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Integration of green nanotechnology with silica for corrosion inhibition

  • Sharayu Govardhane

    Ms. Sharayu Govardhane is a Ph.D. scholar in the Department of Pharmaceutics of Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai, India. Her research interests include nanomaterials, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, green synthesis, and nanocarrier systems and biosensors.

         and Pravin Shende

    Dr. Pravin Shende is working as a professor at SPPSPTM, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai, India. He has more than 15 years of teaching and research experience with post-doctoral research experience of 3 years at University of Torino, Italy. He has published around 105 articles in nanotechnology, 1 book, and granted 1 international patent and 3 national patents to his credit. His research areas include green synthesis, nanomaterials, nanocarriers, biosensor, controlled and sustained drug delivery systems, nanoparticulate delivery systems and targeted drug delivery systems, protein, peptide and DNA-based formulations.

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Published/Copyright: April 7, 2021
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Corrosion Reviews
From the journal Corrosion Reviews Volume 39 Issue 3

Abstract

Silica is a chemically inert molecule with an ability of adsorption on the metal to form a layer of barrier for preventing it from the atmospheric damage. However, a larger amount of silica is required for producing the impactful anticorrosive activity, leading to toxic and carcinogenic effects in the environment, and thus limiting the applications of silica. Application of nanotechnology in the synthesis of silica nanocomposites provides, for example, the advantages of better biocompatibility, systemic stability, ineffective response towards pH changes large multifunctionality. However, uses of harmful solvent, low penetration and toxicity, remain the major concerns for silica nanoparticles. Synthesis of silica nanocomposites with green technology will be an attractive approach to offer reduction in toxicity associated with the silica, higher surface area, effective penetration, easy spreadability, better adsorption over the metal surface and also provided the controlled release of chemical agents on contact with metal surface. The present article enlightens the use of green syntheses in the formulation of silica nanocomposites for corrosion inhibition in comparison to conventional synthetic method and provides the insights of various green nanocarriers such as nanocontainers, sol-to-gel nanoparticles, metallic nanostructures and silica nanocomposites for enhancing the proficiency of corrosion inhibition.

Keywords: corrosion inhibition; green synthesis; nanocomposites; silica

1 Introduction

Metal industries play a significant role in the expansion of various sectors in the global economy including defense, automobile, heavy engineering, infrastructure, energy production, etc. According to World Steel Association 2019, gross worth added by metal industry is US$500 billion, which is 0.7% of global GDP (Askerov 2019). Carbon steel, iron, stainless steel, aluminum, etc. are the most widely used materials for infrastructure development; however, such materials are more subjected to degradation in oxidizing atmosphere. Corrosion is the spontaneous and irreversible electrochemical reaction of a material in the presence of moisture in environmental condition that converts a metal into chemically-stable molecule such as oxides, hydroxide, aldehyde, sulfide, etc. (Alcantara et al. 2017). It causes the deterioration of metal quality, weakens its performance, gives rise to costly and dangerous rupture, releases hazardous agents responsible for air contamination, etc. (Gates 2009). The cost of the corrosion is equal to about 4% of the gross national product or in other words the fifth of the world’s steel production designed to replace the losses caused by corrosion (Popoopla 2013) (Tables 1–4).

Table 1:

Nanocarrier systems for anti-corrosion activity.

Nanocarriers Materials Observation References
Quercetin nanocontainers dispersed in silica matrix against corrosion activity Quercetin dehydrate, Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Tetraethyl orthosilicate, ethanol, Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A The nanoparticles were prepared using liquid crystal for templating mechanism. The corrosion reaction helped in the release of the active, as pH modification triggers the chemical alteration in quercetin. The particle size was found in range of 239.7 nm with 13.2 ± 3.96 mV. The results showed that the oxidation reaction of quercetin affected the aromatic rings, thus increase in the impedance of coating and decrease in the direct contact of corrosion persuading agent with the metal surface. Ulaeto et al. (2019)
Preparation of duo green corrosion inhibitors-loaded nanocontainers using halloysite nanotubes (alumina-water-silica clay) Halloysite nanotu-bes, vanillin, thyme oil, ethanol, distilled water, copper sulfate pentahydrate and sulfuric acid Nanocontainers were synthesized using vacuum loading and sonication methods. The vanillin and thyme oil green loading was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy and the loading was found upto 90% with excellent controlled release pattern foranti-corrosion activity. Kumar et al. (2020)
Table 2:

Nanocarrier systems for anti-corrosion activity.

