Is it the Way You Live or the Job You Have? Health Effects of Lifestyles and Working Conditions

Elena Cottini; Paolo Ghinetti

doi:10.1515/bejeap-2016-0222

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Is it the Way You Live or the Job You Have? Health Effects of Lifestyles and Working Conditions

Elena Cottini und Paolo Ghinetti

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 12. Juli 2017

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Aus der Zeitschrift The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy Band 17 Heft 3

Abstract

This paper investigates the role of lifestyles (smoking, drinking and obesity) and working conditions (physical hazards, no support from colleagues, job worries and repetitive work) on health. Three alternative systems of simultaneous multivariate probit equations are estimated, one for each health measure: an indicator of self-assessed health, an indicator of physical health, and an indicator of work-related mental health problems, using Danish data for 2000 and 2005. We find that while lifestyles are significant determinants of self-assessed health, they play a minor role for our indicators of physical health and mental health. The effect of lifestyles seems to be dominated by the effect of adverse working conditions, which significantly worsen health. This result is robust for all health dimensions considered.

Keywords: working conditions; lifestyles; health; simultaneous probit estimation

Funding statement: Health at Work FP7 Network, (Grant /Award Number: ‘HEALTH-F2-2008-200716ʹ).

Appendix

Theoretical framework

A simple economic model may be useful to summarise the main implications for the empirical analysis of Sections 4 and 5. Our approach is similar to Contoyannis and Jones (2004), whose theoretical model for lifestyle and health choices can be modified to address our case, where health is also a function of working conditions. For simplicity, we consider health as a consumption good which directly affects current utility. The set up can be easily extended to the infinite horizon case, where health is also an investment good as in Grossman (1972), see Balia and Jones (2008). The implications for the empirical analysis are similar.

The individual’s utility may be expressed as follows:

U(WC,LS,H;XU,εu)

U is overall utility or satisfaction, which comprises non-work utility (leisure, family time) and work-related utility. The latter depends on a number of job attributes and working conditions WC, which may enter directly the utility function as they are typically not adequately compensated (e. g.: bad working conditions are not fully compensated by higher wages). At least to some extent, jobs are chosen by individuals, and, therefore, so are their characteristics. Utility is also a function of a bundle of costly activities under the label “lifestyle” LS and of health H. XU and εu are vectors of individual observable and unobservable (respectively) characteristics affecting preferences.

We also assume that health (H) is produced with the following technology:

H=H(LS,WC;XH,εH)

where XU and εu are exogenous observable and unobservable individual characteristics affecting health. H can be thought of either as a scalar (such as the overall general health of the individual) or as a vector of different and health components: for example, physical and mental health; health at work and health at home and so on. The health production function can be substituted into the utility function to get:

U(WC,LS,H;X,ε)

where X is the union of the partly overlapping vectors XU and XH and similarly for ε.

To get the solution to the utility maximisation problem relative to LS, WC and H, we need to combine the above equations with money and time constraints, which, in its compact formulation, can be expressed as follows:

(pLS+wτLS+πLS)′LS+(pWC+πWC)′WC≤TI=m+wT

where m is exogenous income, wT is total labour income if the individual uses all the time endowment T to work at the exogenous wage rate w. pLS and pWC are vectors of market and implicit prices of the goods included among ‘lifestyle’ choices and ‘working conditions’. wτLS is product between the opportunity cost of lifestyle practices during leisure time (in terms of forgone income) and the amount of leisure time needed to consume one unit of LS. πLS and πWC are the amount of labour time needed to consume one unit of LS and WC, respectively. Here the assumption that lifestyles are consumed both at work and at home, while working conditions can be consumed only at work, is implicit. The opportunity cost of lifestyles in non-working time (such as smoking when watching the TV) is forgone labour income, while there is no direct money equivalent for the same activity performed during working time. Hence, (pLS+wτLS+πLS)′LS and (pWC+πWC)′WC are linear combinations expressing the total money equivalent of the overall cost of lifestyles activities and job characteristics.

By combining the above expressions for utility and time plus money constraint, the solution of the model is rather straightforward. In this way, the shadow price of each good and, therefore, the demand for each lifestyle and working condition, is dependent on the wage rate, which varies across individuals. In particular, the solution to the model allows us to define a set of demand functions for optimal levels of LS, WC and H^[19]

(A)LS∗=LS(Z,ε)

(B)WC∗=WC(Z,ε)

(C)H∗=H(Z,ε)

where Z combines X (the set of exogenous individual characteristics of the model XU and XH) and all the parameters used in the maximisation problem (in particular, the wage rate w, prices and time shares). ε is the union of εu and εH. These demand functions are reduced forms and do not allow us to separately evaluate preference and technological parameters, which is the impact of lifestyles and working conditions on health indicators, which is the core of our analysis. The empirical models combine (A1), (A2) and (A3), where the former is the structural equation for health and the other two are reduced forms for lifestyle and health. Finally, a couple of further considerations. First, in the above discussion, we do not consider the effect of the time dimension on actual choices. However, for example in the production of health, the time dimension is indeed important but can be easily accommodated in a simple way by interpreting H as an indicator of current and future health. In this way, we can think of health as dependent also on past lifestyle decisions and working conditions (compare with Balia and Jones 2008, who specify a dynamic model for the evolution of health). In principle, this may affect the specification of the empirical model (contemporaneous versus lagged effects). We discussed more on that when describing our estimation methodology (in Section 4). Second, the mapping between the theoretical and the empirical model is of course not perfect. On the one hand, while we have focused on interior solutions, the data reveals the prevalence of corner solutions for lifestyles and working conditions. On the other hand, while we have assumed continuous variables for H, LS and WC – so that utility can be maximised by differentiation to get continuous demand functions – the data often provide instead binary or discrete indicators, such as ordered measures of self-assessed health or dummies for the presence/absence of a given characteristic (e. g. drinking or not).

