A corpus-based study of the Chinese synonymous approximatives shangxia, qianhou and zuoyou
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Shuqiong Wu
S
huqiong Wu is Professor of linguistics in Sichuan International Studies University in China. Her research interests are cognitive linguistics, corpus linguistics and lexical semantics. Her present research focuses on exploring how antonymy (opposition) plays a part in language and thought based on corpus- and experimental data.
Abstract
The Chinese antonymous compounds shangxia ‘up-down’, qianhou ‘front-back’ and zuoyou ‘left-right’ can convey similar meanings as approximatives, indicating ‘about’ or ‘around’. Based on data from the CCL (Centre for Chinese Linguistics) corpus and adopting a behavioral profile (BP) approach, this study investigates the semantic and usage differences between the three approximatives. The corpus analysis yields the following findings. First, the most frequently used of the three approximatives is zuoyou, followed by qianhou and shangxia, in that order. Second, qianhou mainly approximates time; zuoyou approximates quantity; and shangxia, age. Third, in approximating age, time and quantity, the three approximatives exhibit subtle behavioral preferences. Based on these corpus findings, I discuss the motivations underlying the similarities and differences between the three synonyms. I argue that their similarities are explained by the metaphor QUANTIFICATION IS SPACE and their differences are explained by the different kinds of quantification they are used to approximate.
Funding statement: This work was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant number: 18XYY003).
About the author
Shuqiong Wu is Professor of linguistics in Sichuan International Studies University in China. Her research interests are cognitive linguistics, corpus linguistics and lexical semantics. Her present research focuses on exploring how antonymy (opposition) plays a part in language and thought based on corpus- and experimental data.
Appendix
Items modified most frequently by the three approximatives.
| qianhou ‘front-back’ | shangxia ‘up-down’ | zuoyou ‘left-right’ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| by frequency | by log-likelihood | by frequency | by log-likelihood | by frequency | by log-likelihood | ||||||
| nian | 1172 | nian | 5083.5000 | sui | 250 | sui | 1617.4375 | % | 10048 | % | 61732.0000 |
| jie | 742 | jie | 4556.0000 | yuan | 171 | yuan | 1005.7500 | Yuan | 5312 | Yuan | 29024.0000 |
| ri | 357 | ri | 1492.0000 | shi | 103 | % | 571.5000 | shi | 2889 | mi | 11936.0000 |
| zhan | 106 | dan | 444.0000 | % | 95 | shi | 349.8125 | nian | 2589 | sui | 9804.0000 |
| dai | 91 | fang | 376.0000 | jin | 31 | dun | 184.0000 | mi | 2239 | shi | 8868.0000 |
| ci | 89 | Zhan | 356.5000 | dun | 30 | jin | 167.7500 | fen | 2201 | fen | 8188.0000 |
| fang | 85 | ci | 351.0000 | mi | 27 | mi | 140.1250 | sui | 1650 | nian | 6496.0000 |
| yue | 81 | ming | 294.0000 | du | 20 | du | 65.6875 | ren | 1483 | dun | 6244.0000 |
| dan | 78 | dai | 263.0000 | ren | 19 | 1 | 59.8750 | Dian | 1162 | zhong | 5648.0000 |
| ming | 71 | ji | 236.5000 | wan | 17 | dian | 54.4375 | dun | 1150 | dian | 4364.0000 |
| ji | 67 | Zheng | 211.5000 | dian | 15 | zi | 46.3750 | zhong | 953 | ban | 3728.0000 |
| ming | 67 | wu | 201.5000 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 26.8750 | ban | 855 | jin | 3340.0000 |
| zheng | 57 | Ming | 179.0000 | zi | 11 | 0 | 23.0625 | jin | 697 | ren | 3324.0000 |
| wu | 54 | yi | 169.5000 | fen | 9 | bang | 22.8125 | li | 680 | li | 2396.0000 |
| guo | 47 | di | 167.5000 | tou | 7 | wan | 22.0000 | wan | 621 | 1 | 2120.0000 |
| fen | 46 | 0 | 166.0000 | li | 6 | bi | 20.1875 | du | 589 | 2 | 2056.0000 |
| li | 46 | 9 | 149.5000 | nian | 6 | fen | 19.1250 | tian | 563 | bei | 2032.0000 |
| si | 46 | 5 | 141.0000 | qian | 5 | bei | 18.3750 | ge | 519 | 0 | 1792.0000 |
| yi | 46 | li | 141.0000 | wei | 5 | ren | 17.1250 | yue | 478 | mu | 1592.0000 |
| jian | 40 | jian | 140.0000 | yi | 5 | zhang | 16.3750 | bei | 380 | du | 1428.0000 |
Semantic categories of the top 53 items modified by the three approximatives.