Nanocarrier Materials and methods Observation References
Sol-gel auto combustion cobalt ferrite nanoparticles entrapped in silica matrix Tetraethoxysilane, metal nitrates, maleic acid, malonic acid, 1,3,5-tri carboxylic acid and ascorbic acid The nanoparticles were entrapped using combustion method. It was observed that the spherical shape nanoparticles were obtained with average diameter of 20–30 nm. Trimesic acid found to produce maximum yield whereas Trimesic nanoformulation found to produce inhibition efficiency upto 75%. Mahnaz et al. (2017)
Phytic-loaded nanoparticles for green anti-corrosion inhibition Poly(allylamine hydrochloride), zirconium propoxide, phytic acid, propanol Nanoparticles were formulated using by layer-by-layer deposition technique. The pH-sensitivity of nanocontainers helped in the permeability due to ionic reaction of the microzones in polyelectrolyte which lead to release of phytic acid for anti-corrosive activity. Phytic acid adsorbed effectively onto the silica surface due to chelation. Stable and sustainable protection against the corrosion was obtained for the period of 70 h. Tang et al. (2010)
Sol–gel film containing green corrosion inhibitor-encapsulated nanocontainers Tetraethylorthosilicate, teriethoxymethylsilane, ethanol, zinc acetate, ammonium persulfate and nettle The nanoparticles were prepared using NaOH and ferric chloride solution and the aqueous extract of nettle was loaded nanocontainers. The nanoparticles showed inhibitive performance is due to the nettle extract components release from nanoparticles consisting of electron-rich elements like O and N. Nettle as green inhibitor along with zinc acetate shows synergistic activity for corrosion inhibition. Izadi et al. (2017)
Table 3:

Nanocarrier system for anti-corrosion activity.

Nanocarrier Materials and methods Observation References
Synthesis of silver loaded silica coated magnetite (Fe3O4@SiO2) as the green reductant and stabilizer for prevention of corrosion Ferric chloride hexahydrate, ethylene glycol, ethanol, tetraethyl orthosilicate, sodium acetate anhydrous and ammonia solution Core-shell magnetic nanoparticles were prepared using solvothermal method. The particles helped in the surface amino functionalization using sol-gel method. The reaction occurred within 2 min with 7 times more stability than conventional ferric particles. Wang et al. (2014)
Table 4:

Nanocarrier systems for anti-corrosion activity.

Nanocarriers Materials and methods Observation References
Linseed polyurethane nanocomposites Tetraethoxyorthosilane, toluylene-2,4-diisocyanate [TDI] silica [FS], linseed oil, polyol The nanoparticles were prepared using by brush technique and solvent blend method. The hydrolysis–condensation reaction showed the formation of hybrid linkage between linseed polyol and TDI. Linseed polyurethane nanocomposites showed good scratch hardness, impact resistance (250 lb/in.), flexibility (1/8 in) as investigated by standard methods with corrosion rate 3.567. Akram et al. (2014)
Jatropha seed oil along with poly(esteramideurethane) Jatropha oil, trans1,2 diamino cyclo-hexane N,N,N′,N′,-tetraacetic acid, sodium metal, methanol, xylene, diethanolamine, diethyl ether, and sodium chloride Synergistic effect was observed with the combination of Jatropha oil and poly (urethane esteramide, leading to the release of active in controlled rate. Nanocomposite with highest concentration of silica showed maximum anti-corrosive action. Alam et al. (2019)
Silica nanoparticles from rice husk Tetraethyl orthosilicate, sodium silicate, rice husk, NaOH, H2SO4 Nanoparticles were prepared by dipping method and the adsorption of anionic chlorine showed easy adsorbability on the silica coated surface. This resulted to inhibition because of decrease in local dielectric constant and/or an increase in the thickness of the electrical double layer. Vijayalakshmi (2015)
Nanosilicate from paddy husk in salt medium for anti-corrosive activity Paddy husk, NaOH, NaCl, H2SO4 The silica was prepared by burning the paddy husk at 600 °C for 6 h and treated with NaOH. The reflux process was used for converting micro-sized silica to nanoparticles. Impedance technique was adopted for characterization and Nyquist plot of nanosilicate proved significant anti-corrosion activity. Norinsan et al. (2016)

Corrosion inhibitors are one of the most widely used chemical compounds to prevent the deterioration of alloy (Hou et al. 2017). These materials consist of adhesive behavior toward the metal surface for protecting it from atmospheric damage (Zvonkina and Soucek 2016). However, the toxicity of these materials due to the presence of organic solvent with their cost and availability, allows to search for green synthetic alternatives (Clarke et al. 2018; Welton 2015). Green inhibitors are becoming an attractive field for the research due to their increasing awareness and change in regulation for chemical inhibitors (Shehata et al. 2017). Green inhibitors are addressed as naturally occurring biodegradable metallic inhibitors devoid of any toxicity organic solvents. Green inhibitors are economical, effective at lower concentration, abundantly available and most significant due to environmental suitability over the conventional inhibitors (Marzorati et al. 2019).

