Google Scholar
Shane, S., and S. Venkataraman. 2000. “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review 25 (1): 217, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791611.Suche in Google Scholar
Sheehan, K. B. 2018. “Crowdsourcing Research: Data Collection with Amazon’s Mechanical Turk.” Communication Monographs 85 (1): 140–56, https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1342043.Suche in Google Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G., H. F. DengahII, M. G. Lacy, A. Bagwell, M. Van Oostenburg, and D. Lende. 2017. “Online Gaming Involvement and its Positive and Negative Consequences: A Cognitive Anthropological “Cultural Consensus” Approach to Psychiatric Measurement and Assessment.” Computers in Human Behavior 66: 291–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.025.Suche in Google Scholar
Spigel, B. 2017. “The Relational Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41 (1): 49–72, https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167.Suche in Google Scholar
Spradley, J. P. 2016. The Ethnographic Interview. Waveland Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Stam, E. 2015. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique.” European Planning Studies 23 (9): 1759–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484.Suche in Google Scholar
Stam, F., and B. Spigel. 2016. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” USE Discussion Paper Series 16 (13).10.4135/9781473984080.n21Suche in Google Scholar
Stephan, U., and L. M. Uhlaner. 2010. “Performance-based vs Socially Supportive Culture: A Cross-national Study of Descriptive Norms and Entrepreneurship.” Journal of International Business Studies 41 (8): 1347–64, https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.14.Suche in Google Scholar
Stephan, U., L. M. Uhlaner, and C. Stride. 2015. “Institutions and Social Entrepreneurship: The Role of Institutional Voids, Institutional Support, and Institutional Configurations.” Journal of International Business Studies 46 (3): 308–31, https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.38.Suche in Google Scholar
Stone-Jovicich, S., T. Lynam, A. Leitch, and N. Jones. 2011. “Using Consensus Analysis to Assess Mental Models about Water Use and Management in the Crocodile River Catchment, South Africa.” Ecology and Society 16 (1), https://doi.org/10.5751/es-03755-160145.Suche in Google Scholar
Unger, J. M., A. Rauch, M. Frese, and N. Rosenbusch. 2011. “Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-analytical Review.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (3): 341–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.004.Suche in Google Scholar
Urbano, D., S. Aparicio, and V. Querol. 2016. “Social Progress Orientation and Innovative Entrepreneurship: An International Analysis.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 26 (5): 1033–66, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-016-0485-1.Suche in Google Scholar
Van Gelderen, M., T. Kautonen, and M. Fink. 2015. “From Entrepreneurial Intentions to Actions: Self-control and Action-related Doubt, Fear, and Aversion.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (5): 655–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.01.003.Suche in Google Scholar
Venaik, S., and P. Brewer. 2019. “Looking beyond National Differences: Cultural Consensus between Confucian and Anglo Societies.” Australian Journal of Management 44 (3): 388–406, https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219844301.Suche in Google Scholar
Venkataraman, S. 2004. “Regional Transformation Through Technological Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 19 (1): 153–67.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.04.001Suche in Google Scholar
Weller, S. C. 2007. “Cultural Consensus Theory: Applications and Frequently Asked Questions.” Field Methods 19 (4): 339–68, https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822x07303502.Suche in Google Scholar
Welter, F. 2011. “Contextualizing Entrepreneurship—Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 35 (1): 165–84, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Competitive Research Articles
- Opportunity Recognition: Conversational Foundations and Pathways Ahead
- The Mechanism of Entrepreneurs’ Social Networks on Innovative Startups’ Innovation Performance Considering the Moderating Effect of the Entrepreneurial Competence and Motivation
- The Impact of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) Advances on Small Business Lending by Community Banks—2010–2016
- Learning, Dynamic Capabilities, and Firm Performance: The Case of Entrepreneurial Firms in the South Korean Fashion Industry
- Uncovering the Cultural Beliefs in a Nascent Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
- Director Network, Governance of Independent Directors and Efficiency of Enterprise Capital Allocation
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Competitive Research Articles
- Opportunity Recognition: Conversational Foundations and Pathways Ahead
- The Mechanism of Entrepreneurs’ Social Networks on Innovative Startups’ Innovation Performance Considering the Moderating Effect of the Entrepreneurial Competence and Motivation
- The Impact of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) Advances on Small Business Lending by Community Banks—2010–2016
- Learning, Dynamic Capabilities, and Firm Performance: The Case of Entrepreneurial Firms in the South Korean Fashion Industry
- Uncovering the Cultural Beliefs in a Nascent Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
- Director Network, Governance of Independent Directors and Efficiency of Enterprise Capital Allocation