| Age | sui ‘year of age’, shi ‘ten’, ling ‘0’ |
| Time | Time period: fen ‘minute’, nian ‘year’, yue ‘month’, shi ‘hour’, zhong ‘minute’, ban ‘half an hour’, tian ‘day’, ri ‘day’, dai ‘times’, yuandan ‘new year’, shiji ‘century’, wu ‘noon’, jie ‘festival’, 0, 1, 5, 9 Time point: jiefang ‘liberation’, gemin ‘revolution’, zhanzheng ‘war’, dazhan ‘war’, jianguo ‘establishing a country’, jianli ‘set-up’, wusi ‘May Fourth Movement’, huiyi ‘conference’, shijian ‘event’, ci ‘this’, dian ‘clock’, fen ‘minute’, nian ‘year’, zhong ‘o’clock’, di ‘end’, 0, 1, 5,9 |
| Quantity | Number: shi ‘ten’, qian ‘ten thousand’, wan ‘a hundred thousand’, yi ‘a hundred million’, bei ‘times’, dian ‘point’, %, 0, 1, 2, 5, 9 |
| Money: fen ‘penny’, bang ‘pound’, bi ‘RMB’, yuan ‘CNY’ | |
| Weight: jin ‘1/2 kilogram’, dun ‘ton’ | |
| Distance: mi ‘meter’, li ‘500 meters’, zhang ‘31/3 meters’ | |
| Temperature: du ‘degree’ | |
| Area: mu ‘0.0667 hectares’ | |
| Person: ren ‘person’ | |
| Others: zi ‘word’, wei ‘rank’, ge ‘GE’, tou ‘head’ |
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Notes: The items total more than 53 because some are polysemic, which can indicate age, time, or quantity in different tokens.
HCFA test results of the distribution of the items modified most frequently by the three approximatives.
| Approximatives | Type | Freq | Exp | Cont.chisq | Obs-exp | P.adj.bin | Dec | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zuoyou | quantity | 25,592 | 23,440.7253 | 197.4334 | > | 3.1619022730464e-95 | *** | 0.092 |
| zuoyou | time | 12,018 | 14,002.6048 | 281.2803 | < | 2.29994971649504e-92 | *** | 0.067 |
| qianhou | time | 3554 | 1272.1872 | 4092.6914 | > | 0 | *** | 0.054 |
| qianhou | quantity | 0 | 2129.6746 | 2129.6746 | < | 0 | *** | 0.051 |
| shangxia | age | 360 | 41.192 | 2467.434 | > | 7.83396813355248e-220 | *** | 0.007 |
| shangxia | time | 9 | 306.208 | 288.4725 | < | 1.39109339516362e-121 | *** | 0.007 |
| zuoyou | age | 1717 | 1883.6698 | 14.7472 | < | 1.73437237846597e-05 | *** | 0.004 |
| qianhou | age | 19 | 171.1382 | 135.2476 | < | 1.41558149836509e-47 | *** | 0.003 |
| shangxia | quantity | 491 | 512.6001 | 0.9102 | < | 1.00906662378127 | ns | 0 |
HCFA test results of the distribution of the time-denoting expressions modified by the three approximatives.
| Approximatives | Type | Freq | Exp | Cont.chisq | Obs-exp | P.adj.bin | Dec | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zuoyou | time point | 6698 | 7862.106 | 172.3638 | < | 2.55723173242394e-77 | *** | 0.148 |
| zuoyou | time period | 5320 | 4155.894 | 326.0773 | > | 2.90188372943334e-93 | *** | 0.102 |
| qianhou | time point | 3494 | 2325.0062 | 587.7604 | > | 3.94761675358897e-135 | *** | 0.088 |
| qianhou | time period | 60 | 1228.9938 | 1111.923 | < | 0 | *** | 0.081 |
| shangxia | time period | 8 | 3.1123 | 7.6759 | > | 0.0870386717576094 | ns | 0 |
| shangxia | time point | 1 | 5.8877 | 4.0575 | < | 0.114516783419691 | ns | 0 |
HCFA test results of the distribution of the quantity-denoting expressions modified by zuoyou and shangxia.