Silica (Si) (also known as silicon dioxide [SiO2]), is one of the most commonly used anticorrosive agents in the metal industry due to its protective monomolecular layer formation ability. SiO2 forms a protective physical barrier by altering the pH value owing to the atmospheric changes, thus preventing the metal surfaces from the alkaline attack (Dana et al. 2019). SiO2 offers the advantage of easy film formation, better mechanical properties, higher porosity, larger fluidization and controlled gloss for corrosion application. Zhang et al. performed the cycle immersion test for silica to prove the formation of silica rust layer on the surface of weathering steel fall-off easier and thus depreciate the corrosion (Hao et al. 2012). However, the hydrophobicity, leaching of the silica from the core into environment, polymorphism, short life-cycle, etc. limits the application for development (Sun et al. 2019). Encapsulation of silica into nanocomposites will help to increase applicability of silica, as nanotechnology provides the advantages of higher surface-by-volume ratio, enhancement of solubility, provides better encapsulation efficiency and controlled release pattern of the inhibitors from nanoshell on contact with the metal surface depending on the environmental changes which helps in binding phenomenon of the molecule for the surface of the metals (Selvakumar et al. 2012). Nanoparticles are mainly multiphase molecules composed of more than two materials of dimension less than 1000 nm with better activity (Carmargo et al. 2009) (Jeevanandam et al. 2018; Prabha et al. 2014). Synthesis of silica nanoparticles helps in surface modification by partially blocking the silanol group in SiO2, thus decreasing the hydrophobicity of the molecule (Jeelani et al. 2020). However, the higher amount of silica leads to release of toxins in the environment and triggers the health issues in the forms of induction chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, silicosis and lung cancer (Agarwal and Pandey 2012). The advantages of green synthesized silica nanoparticles are displayed in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Advantages of green synthesized silica nanoparticles.
Figure 1:

Advantages of green synthesized silica nanoparticles.

Therefore, the use of green synthesis for the development of silica nanoparticles against corrosion will be more effective and less toxic than the conventional anticorrosive agents (Khan et al. 2019). Green synthesis acts as a capping agent for the silica by inhibiting the silinol group present on the surface with reduction in toxicity (Kalpana and Rajeswari 2018). The naturally synthesized nanoparticles in combination with silica affect the corrosion rate by adsorption on metal surfaces and act as a protective barrier against the moisture, oxygen, ionic charges, etc. So, the present review article provides the insights of various green synthesis-based silica nanoparticles for corrosion inhibition and their advantages over the conventional anticorrosion agents.

2 Types of corrosion inhibitors

Green inhibitors reduce the corrosion activity even with low concentrations, form a monomolecular film-adsorbed on the exterior which act as a barrier to avoid the straight contact between surface of metal and acidic reagents (Ganash 2019). Figure 2 shows the classification of corrosion inhibitors based on toxicity (Popoola 2019).

Figure 2: Types of green inhibitors.
Figure 2:

Types of green inhibitors.

The toxic inhibitors are nonbiodegradable and present in encapsulated form to act as an environmental barrier but the process of removal is complicated and expensive (Raja and Sethuraman 2008). The organic compounds such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. present in toxic inhibitors determine the corrosion inhibition efficacy, as these components form a shield and help in the removal of the moisture (Yildirim and Cetin 2008). The non-toxic inhibitors are mostly the green compounds such as plant extract, leguminous seeds, natural polymer, fungi, bacteria, ionic liquid, natural compounds isolated from spices, fragrant shrubs, etc. Efficiency of green inhibitors mainly depends on their concentration, surface charge, pH, temperature and exposure period. In case of green ionic liquid, they form a strong covalent bond with metal surface by exchanging the free-radicals to inhibit the corrosion. However, inhibitors obtained naturally mainly hamper the corrosion of the materials in corrosive media called organic green corrosion inhibitors (OGCIs), which are eco-friendly, cost effective, less toxic and easily available (Dwivedi and Dey 2010). This natural inhibitors primarily enhance the electrical resistance of the metal surface by forming a film, suppress the diffusion rate of aggressive ions with metallic surface and alter the anodic or cathodic reactions. These inhibitors actively suppress the oxidation of metal surface by restricting or blocking the surface active sites of chloride ion ingression.

