Exploring the Conceptualization and Factors of Basic Income Feasibility: A Systematic Literature Review
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Przemysław Warchałowski
Abstract
Basic Income (BI) has attracted significant interest in recent years, with the debate gradually shifting from theoretical considerations to practical research focused on policy implementation. One of the primary criticisms of BI remains its perceived infeasibility, yet the existing literature lacks a structured analysis of this issue. The main objective of this systematic literature review is to address this gap by reviewing current conceptualizations of BI feasibility and the factors that influence it. The review offers both quantitative insights that present numerical data on the analyzed studies, and qualitative analysis of two main themes: conceptualization of BI feasibility, and factors determining BI feasibility. The study clarifies feasibility types used in the literature and identifies key factors for policymakers to utilize in pushing for BI’s realization. The findings highlight the interdependence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, emphasizing the role of context and policy design in shaping BI’s feasibility.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank his supervisor at the University of Warsaw, PhD, DSc Ryszard Szarfenberg, for his support and insightful advice regarding the concept of feasibility of Basic Income throughout this research. The author is also grateful to PhD, DSc Agnieszka Olechnicka for inspiration to conduct a Systematic Literature Review study and for her expertise and feedback regarding this type of research.
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Competing interests: The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.
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Research funding: The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication for this article.
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Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the author.
See Table A2.
The characteristic of all 54 studies.
| No. | Authors | Year | Country | Title | Aim(s) | Research design | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yang J.; Mohan G.; Fukushi K. | 2020 | Japan | An analysis of the factors influencing public attitudes toward implementing basic income (Bi) from an individual perspective: A case study of Hokuriku region, japan | To quantitatively investigate public attitudes toward implementing Basic Income in the Hokuriku region of Japan, focusing on understanding how BI is perceived by the public and what factors influence public attitudes toward this policy. | Quantitative | Public attitudes toward BI are influenced by perceived gains and losses, values, and interest in non-market activities. Age, income level, education, family structure, and individual values impact support for BI. The study emphasizes the importance of considering local economic, social, and cultural contexts in understanding BI attitudes. |
| 2 | Chrisp J.; De Wispelaere J. | 2022 | England | Parading Utopia on the road to nowhere? An introduction to the special issue on the policy impact of the European basic income experiments | To analyze the policy impact of Basic Income experiments in Europe, focusing on country case studies and their influence on both the EU-level debate and outside Europe. | Qualitative | The paper finds that Basic Income experiments have had a significant impact on the Basic Income debate and social security reform, despite varying outcomes and interpretations. The impact of these experiments is multi-dimensional and its complexity proves that there are different methods and designs for implementation. |
| 3 | Allegri G.; Foschi R. | 2021 | Italy | Universal Basic Income as a Promoter of Real Freedom in a Digital Future | To explore the concept of Basic Income in the context of a digitized society and its potential to guarantee real freedom. To analyze historical perspectives and major experiments related to BI, assessing its impact on the labor market, and recipients’ psychology. | Qualitative | BI can assure a future society based on social and psychological wealth, considering the challenges posed by digitization or automation. BI demonstrates positive psychological benefits toward concerns about decreased work effort. It provides opportunities for preferred jobs and enhances workplace creativity. |
| 4 | Löffler V. | 2021 | Germany | Questioning the feasibility and justice of basic income accounting for migration | To examine the feasibility of Basic Income based on the economic and ethical aspects of residence or citizenship-based basic income policies, evaluating their impact on tax base, wages, and employment amid migration incentives. | Theoretical | The authors question the feasibility and justice of residence-based and citizenship-based basic income schemes financed by a flat tax on income. The study emphasizes the complexity of results, which indicates a necessity for a more developed analysis and research in the future, including migration incentives and considering implications on foreigners and citizens. |
