Abstract
In combination with non-corrosive and low-toxic boric acid, AlCl3 ·6H2O was found to be effective for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from glucose. In this work, a 5-HMF yield of ≈ 60 % was obtained at 170°C for 40 min in a H2O/THF biphasic solvent mixture. An addition of NaCl not only improved the partition coefficients but also inhibited by-product formation. THF was identified as an ideal extraction solvent in biphasic systems containing C4 solvents. However, low concentration of ZnCl2, CoCl2 ·6H2O, MnCl2 ·4H2O, NiCl2 ·6H2O, FeCl3 ·6H2O were not suitable for the catalyst system, while ZrOCl2 ·8H2O, InCl3 ·4H2O showed high activity for the reaction. Boric acid increased the amount of Lewis acid sites in the reactive phase and enhanced the isomerization of glucose to fructose. A mechanism of the AlCl3 ·6H2O and boric acid catalyzed glucose dehydration reaction was proposed to proceed through the isomerization of glucose to fructose followed by the transformation of fructose to 5-HMF.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Project Foundation of the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department, China (20150204031GX) and the Scientific Research Fund of the Jilin Provincial Education Department, China (2014126).
References
Amarasekara, A. S., Williams, L. D., & Ebede, C. C. (2008). Mechanism of the dehydration of D-fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in dimethyl sulfoxide at 150 °C: An NMR study. Carbohydrate Research, 343, 3021–3024. DOI 10.1016/j.carres.2008.09.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Antal, M. J., Mok, W. S. L., & Richards, G. N. (1990). Mechanism of formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from D-fructose and sucrose. Carbohydrate Research, 199, 91—109. 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84096-d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Binder, J. B., & Raines, R. T. (2009). Simple chemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into furans for fuels and chemicals. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 1979—1985. 10.1021/ja808537j.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Boisen, A., Christensen, T. B., Fu, W., Gorbanev, Y. Y., Hansen, T. S., Jensen, J. S., Klitgaard, S. K., Pedersen, S., Riisager, A., Ståhlberg, T., & Woodley, J. M. (2009). Process integration for the conversion of glucose to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 87, 1318—1327. 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.010.Search in Google Scholar
Cai, C. M., Nagane, N., Kumar, R., & Wyman, C. E. (2014). Coupling metal halides with a co-solvent to produce furfural and 5-HMF at high yields directly from lignocellulosic biomass as an integrated biofuels strategy. Green Chemistry, 16, 3819—3829. 10.1039/c4gc00747f.Search in Google Scholar
Cao, X. Q., Teong, S.P., Wu, D., Yi, G. S., Su, H.B., & Zhang, Y. G. (2015). An enzyme mimic ammonium polymer as a single catalyst for glucose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Green Chemistry, 17, 2348—2352. 10.1039/c4gc02488e.Search in Google Scholar
Chheda, J. N., Huber, G. W., & Dumesic, J. A. (2007). Liquidphase catalytic processing of biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons to fuels and chemicals. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46, 7164—7183. 10.1002/anie.2006 04274.Search in Google Scholar
Corma, A., Iborra, S., & Velty, A. (2007). Chemical routes for the transformation of biomass into chemicals. Chemical Reviews, 107, 2411—2502. 10.1021/cr050989d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Danon, B., Marcotullio, G., & de Jong, W. (2014). Mechanistic and kinetic aspects of pentose dehydration towards furfural in aqueous media employing homogeneous catalysis. Green Chemistry, 16, 39—54. 10.1039/c3gc41351a.Search in Google Scholar
De, S., Dutta, S., & Saha, B. (2011). Microwave assisted conversion of carbohydrates and biopolymers to 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural with aluminium chloride catalyst in water. Green Chemistry, 13, 2859—2868. 10.1039/c1gc15550d.Search in Google Scholar
Deng, T. S., Cui, X. J., Qi, Y. Q., Wang, Y. X., Hou, X. L., & Zhu, Y. L. (2012). Conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by ZnCl2 in water. Chemical Communications, 48, 5494—5496. 10.1039/c2cc00122e.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fringuelli, F., Pizzo, F., & Vaccaro, L. (2001). Lewis-acid catalyzed organic reactions in water. The case of AlCl3, TiCl4 and SnCl4 believed to be unusable in aqueous medium. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 66, 4719–4722. DOI 10.1021/jo010373y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Gandini, A., Coelho, D., Gomes, M., Reis, B., & Silvestre, A. (2009). Materials from renewable resources based on furan monomers and furan chemistry: Work in progress. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19, 8656–8664. DOI 10.1039/b909377j.Search in Google Scholar