3 Silica nanocomposites for corrosion inhibition

The different types of silica nanocomposites synthesized using green technology are as follows:

3.1 Nanocontainers

Nanocontainers are nanodimensional smart materials formed by engaging layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition method to entrap organic corrosion inhibitors (healing agent) into host material for complex formation. As shown in Figure 3, nanocontainers are the types of coating in combination with two major components like passive component and active component (Shchukina et al. 2019).

Figure 3: Components of nanocontainer for anti-corrosive action.
Figure 3:

Components of nanocontainer for anti-corrosive action.

Passive component of nanocontainer acts as an adhesive and a barrier after fussing with the passive component to avoid the cracks, alter in pH values for protection against moisture, etc. whereas, the active component helps in controlled penetration through the coating for the release of anti-corrosion agents (Huige et al. 2015). Nanocontainers show the advantages over the conventional coating such as persistent action for a longer period to assist the self-repairing process through the crack, improve the stability of active inside the shell and multiple uses with unique features such as detector, antifriction agent, etc. Mechanical impact helps in the adhesion of passive layer toward the coating surface, while the epoxy matrix of the shell (active component) helps in the release of anticorrosive agent. The release of anticorrosive agent is mostly influenced by the pH of the surface, temperature, electrochemical alteration, presence of catalyst, etc. (Taghavikish et al. 2017).

3.2 Sol-gel silica nanocomposites

Sol–gel process is a wet-chemical synthetic process formed by advanced condensation reactions to form a 3D network structure. It involves the formation of alkoxide linkage, due to the reaction between molecular precursors of an inorganic colloidal suspension (sol) and gelation of the sol in a continuous liquefied fragment (gel) as shown in Figure 4 (Danks et al. 2016). Sol–gel nanoparticles provided an increase in adhesion with the active for longer period of time. The polymerization in sol–gel transition helps in the release of active on contact with the corrosion surface. pH-responsive nature of the polymer technique acts as a basic surface modification mechanism for corrosion inhibition activity (Owens et al. 2016). Metals in the corrosion state tend to show higher pH, leading to release of active components in the corrosion phase. The alkoxide polymer forms a thin layer over the metal surface by preventing further corrosion and atmospheric damage (Figueiras et al. 2018). Surface modifications may be applied by different methods for surface protection, e.g. protective sol–gel coatings for surface activation and surface functionalization.

Figure 4: Sol–gel silica nanocontainer for corrosion prevention.
Figure 4:

Sol–gel silica nanocontainer for corrosion prevention.

3.3 Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)

MNPs are nano-dimensional particulate forms of 1 and 100 nm in size showing affinity for magnetism. MNPs are mainly composed of: (1) Pure magnetic molecule (core): magnetite (Fe3O4), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). (2) Oxides of magnet (coating), such as iron oxides (Biehl et al. 2018). The outer shell of MNPs helps to provide beneficial coating for linkage of functional groups, low toxicity, adhesion to surface and release of the particles from core. The nanomaterials mostly preferred for coating system against corrosion are SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, nano-aluminum, nano-titanium, etc. (Abdeen et al. 2019). Due to the superparamagnetic characteristic of the MNPs, it develops a strong magnetic bond with the corrosive substance and also prevent from further oxidation and aggregation (Issa et al. 2013). Magnetic nanoparticles are considered as flexible system for inhibiting corrosion in in-situ solicitation. Magnetic in-situ gel, in contact with the iron metal forms a self-adhering film to protect it from the environmental oxygen and excessive moisture (Atta et al. 2013).

3.4 Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites are multiphase solid molecules composed of more than two materials of dimensions less than 1000 nm (Nguyen et al. 2018). Coatings of nanocomposites show significant protection from corrosion and reduction in the tendency of coating to erupt or delaminate due to the presence of nanofillers (Díez-Pascual and Díez-Vicente 2014). High coating hardness and adhesion are obtained by dispersing strong nanocrystalline phases into the green metallic matrix. Nanocomposites offer ease of synthesis, high encapsulation of green component, better adhesion to the surface with controlled release of anticorrosive agent in contact with metal surface (Abdeen et al. 2019). The properties of nanocomposites are also associated with degree of thermosets, polymerization, chain confirmation and interface with the matrix (Camargo et al. 2009).