| 5 | Cigna L.M. | 2022 | Italy | Looking for a North Star? Ideological justifications and trade unions’ preferences for a universal basic income | To explore trade unions’ positions on a Basic Income from a normative standpoint, considering the impact of ideology. The study investigates the reasons behind unions’ support toward BI, integrating survey results and qualitative interviews. | Mix Methods | The study finds that unions’ attitudes toward Basic Income vary widely. Continental and Nordic unions tend to oppose BI due to concerns about its impact on work incentives. Mediterranean and Liberal countries are more receptive. Some unions, mainly in Liberal and Mediterranean states, face practical challenges like high costs and political difficulties. |
| 6 | D’Orlando F. | 2022 | Italy | Social Interaction, Envy, and the Basic Income: Do Remedies to Technological Unemployment Reduce Well-being? | To discuss the impact of technological progress on employment, particularly focusing on the possibility of technological unemployment in the future. To propose and evaluate the idea of providing an unconditional basic income as a policy response to potential unemployment. | Theoretical | Technological unemployment poses unique challenges, potentially leading to widespread job loss across sectors. An unconditional basic income is criticized as a solution, highlighting its limitations in stimulating continuous changes in consumption behaviors and addressing well-being inequality. To enhance the feasibility of BI, the text recommends combining it with strategies like reducing working hours. |
| 7 | Rossetti F.; Roosma F.; Laenen T.; Abts K. | 2020 | Belgium | An unconditional basic income? How Dutch citizens justify their opinions about a basic income and work conditionality | To explore the perceived social legitimacy of an Unconditional Basic Income in the Netherlands. To investigate the underlying reasons for support or opposition to a BI and work conditionality. | Qualitative | The findings reveal that public opinions on BI are shaped by two main factors: deservingness criteria, referring to the characteristics of welfare recipients such as their need and work willingness, and arguments related to the administrative and financial feasibility of welfare schemes. |
| 8 | Ylikännö M.; Kangas O. | 2021 | Finland | Basic income and employment | To investigate the employment effects of the Finnish basic income experiment. The study explores whether providing a basic income to unemployed jobseekers reduces bureaucracy, addresses income traps, and diminishes disincentives within the social security system. | Mix Methods | While basic income can enhance individual well-being and confidence in employment prospects, its impact on actual employment is limited. The result of this action is the creation of better conditions for learning new skills and getting jobs that people want. However, the two-year experiment didn’t capture a long-term effect on employment. |
| 9 | Artner A. | 2019 | Hungary | Is unconditional basic income feasible in capitalism? | to investigate the compatibility of the concept of Unconditional Basic Income within the framework of capitalism. To examine the historical background, alternative policy propositions, and pros and cons of BI, analyzing its potential impact on wage labor and the obstacles to its implementation. | Theoretical | BI is unlikely to be sustainable within the existing capitalist framework, as it conflicts with the fundamental principles of profit maximization and competitive labor markets. It might limit the ability to exploit labor for increased competitiveness. Even though authors see the challenges for BI within capitalism, they also see a potential In BI as a transitional concept. |
| 10 | Ghatak M.; Maniquet F. | 2019 | England | Universal Basic Income: Some Theoretical Aspects | to assess the desirability and feasibility of a Basic Income from a theoretical perspective. | Theoretical | It emphasizes that BI’s appeal is grounded in poverty alleviation, especially in developing countries where it could address institutional shortcomings. The authors advocate for a balanced approach, suggesting that BI should be complemented by other targeted transfer policies rather than serving as the sole solution for poverty alleviation. |
| 11 | Torry M. | 2021 | England | Do We Need Basic Income Experiments? | To explore whether basic income experiments are necessary and effective in understanding the feasibility and impact of Basic Income schemes. | Qualitative | Microsimulations can serve as a complementary research method to conventional Basic Income pilot projects, as they might address some of the questions as well. Pilot projects should focus only on schemes that have been proven to be feasible through microsimulation testing. Developing countries are preferable for Basic Income pilot projects, but pilots conducted in developed states could also contribute to the Basic Income debate. |
| 12 | Kangas O. | 2021a | Finland | Making of the Finnish basic income experiment | To provide a comprehensive overview of the planning and implementation process of the Basic Income experiment in Finland. | Qualitative | The basic income experiment in Finland was unique and valuable in terms of understanding the effects of the experiment and individuals’ behavior. It shows that even though it didn’t contribute to changes in employment, it increased the well-being of participants. |