Hansen, T. S., Mielby, J., & Riisager, A. (2011). Synergy of boric acid and added salts in the catalytic dehydration of hexoses to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in water. Green Chemistry, 13, 109–114. DOI 10.1039/c0gc00355g.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, S. Q., Zhang, Z. F., Song, J. L., Zhou, Y. X., & Han, B. X. (2009). Efficient conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by a common Lewis acid SnCl4 in an ionic liquid. Green Chemistry, 11, 1746–1749. DOI 10.1039/b914601f.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, L., Sun, Y., Lin, L., & Liu, S. J. (2012). 12-Tungstophosphoric acid/boric acid as synergetic catalysts for the conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in ionic liquid. Biomass and Bioenergy, 47, 289–294. DOI 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.032.Search in Google Scholar
Huber, G. W., Chheda, J. N., Barrett, C. J., & Dumesic, J. A. (2005). Production of liquid alkanes by aqueous-phase processing of biomass-derived carbohydrates. Science, 308, 1446–1450. DOI 10.1126/science.1111166.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jiménez-Morales, I., Teckchandani-Ortiz, A., Santamaría-González, J., Maireles-Torres, P., & Jiménez-López, A. (2014). Selective dehydration of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on acidic mesoporous tantalum phosphate. Applied Catalysis B, 144, 22–28. DOI 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.07.002.Search in Google Scholar
Khokhlova, E. A., Kachala, V. V., & Ananikov V. P. (2012). The first molecular level monitoring of carbohydrate conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in ionic liquids. B2O3-An efficient dual-function metal-free promoter for environmentally benign applications. ChemSusChem, 5, 783–789. DOI 10.1002/cssc.201100670.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kuster, B. F. M., & van der Baan, H. S. (1977). The influence of the initial and catalyst concentrations on the dehydration of D-fructose. Carbohydrate Research, 54, 165–176. DOI 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84806-5.Search in Google Scholar
Kuster, B. M. F. (1990). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A review focussing on its manufacture. Starch, 42, 314–321. DOI 10.1002/star.19900420808.Search in Google Scholar
Matsumiya, H., & Hara, T. (2015). Conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with boric acid in molten mixtures of choline salts and carboxylic acids. Biomass and Bioenergy, 72, 227–232. DOI 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.11.001.Search in Google Scholar
Moreau, C., Belgacem, M. N., & Gandini, A. (2004). Recent catalytic advances in the chemistry of substituted furans from carbohydrates and in the ensuing polymers. Topics in Catalysis, 27, 11–30. DOI 10.1023/b:toca.0000013537.13540.0e.Search in Google Scholar
Moreau, C., Finiels, A., & Vanoye, L. (2006). Dehydration of fructose and sucrose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in the presence of 1-H-3-methyl imidazolium chloride acting both as solvent and catalyst. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 253, 165–169. DOI 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.046.Search in Google Scholar
Olivier-Bourbigou, H., Magna, L., & Morvan, D. (2010). Ionic liquids and catalysis: Recent progress from knowledge to applications. Applied Catalysis A, 373, 1–56. DOI 10.1016/j.apcata.2009.10.008.Search in Google Scholar
Peleteiro, S., da Costa Lopes, A. M., Garrote, G., Parajó, J. C., & Bogel-Łukasik, R. (2015). Simple and efficient furfural production from xylose in media containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 54, 8368–8373. DOI 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01771.Search in Google Scholar
Román-Leshkov, Y., Chheda, J. N., & Dumesic, J. A. (2006). Phase modifiers promote efficient production of hydrox ymethylfurfural from fructose. Science, 312, 1933–1937. DOI 10.1126/science.1126337.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Román-Leshkov, Y., Barrett, C. J., Liu, Z. Y., & Dumesic, J. A. (2007). Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates. Nature, 447, 982—985. 10.1038/nature05923.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Román-Leshkov, Y., & Dumesic, J. A. (2009). Solvent effects on fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in biphasic systems saturated with inorganic salts. Topics in Catalysis, 52, 297—303. 10.1007/s11244-008-9166-0.Search in Google Scholar
Rose, I. C., Epstein, N., & Watkinson, A. P. (2000). Acid-catalyzed 2-furaldehyde (furfural). Decomposition kinetics. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 39, 843—845. 10.1021/ie990550+.Search in Google Scholar
Saha, B., & Abu-Omar, M. M. (2014). Advances in 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural production from biomass in biphasic solvents. Green Chemistry, 16, 24—38. 10.1039/c3gc41324a.Search in Google Scholar
Ståhlberg, T., Sørensen, M. G., & Riisager, A. (2010). Direct conversion of glucose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in ionic liquids with lanthanide catalysts. Green Chemistry, 12, 321—325. 10.1039/b916354a.Search in Google Scholar
Ståhlberg, T., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, S., Fristrup, P., & Ri-isager, A. (2011). Metal-free dehydration of glucose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in ionic liquids with boric acid as a promoter. Chemistry - A European Journal, 17, 1456—1464. 10.1002/chem.201002171.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tong, X. L., Ma, Y., & Li, Y. D. (2010). Biomass into chemicals: Conversion of sugars to furan derivatives by catalytic processes. Applied Catalysis A, 385, 1—13. 10.1016/j.apcata.2010.06.049.Search in Google Scholar