3.5 Miscellaneous

Nanotubes are cylindrical nanoparticles in the size range of 1–100 nm consisting of capillary for the release of the active. Nanotube is a one-dimensional fiber consisting of larger length-to-diameter and higher volume-to-surface ratios for better entrapment efficiency and controlled release of active component (Saifuddin et al. 2013) as shown in Figure 5. Zhang et al. developed silica in-situ nanotubes against corrosion using single capillary electrospinning technique. The nanoparticles displayed in the range of 250–350 nm and consisted of higher specific affinity for the corrosion area due to the presence of catalyst BH4 (Zhang et al. 2019). Sarkar et al. formulated nanosilver-loaded silica nanoparticles with green and accessible synthesis technique. In general, sol-to-gel is a common technique used for the preparation of the nanoparticles; however, it consists of several steps such as hydrolysis and polycondensation, gelation, aging, drying, densification and crystallization. The researchers formulated nanoparticles using spray-dried technique, a one-step method able to generate functionalized nanoparticles for anticorrosive action (Sarkar et al. 2019). The particles size was found to be 420 nm, and the catalyst activity of the reactor was active upto 8 h. Awizar et al. proved the activity of the rice husk entrapped in the nanosilicate for corrosion activity with particle size 10–20 nm and inhibition efficiency 99% (Awizar et al. 2013).

Figure 5: Miscellaneous nanoparticulate systems for corrosion inhibition using green synthesis.
Figure 5:

Miscellaneous nanoparticulate systems for corrosion inhibition using green synthesis.

4 Conclusions

Green synthesis shows the advantages over the chemical methods by using of eco-friendly materials with fewer ingredients. Silica is considered as an important active for the inhibition of corrosion, due to moisture prevention property. However, silica at higher concentration proves to be harmful for the environment, leading to health hazards. So, nanotechnology in the field of green anticorrosion in combination with silica not only increases the adhesion ability towards the corrosion surface but also releases the active component in the controlled fashion. In recent time, the synthesis of graphene oxide by green method is becoming an area of an interest in the field of corrosion. Although nanotechnology displays the ability to overcome many barriers like penetration, toxicity, lower dose, etc.; however, efficiency of this technology will be resolved in the near future.

Corresponding author: Pravin Shende, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management SVKM’s NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai400056, India, E-mail:

About the authors

Sharayu Govardhane

Ms. Sharayu Govardhane is a Ph.D. scholar in the Department of Pharmaceutics of Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai, India. Her research interests include nanomaterials, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, green synthesis, and nanocarrier systems and biosensors.

Pravin Shende

Dr. Pravin Shende is working as a professor at SPPSPTM, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai, India. He has more than 15 years of teaching and research experience with post-doctoral research experience of 3 years at University of Torino, Italy. He has published around 105 articles in nanotechnology, 1 book, and granted 1 international patent and 3 national patents to his credit. His research areas include green synthesis, nanomaterials, nanocarriers, biosensor, controlled and sustained drug delivery systems, nanoparticulate delivery systems and targeted drug delivery systems, protein, peptide and DNA-based formulations.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2020-07-17
Accepted: 2021-02-21
Published Online: 2021-04-07
Published in Print: 2021-06-25

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this issue
  3. Reviews
  4. Investigations of the intrinsic corrosion and hydrogen susceptibility of metals and alloys using density functional theory
  5. Integration of green nanotechnology with silica for corrosion inhibition
  6. Analysis of internal corrosion of supercritical CO2 pipeline
  7. A review of thermal spray coatings for protection of steels from degradation in coal fired power plants
  8. Original articles
  9. The importance of phase composition for corrosion resistance and thermal oxidation behavior of gas-borided layer produced on nickel alloy
  10. Tribological behavior of stainless steel in sulfuric acid in the presence of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis essential oil: experimental and quantum chemical studies
https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0115
Keywords for this article
corrosion inhibition; green synthesis; nanocomposites; silica

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this issue
  3. Reviews
  4. Investigations of the intrinsic corrosion and hydrogen susceptibility of metals and alloys using density functional theory
  5. Integration of green nanotechnology with silica for corrosion inhibition
  6. Analysis of internal corrosion of supercritical CO2 pipeline
  7. A review of thermal spray coatings for protection of steels from degradation in coal fired power plants
  8. Original articles
  9. The importance of phase composition for corrosion resistance and thermal oxidation behavior of gas-borided layer produced on nickel alloy
  10. Tribological behavior of stainless steel in sulfuric acid in the presence of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis essential oil: experimental and quantum chemical studies
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