| 13 | Aceytuno-Pérez M.-T.; De Paz-Báñez M.A.; Sanchez-López C. | 2023 | Spain | Assessing the Impact of the Implementation of Universal Basic Income on Entrepreneurship | To examine the relationship between the implementation of Basic Income and its effects on entrepreneurship, building on existing literature and experiments conducted worldwide. | Theoretical | BI can create a safety net for entrepreneurship, potentially increasing the desirability and feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur. This policy can also facilitate the decision to become an entrepreneur through the impact on individual perception of opportunity. |
| 14 | Laenen T.; Van Hootegem A.; Rossetti F. | 2023 | Belgium | The multidimensionality of public support for basic income: a vignette experiment in Belgium | To contribute to the discourse of public support for Basic Income by adopting a multidimensional perspective. To examine the factors influencing public support for different types of Basic Income designs. | Quantitative | The study found significant variations in public support for different types of BI, influenced by BI design features like universality, conditionality, and integration.BI support varies across countries as conditional BI is popular in Belgium and the UK, but not in Spain. The study proposes a conceptual framework emphasizing the context’s role in shaping BI support, considering factors like political discourse, cultural norms, and economic conditions. |
| 15 | Çakmak Şahin S.; Klllç I.E. | 2021 | Turkey | Basic income and its applicability in Turkey | To explore the concept of basic income in the context of Turkey’s social and economic situation and assess the feasibility and impact of implementing the BI scheme in Turkey. | Quantitative | The article underlines the difficulty of implementing BI in Turkey, due to its high costs linked with high levels of poverty and income inequalities. The original BI payment scenario is not fully feasible from a financial perspective, but it would significantly reduce the Gini index, Theil index and eliminate poverty. A BI equal to the poverty line for individuals aged 15 and above could eradicate poverty in Turkey, making it a viable policy. |
| 16 | Manza J. | 2023 | United States | If universal basic income is the answer, what is the question? | To explore and examine various agendas linked with BI. To understand multiple grounds on which BI is promoted and analyze the potential implications of implementation of this policy | Theoretical | The feasibility and effectiveness of BI compared to established welfare states remain contentious. The challenges are linked with its practical implementation and in achieving widespread political and public support. BI can’t compete with social democratic welfare state solutions, but the discussion regarding BI indicates the emerging need for change. |
| 17 | Kangas O. | 2021b | Finland | The feasibility of universal basic income | To assess the political feasibility of BI in Finland based on the government’s experiment with BI. To examine if the experiment has impacted the feasibility level in Finland. | Qualitative | The experiment conducted in Finland did not increase the political feasibility of BI. The article concludes that while the BI experiment in Finland faced political and institutional challenges, it generated important insights into public attitudes and the behavioral impact of BI. The study suggests that BI in its true form is currently not a feasible policy option in Finland. |
| 18 | Gan W.C. | 2019 | Singapore | How Much Does Basic Income Cost? Modelling Basic Income as a Universal Life Annuity | To assess the financial feasibility of BI, taking into account the costs of this policy in the future, especially for aging populations. | Quantitative | The study provides a straightforward method to assess the financial feasibility of BI and shows it’s achievable in Singapore with reasonable tax adjustments. A basic income of $600 per month in Singapore would require a tax rate of around 22%. The model accounts for the changing population dynamics, especially important in aging societies like Singapore. |
| 19 | Perkiö J. | 2020 | Finland | Legitimising a radical policy idea: Framing basic income as a boost to labor market activity | To explore the understanding of political feasibility, focusing on framing strategies associated with labor market activity in the Finnish context, used for impacting the support of the policy | Qualitative | The research indicates that framing, linked with the activation potential of Basic Income is based more on value-related reasoning rather than fact-related reasoning. The activity frame may have narrowed the perspective of the debate, Its efficiency was challenged by the preliminary findings of the government’s experiment, which did not support the activation argument. |