Weingarten, R., Tompsett, G. A., Conner, W. C., & Huber, G. W. (2011). Design of solid acid catalysts for aqueous-phase dehydration of carbohydrates: The role of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites. Journal of Catalysis, 279, 174—182. 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.01.013.Search in Google Scholar
Wu, L. Q., Song, J. L., Zhang, B. B., Zhou, B. W., Zhou, H. C., Fan, H. L., Yang, Y. Y., & Han, B. X. (2014). Very efficient conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in DBU-based ionic liquids with benzenesulfonate anion. Green Chemistry, 16, 3935—3941. 10.1039/c4gc00311j.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Hu, C. W., & Abu-Omar, M. M. (2012). Conversion of carbohydrates and lignocellulosic biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using AlCl3 ·6H2O catalyst in a biphasic solvent system. Green Chemistry, 14, 509—513. 10.1039/c1gc15972k.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Hu, C. W., & Abu-Omar, M. M. (2013). The effect of hydrochloric acid on the conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in AlCl3—H2O/THF biphasic medium. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 376, 98—102. 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.04.016.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, Z. H., Wang, Q., Xie, H. B., Liu, W. J., & Zhao, Z. B. K. (2011). Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by germanium(IV) chloride in ionic liquids. ChemSusChem, 4, 131—138. 10.1002/cssc.2010 00279.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Cao, Y., Li, H. Q., & Ma, X. B. (2014). Kinetic studies on chromium-catalyzed conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. Chemical Engineering Journal, 237, 55—61. 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.007.Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, H. B., Holladay, J. E., Brown, H., & Zhang, Z.C. (2007). Metal chlorides in ionic liquid solvents convert sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Science, 316, 1597—1600. 10.1126/science.1141199.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2016 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences
Articles in the same Issue
- Review
- Sulphur and peroxide vulcanisation of rubber compounds – overview
- Original paper
- Isolation of sporopollenin-like biopolymer from Aspergillus niger and its characterisation
- Original paper
- Clustering analysis of different hop varieties according to their essential oil composition measured by GC/MS
- Original paper
- Determination of vapor—liquid equilibrium diagrams of multicomponent systems
- Original paper
- Enhancing lithium–sulphur battery performance by copper oxide@graphene oxide nanocomposite-modified cathode
- Original paper
- Magnetic properties of binary and ternary mixed metal oxides NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 doped with rare earths by sol—gel synthesis
- Original paper
- Graphite felt modified with electroless Co–Ni–P alloy as an electrode material for electrochemical oxidation and reduction of polysulfide species
- Original paper
- Preparation and artificial ageing tests in stone conservation of fluorosilicone vinyl acetate/acrylic/epoxy polymers
- Original paper
- Co-precipitation behaviour of titanium-containing silicate solution
- Original paper
- Magnetic fluids’ stability improved by oleic acid bilayer-coated structure via one-pot synthesis
- Original paper
- Synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose in a biphasic medium with AlCl3 and boric acid as the catalyst
- Original paper
- Facile and efficient synthesis of xanthenedione derivatives promoted by niobium pentachloride
Articles in the same Issue
- Review
- Sulphur and peroxide vulcanisation of rubber compounds – overview
- Original paper
- Isolation of sporopollenin-like biopolymer from Aspergillus niger and its characterisation
- Original paper
- Clustering analysis of different hop varieties according to their essential oil composition measured by GC/MS
- Original paper
- Determination of vapor—liquid equilibrium diagrams of multicomponent systems
- Original paper
- Enhancing lithium–sulphur battery performance by copper oxide@graphene oxide nanocomposite-modified cathode
- Original paper
- Magnetic properties of binary and ternary mixed metal oxides NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 doped with rare earths by sol—gel synthesis
- Original paper
- Graphite felt modified with electroless Co–Ni–P alloy as an electrode material for electrochemical oxidation and reduction of polysulfide species
- Original paper
- Preparation and artificial ageing tests in stone conservation of fluorosilicone vinyl acetate/acrylic/epoxy polymers
- Original paper
- Co-precipitation behaviour of titanium-containing silicate solution
- Original paper
- Magnetic fluids’ stability improved by oleic acid bilayer-coated structure via one-pot synthesis
- Original paper
- Synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose in a biphasic medium with AlCl3 and boric acid as the catalyst
- Original paper
- Facile and efficient synthesis of xanthenedione derivatives promoted by niobium pentachloride