| Approximatives | Type | Freq | Exp | Cont.chisq | Obs-exp | P.adj.bin | Dec | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zuoyou | number | 11,991 | 11,513.0907 | 19.8381 | > | 2.20598084583659e-08 | *** | 0.033 |
| zuoyou | other | 860 | 29.1799 | 23,655.3942 | > | 0 | *** | 0.032 |
| zuoyou | money | 5558 | 5437.9489 | 2.6503 | > | 0.551473346232273 | ns | 0.006 |
| zuoyou | distance | 2930 | 2812.3725 | 4.9198 | > | 0.159784248367952 | ** | 0.005 |
| shangxia | money | 177 | 107.9586 | 44.1532 | > | 1.04691725560168e-08 | *** | 0.003 |
| shangxia | number | 151 | 228.5673 | 26.3235 | < | 4.18278183960324e-07 | *** | 0.003 |
| zuoyou | person | 1483 | 1424.2021 | 2.4275 | > | 0.907843773 | ns | 0.002 |
| zuoyou | weight | 1847 | 1809.1729 | 0.7909 | > | 2.901287482 | ns | 0.002 |
| shangxia | weight | 61 | 35.9172 | 17.5166 | > | 0.00135753975128977 | ** | 0.001 |
| shangxia | distance | 36 | 55.8335 | 7.0454 | < | 0.0488006530118535 | * | 0.001 |
| zuoyou | area | 334 | 318.5965 | 0.7447 | > | 3.194440208 | ns | 0.001 |
| shangxia | temperature | 20 | 11.4641 | 6.3556 | > | 0.222056039977209 | ns | 0 |
| shangxia | other | 25 | 16.6597 | 4.1754 | > | 0.53471379858145 | ns | 0 |
| shangxia | person | 19 | 28.2744 | 3.0421 | < | 0.68877376803781 | ns | 0 |
| shangxia | area | 2 | 6.325 | 2.9574 | < | 0.782767943 | ns | 0 |
| zuoyou | temperature | 589 | 577.4561 | 0.2308 | > | 5.106837195 | ns | 0 |
HCFA test results of the distribution of the age-denoting expressions modified by the three approximatives.
| Approximatives | Type | Freq | Exp | Cont.chisq | Obs-exp | P.adj.bin | Dec | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zuoyou | sui | 1650 | 1351.646 | 65.8568 | > | 1.44823933420287e-44 | *** | 0.221 |
| qianhou | shi/ling | 3 | 0.0272 | 343.3591 | < | 8.05128009331434e-159 | *** | 0.198 |
| qianhou | sui | 16 | 0.145 | 318.0661 | < | 2.7825062092394e-137 | *** | 0.191 |
| zuoyou | shi/ling | 67 | 54.885 | 228.1835 | < | 3.71156303299972e-85 | *** | 0.162 |
| shangxia | shi/ling | 110 | 18.8931 | 163.9707 | < | 2.82205848748724e-46 | *** | 0.137 |
| shangxia | sui | 250 | 42.9389 | 28.2455 | < | 4.68739599563869e-09 | *** | 0.057 |
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Attractors of variation in Hungarian inflectional morphology
- A diachronic perspective on near-synonymy: The concept of sweet-smelling in American English
- From extra- to intratextual characteristics: Charting the space of variation in Czech through MDA
- An information-theoretic view on language complexity and register variation: Compressing naturalistic corpus data
- A corpus-based study of the Chinese synonymous approximatives shangxia, qianhou and zuoyou
- The lexical context in a style analysis: A word embeddings approach
- Linguistic Proficiency: A Quantitative Approach to Immigrant and Heritage Speakers of Danish
- DISCOver: DIStributional approach based on syntactic dependencies for discovering COnstructions
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Attractors of variation in Hungarian inflectional morphology
- A diachronic perspective on near-synonymy: The concept of sweet-smelling in American English
- From extra- to intratextual characteristics: Charting the space of variation in Czech through MDA
- An information-theoretic view on language complexity and register variation: Compressing naturalistic corpus data
- A corpus-based study of the Chinese synonymous approximatives shangxia, qianhou and zuoyou
- The lexical context in a style analysis: A word embeddings approach
- Linguistic Proficiency: A Quantitative Approach to Immigrant and Heritage Speakers of Danish
- DISCOver: DIStributional approach based on syntactic dependencies for discovering COnstructions