| 20 | Enami A.; Gentilini U.; Larroulet P.; Lustig N.; Monsalve E.; Quan S.; Rigolini J. | 2023 | United States | Universal Basic Income Programs: How Much Would Taxes Need to Rise? Evidence for Brazil, Chile, India, Russia, and South Africa | To analyze the poverty and tax implications of implementing a basic income program in five countries: Brazil, Chile, India, Russia, and South Africa instead of the current transfers solution. | Quantitative | The article shows that even in middle-income countries implementing the BI program might worsen the position of the. The study suggests that, for effective poverty reduction, targeted transfers would be a superior choice. The feasibility of BI in terms of taxation and poverty reduction varies significantly across different countries and implementing BI requires careful consideration of its fiscal implications. |
| 21 | Cantillon S.; O’Toole F. | 2022 | Scotland | Citizens’ basic income in Scotland: On the road to somewhere | To explore the Scottish context for BI implementation. To examine the committee’s feasibility study with a detailed analysis of financial costings and institutional obstacles linked with a proposition of a BI pilot in Scotland | Mix Methods | Implementing a BI in Scotland faces significant challenges due to financial constraints and institutional hurdles. Minimum Income Guarantee is presented as a more beneficial solution than BI in a Scottish context. The feasibility study in Scotland has contributed to the development of social security debate and policy, despite not proceeding with a pilot. |
| 22 | Simanainen M.; Kangas O. | 2021 | Finland | What explains the popular support for basic income? | To explore the reasons for the support or opposition to income transfers with a focus on Basic Income. To investigate how individuals’ experiences of income inadequacy, as well as the type of employment they hold, are related to their attitudes toward the BI. | Quantitative | The main frames identified are economy and employment, conflict, human interest, social interest, and international attention frame. The study reveals that while socio-economic factors and labor market statuses play a role in shaping support for basic income, attitudes related to deservingness principles, shape a more significant influence on public opinion. |
| 23 | Malmaeus M.; Alfredsson E.; Birnbaum S. | 2020 | Sweden | Basic Income and Social Sustainability in Post-Growth Economies | To analyze the potential role of Basic Income in the post-growth economies, focusing on two scenarios: a “local self-sufficiency scenario” and an “automation scenario”. To investigate how a BI might contribute to addressing issues of poverty and economic inequality within economic futures. | Quantitative | The study highlights that a Basic Income is more financially feasible in the Automation scenario compared to the Local Self-Sufficiency scenario. The financial cost of implementing a BI varies significantly between these two scenarios, and the analysis underscores the importance of considering key features of economic development when assessing the feasibility of a BI to address poverty and income inequality. |
| 24 | Yeung E.S.F. | 2022 | United States | Can Conservatives Be Persuaded? Framing Effects on Support for Universal Basic Income in the US | To investigate if framing BI in line with the values of conservatives can positively influence their attitudes towards this welfare proposal. | Mix Methods | Framing BI to align with conservative ideals does not change their fundamental support toward policy. Despite the framing of BI in line with core conservative principles, conservatives in the United States oppose strongly this policy proposition. Conservative’s negative attitudes towards BI are deeply rooted and framing is not an effective way of changing their preferences. |
| 25 | Dragoš S. | 2021 | Slovenia | Bullshit jobs and universal basic income | To examine and support the proposition of BI, linked with the concept of “bullshit jobs”. To face the challenges regarding critical objections raised regarding the feasibility level of this proposition. | Qualitative | The article agrees that “bullshit jobs” in capitalist societies are caused by economic factors, particularly alienation. BI can be a significant step towards decoupling work from livelihood and reducing job alienation. Additionally, the author confirms that BI in Slovenia is feasible and economically viable. BI is a feasible solution to the proliferation of meaningless jobs in modern economies. |
| 26 | Major A. | 2016 | United States | Affording Utopia: The Economic Viability of “a Capitalist Road to Communism” | To explore the feasibility of implementing an ambitious Basic Income within the constraints of existing U.S. capitalism from the perspective of affordability | Quantitative | Redistribution capitalism could potentially provide enough resources for a social justice BI. Supporting “Social Justice Basic Income” might be more politically achievable than poverty-level Basic Income proposals. The “Social justice BI” proposition might attract a larger segment of society and its structural design creates opportunities for a change and a potential shift towards a more just economic system. |
| 27 | Špeciánová J. | 2018 | Czech Republic | Unconditional basic income in the Czech Republic: What type of taxes could fund it? A theoretical tax analysis | To analyze the current public debate about BI in the Czech Republic and explore funding sources for Unconditional BI in the Czech Republic, focusing on different taxation models. | Theoretical | The study claims that the issue of funding BI is not entirely solved and provides a systematic analysis regarding the possibilities of funding BI through taxation. The study suggests that significant increases in tax revenue would be necessary to finance BI properly. However, higher taxation can lead to negative effects on the labor market, savings, and investment rates. |
| 28 | De Wispelaere J.; Stirton L. | 2011 | Canada | The administrative efficiency of basic income | To analyze the statements regarding the administrative efficiency of universal and unconditional forms of income benefits. | Theoretical | Authors argue that proponents of BI might be overlooking implementation challenges due to a lack of robust administrative analysis in the literature. They add that there are hard choices on the political decision-making level to be made, which should be treated by BI advocates seriously. Basic income proponents need to carefully consider administrative aspects and political decision-making in advocating for BI. |
| 29 | Legein T.; Vandeleene A.; Randour F.; Heyvaert P.; Perrez J.; Reuchamps M. | 2018 | Belgium | Framing the Basic Income: An Experimental Study of How Arguments and Metaphors Influence Individuals’ Opinion Formation | To investigate the influence of framing through metaphors, regarding implementing the Basic Income policy in Belgium. To analyze the connection between political discourse and individual opinions and preferences. | Mix Methods | The study emphasizes the importance of carefully choosing metaphors and arguments in public discourse about BI, as they can substantially shape public opinion and the psychological feasibility of policy introduction. The article underlines that without the proper use of these tools, the effects might be opposite |
| 30 | Malul M.; Gal J.; Greenstein M. | 2009 | Israel | A universal basic income: Theory and practice in the Israeli case | To examine the implications of adopting different versions of a BI in Israel and to analyze the potential impact of BI on poverty and income inequality in the country. | Quantitative | Even though according to the authors BI can positively impact on poverty trap, its cost would be a huge expansion for a state. It would require either changes in tax systems or drastic cuts in the state’s budget. Both actions could lead to an economic burden in the Israeli case. The article concludes that there are more economically and politically feasible policies than BI. |
| 31 | Delsen L.; Schilpzand R. | 2019 | Netherlands | Individual Preferences for the Unconditional Basic Income in the European Union | To understand the preferences for BI in Europe and analyze the differences in these preferences among individuals and countries. | Quantitative | There is strong support for BI among EU countries, as almost three-quarters of the people in the 28 EU member states would vote for the introduction of BI. Perceptions of BI’s benefits and concerns vary, with the most convincing argument for BI being its potential to reduce anxiety about financial basic needs. BI has strong support across the EU, influenced by individual characteristics and national macro-economic and welfare state contexts. |
| 32 | Vlandas T. | 2019 | England | The Politics of the Basic Income Guarantee: Analysing Individual Support in Europe | To examine support toward BIG on both country and Individual levels, taking into account factors such as political ideology, labor market situation, income levels and union membership. | Quantitative | The authors claim that there is a potential for BIG in the European context. More favorable towards BI are individuals facing high labor market risk, with low incomes, and citizens with left-side political orientation. There is also cross-national variation in support of BIG. States with worse welfare states are more in favor of the BIG policy. |
| 33 | Danson M.W. | 2019 | Scotland | Exploring Benefits and Costs: Challenges of Implementing Citizen’s Basic Income in Scotland | To examine and support the introduction of the BI pilot in four local authorities in Scotland. To analyze the feasibility of schemes focusing on political, financial, behavioral, psychological, and institutional aspects. | Qualitative | There is support in Scotland regarding implementing a pilot study to assess the effectiveness, affordability and potential impacts of BI. The key characteristics of BI are widely accepted among Scottish citizens, but there are significant discrepancies between cross-party support in the Scottish government. |
| 34 | Martin J. | 2016 | United States | Universal Credit to Basic Income: A Politically Feasible Transition? | To examine the feasibility of transitioning from the UK’s Universal Credit system to a Basic Income model. To explore political support for BI within the UK through interviews with policy actors from various political parties. | Qualitative | The transition from Universal Credit to BI in the UK faces significant political and ideological challenges. To achieve that, BI policy should be proposed internally when a party has been defeated in elections and looking for a new strategy or grassroots movement should push for more pressure on the biggest political parties: Labour and Conservatives. |
| 35 | Noguera J.A. | 2019 | Spain | The political debate on basic income and welfare reform in Spain | to examine the economic feasibility and implementation problems of BI in the Spanish context and analyze its link with political feasibility | Qualitative | The study concludes that in Spain, a more feasible short-term option might be a Guaranteed Income scheme combined with wage subsidies, rather than a full BI, due to economic affordability and broader political support. |
| 36 | Arcarons J.; Raventós D.; Torrens L. | 2014 | Spain | Feasibility of financing a Basic Income | To present the results of the microsimulation model created by the authors. To analyze the feasibility of financing a Basic Income in Catalonia using data from the personal income tax system. | Quantitative | BI is not only desirable but also feasible to implement in Catalonia with the 7,968 Euros transfers for adults per year and with one-fifth of this amount sent to individuals younger than eighteen. The implementation of BI in Catalonia is economically viable and would lead to a more equitable income distribution. BI could address income inequality and alleviate poverty. |
| 37 | Shanahan G.; Smith M.; Srinivasan P. | 2019 | France | Is a Basic Income Feasible in Europe? | To examine the feasibility of implementing a basic income policy in the European Union states. To evaluate the likelihood of realizing a basic income policy, by analyzing data on campaigns, political support, and pilot studies. | Qualitative | The author underlines the complexity and multidimensional nature of BI feasibility. The main obstacles mentioned in the chapter are behavioral implications, diverse proposed pathways and specific institutional contexts within EU countries. The feasibility of BI in Europe is a complex issue that requires further research, considering multiple factors from economic, social, and political dimensions. |
| 38 | Halmetoja A.; De Wispelaere J.; Perkiö J. |
2019 | Finland | A policy comet in Moominland? basic income in the Finnish welfare state | To examine Finland’s role in the European BI debate, focusing on the national experiment conducted by the government. To examine how institutional developments are aligned with the BI proposition. | Qualitative | There are still obstacles that are limiting the feasibility of BI in Finland despite strong support for basic income among political parties and the general public. The character of developments in the Finnish institutional system presents some resemblance to the Basic Income policy solution. It indicates that Finland might be institutionally more feasible for BI introduction than other countries, but the full realization of this policy remains uncertain. |
| 39 | Tcherneva P.R. | 2006 | United States | Universal assurances in the public interest: Evaluating the economic viability of basic income and job guarantees | To examine and compare the strategies of guaranteeing unconditional Basic Income and Guaranteeing employment. | Theoretical | A combined approach providing both guaranteed income and job opportunities is necessary for an effective safety net that enhances individual freedom and stabilizes the economy. There is a need for a better understanding of macroeconomic outcomes and institutional aspects to achieve policies such as BI. Additionally, the general feasibility of BI also depends on political will and dominant ideology. |
| 40 | Opielka M. | 2008 | Germany | The likelihood of a basic income in Germany | To analyze recent developments in the German social policy environment, while exploring possibilities and obstacles linked with introducing BI. | Qualitative | The chances of introducing Basic Income in Germany have improved significantly in recent years. The text highlights that the debate on guaranteed BI in Germany has evolved over the years, with two prominent models: the “basic income guarantee” and the “solidarity citizen’s income.” The author agrees that Basic Income could positively impact social divisions and the exclusion of certain groups from the workforce. |
| 41 | De Wispelaere, J; Noguera, JA | 2012 | Spain | On the Political Feasibility of Universal Basic Income: An Analytic Framework | To contribute to the understanding of the political feasibility of a Basic Income. To construct a framework for analyzing political feasibility. | Theoretical | The chapter offers an analytical framework for political feasibility with 4 dimensions: strategic, psychological, institutional and behavioral feasibility. The main conclusion is that political feasibility is complex, multidimensional and highly dynamic. To assess the feasibility of BI there is a need for comprehensive analysis of several dimensions simultaneously. |
| 42 | Vanderborght, Y | 2006 | Belgium | Why Trade Unions Oppose Basic Income | To explore the arguments regarding Basic Income from the perspective of trade unions. To understand the attitude of trade unions towards BI and their impact on its feasibility in Belgium, Canada and the Netherlands. | Qualitative | The author highlights the importance of institutions in analyzed countries, as their character might limit the political feasibility of Basic Income. Trade Unions are not natural allies of Basic Income advocates. BI does not have much to offer for Union members, which impacts their support of this policy. |
| 43 | Colombino, U; Narazani, E | 2013 | Italy | Designing a Universal Income Support Mechanism for Italy: An Exploratory Tour | To explore the feasibility and optimal characteristics of a Universal Policy of Minimum income in Italy and to address the absence of a nationwide, rationally designed mechanism of income support in Italy by exploring. | Quantitative | There is a need for reform and transition into a universal support system. Based on the results of the simulation authors claim that Universal income support is feasible and beneficial in Italy. To make the new system sustainable it should be financed with personal income transactions. The optimal policy appears to be a version of Unconditional BI coupled with a Wage Subsidy. |
| 44 | Howard, MW | 2007 | United States | A NAFTA Dividend: A Guaranteed Minimum Income for North America | To examine the desirability and feasibility of minimum income in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement. | Theoretical | The author believes that the global BI proposition has too many obstacles to be realized and this is the reason why regional variants should be considered. EU and North America have several similarities, and it can be assumed that if regional BI is feasible for the EU it is also for North America. The idea of a guaranteed minimum income in NAFTA countries is worth exploring, but further study is needed for specific implementation strategies. |
| 45 | Vanderborght, Y; Sekine, Y | 2014 | Japan | A Comparative Look at the Feasibility of Basic Income in the Japanese Welfare State | To assess the feasibility of implementing BI in Japan by examining its compatibility with existing institutional structures, considering the potential for building political support, and evaluating public receptiveness. | Qualitative | The feasibility of BI in Japan is influenced by various factors, including institutional structures, public opinion, and political support. Japan’s welfare system, characterized by work-related benefits and a strong work ethic, presents challenges for BI implementation. The article advocates for more modest steps, such as an inclusive social insurance system, less conditional public assistance, and income guarantees for low-paid workers. |
| 46 | Murakami, S | 2014 | Japan | The Financial Feasibility of Basic Income and the Idea of a Refundable Tax Credit in Japan | To explore the feasibility of implementing Basic Income in Japan and to discuss various financing options for BI, with a specific focus on income and consumption taxes. | Quantitative | The article concludes that both scenarios for improving income security in Japan, namely the introduction of a Basic Income and a more modest refundable tax credit, are financially feasible. However, both scenarios require a significant increase in the progressivity of the income tax system. |
| 47 | Mulvale, JP | 2008 | Canada | Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State: Exploring the Realms of Possibility | To outline the historical debate in Canada regarding Guaranteed Adequate Income or Basic Income as an alternative to the existing welfare model. To explore potential political opportunities for advancing a GI framework in Canada. | Qualitative | The acceptance and practical implementation of BI policies face challenges due to the country’s political and ideological context. These proposals have faced skepticism and criticism in Canada, particularly due to concerns about their level of feasibility and compatibility with existing welfare models. Continued advocacy, research, and political discourse are necessary to advance the BI agenda. |
| 48 | Rincon L.; Vlandas T. | 2023 | Spain | Universal basic income: The new political economy of an old idea | To explore and analyze the concept of Basic Income and its recent resurgence, with a specific focus on its potential impact on labor market policies. To provide an overview of the origins of BI, its historical development, and the recent BI’s political and economic dynamics. | Qualitative | The chapter emphasizes the crucial role of political economy in shaping BI’s future, discussing political party stances, trade union disagreements, and the need for future research to address gaps in understanding. The text reveals challenges in BI experimental designs, highlighting past designs’ lack of true universality. Real-world pilots show mixed effects on the labor market. |
| 49 | Mulayi M.-L.; Laenen T.; VanLancker W.; Meuleman B. | 2023 | Belgium | New directions in research on public support for universal basic income | To explore public attitudes toward Basic Income. To understand the multidimensional perspective of BI and factors that shape people’s attitudes, contributing new insights and directions for future research on public support for BI. | Mix Methods | The study analyzes diverse dimensions of BI policy design and their impact on public support, highlighting the role of interactions between policy features. It reveals nuanced cross-level interactions, underlining that the distinction between left and right self-placement about BI support differs across countries. |
| 50 | Acuña Gómez J.S.; Jiménez-Barbosa W.G.; Hernández Monsalve J.S. | 2023 | Columbia | Analysis of the Feasibility of Universal Basic Income in Colombia: A Grounded Theory Study | To present an analysis of the feasibility of Basic Income in Colombia and to explore the potential benefits of introducing it. To provide insights into how BI can contribute to social justice, dignity, well-being, and freedom, in Colombia’s socioeconomic and political context. | Qualitative | The feasibility and acceptance of BI in Colombia appear to be influenced by an interplay of economic, social, and moral considerations. There is a strong theme of mistrust in others and concerns about the potential negative impact of BI on work ethics, economic productivity, and social dynamics. The decision to implement BI is seen as requiring a cultural shift. |
| 51 | Aerts E.; Marx I.; Verbist G. | 2023 | Belgium | Not that basic: How level, design, and context matter for the redistributive outcomes of universal basic income | To analyze the potential impact of introducing various versions of a Basic Income in Belgium and the Netherlands. To assess whether a BI could effectively reduce or eliminate poverty in these countries. | Quantitative | Implementing a BI involves numerous choices regarding its specifications, such as the existing tax/benefit system, taxation, and means-tests. The implications of BI choices vary across national contexts, emphasizing the importance of considering socio-economic and institutional differences between countries. |
| 52 | Torry, M | 2016a | England | Is a Citizen’s Income Financially Feasible? Part One: Fiscal Feasibility | To explore the fiscal feasibility of implementing a Citizen’s Income and to assess whether a country can afford to pay for a Citizen’s Income, by examining two key factors. | Mix Methods | The author proposed two methods for calculating the cost of Citizen’s Incomes: using national statistics and employing microsimulation. The conclusion suggests that a Citizen’s Income is financially feasible in countries with subsidy programs, sovereign wealth funds and existing tax and benefits systems. |
| 53 | Torry, M | 2016b | England | Is a Citizen’s Income Financially Feasible? Part Two: Household Financial Feasibility | To assess the financial feasibility of implementing a Citizen’s Income scheme. To discuss various sources of household income losses, outline methods for calculating these losses, and highlight the importance of minimizing losses for low-income households | Mix Methods | The text argues that the financial feasibility of a Citizen’s Income scheme depends on both fiscal feasibility and household financial feasibility. The author concludes that the discussion should start with revenue-neutral schemes and consider both comprehensive implementation and a gradual, step-by-step approach, beginning with Child and Young Adult Citizen’s Incomes. |
| 54 | Murray, C | 2008 | United States | Guaranteed Income as a Replacement for the Welfare State | To advocate for a guaranteed income as a replacement for the existing welfare state. To outline a specific proposal for the United States, and highlight the financial feasibility and immediate effects of implementing a GI. | Theoretical | The paper concludes that adding a significant Guaranteed Income to existing benefit systems is financially impractical for Western nations, advocating instead for restructuring existing systems. The author foresees the GI restoring responsibilities to individuals, families, and communities, transforming civic life and relationships. |
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© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Notes
- Universal Basic Income in Appalachia: A Strategy for Clean Energy Transition?
- Research Articles
- Challenging the Justice of a Basic Income Policy When Focusing on the Homeless Population: A Case Study on Germany
- Exploring the Conceptualization and Factors of Basic Income Feasibility: A Systematic Literature Review
- Attitudes Towards Universal Basic Income in Korea Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Comparing Guaranteed Minimum Income and Universal Basic Income: The Importance of Household Structure
- The Inability to Form a Coalition: The Case of the Basic Income Proposal in Mexico
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Notes
- Universal Basic Income in Appalachia: A Strategy for Clean Energy Transition?
- Research Articles
- Challenging the Justice of a Basic Income Policy When Focusing on the Homeless Population: A Case Study on Germany
- Exploring the Conceptualization and Factors of Basic Income Feasibility: A Systematic Literature Review
- Attitudes Towards Universal Basic Income in Korea Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Comparing Guaranteed Minimum Income and Universal Basic Income: The Importance of Household Structure
- The Inability to Form a Coalition: The Case of the Basic Income Proposal in Mexico