Table 8:

Summary statistics.

Variable	Description	Mean	S.d.
SAH	Self-assessed health	0.78
MH	mental health	0.43
PH	physical health	0.64
Female	1 if female	0.36
Ageless25	1 if worker is less than 24 years of age	0.125
Age2534	1 if worker is between 25 and 34 years of age	0.233
Age3544	1 if worker is between 35 and 44 years of age	0.287
Age4554	1 if worker is between 45 and 54 years of age	0.223
Age54 plus	1 if worker is more than 54 years of age	0.129
Educ1	1 if 7-klasse	0.05
Educ2	1 if 8-klasse	0.016
Educ3	1 if 9-klasse	0.058
Educ4	1 if 10-klasse	0.113
Educ5	1 if gymnasium	0.101
Educ6	1 if higher commercial exam	0.441
Educ7	1 if higher technical exam	0.032
Educ8	1 if vocational education	0.046
Educ9	1 if boarding school	0.073
Educ10	1 if BA or more	0.067
Married	1 if married	0.61
Widow	1 if a widow	0.01
Divorced	1 if divorced	0.08
Child1	1 if has no children	0.54
Child2	1 if has one child	0.17
Child3	1 if has two children	0.21
Child4	1 if has three or more children	0.06
Sect1	1 for manufacturing	0.28
Sect2	1 for construction and electricity	0.05
Sect3	1 for wholesale	0.22
Sect4	1 for hotels and restaurant	0.034
Sect5	1 for transport	0.09
Sect6	1 for financial sector	0.088
Sect7	1 for PA	0.056
Sect8	1 for Education	0.11
Size1	1 for firm size between 1 and 5	0.197
Size2	1 for firm size between 6 and 50	0.314
Size3	1 for firm size between 50 and 200	0.129
Size4	1 for firm size between 200 and 500	0.234
Size5	1 for firm size is more than 500	0.126
Logwage	natural logarithm of real monthly wages	5.21	0.34
Manager	1 if manager	0.03
White	1 if white collar	0.28
Blue	1 if blue collar	0.69
Obesity	1 if obese	0.15
Drink	1 if heavy drinker	0.18
Smoke	1 if currently smoker	0.31
Physical hazards	1 if harmful physical conditions at work	0.39
No support from colleagues	1 if no support from colleagues	0.41
Repetitive work	1 if work is repetitive	0.57
Job worries	1 if worries about job stability	0.35
Reg1	1 if region is Northern area	0.29
Reg2	1 if region is Copenhagen area	0.4
Reg3	1 if region is Southern area	0.31
Y05	1 if year is 2005	0.61

Table 9:

Probit estimates coefficients (excluded, included lifestyles and working conditions).

Dep. Var (s)	SAH				PH				MH
	(i)		(ii)		(i)		(ii)		(i)		(ii)
	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z
Smoker	–0.213	–4.77	–0.210	–4.71	–0.208	–5.48	–0.206	–5.45	–0.042	–1.11	–0.037	–0.97
Drinker	–0.033	–0.54	–0.034	–0.57	0.059	1.11	0.053	1	–0.177	–3.31	–0.173	–3.25
Obese	–0.476	–8.21	–0.479	–8.3	–0.105	–1.98	–0.105	–1.99	–0.124	–2.28	–0.122	–2.25
Phys. hazards	–0.259	–5.77	–0.253	–5.7	–0.328	–8.83	–0.327	–9	–0.186	–5.12	–0.181	–5.01
No supp. from colleagues	–0.132	–3.20	–0.134	–3.24	0.001	0.02	–0.006	–0.18	–0.197	–5.53	–0.196	–5.53
Job worries	–0.276	–6.57	–0.277	–6.63	–0.151	–4.23	–0.149	–4.2	–0.403	–11.02	–0.404	–11.09
Repetit. work	–0.111	–2.45	–0.117	–2.58	–0.124	–3.32	–0.128	–3.45	–0.091	–2.42	–0.083	–2.24
Female	0.097	2.06	0.110	2.4	–0.230	–5.82	–0.222	–5.87	–0.224	–5.64	–0.229	–5.86
Ageless25	0.081	0.83	0.086	0.89	–0.171	–2.20	–0.180	–2.33	0.085	1.11	0.082	1.07
Age2534	–0.059	–0.57	–0.050	–0.49	–0.208	–2.49	–0.214	–2.57	0.196	2.36	0.194	2.34
Age4554	–0.095	–0.90	–0.080	–0.77	–0.048	–0.56	–0.052	–0.61	0.337	3.95	0.336	3.95
Age54 plus	–0.136	–1.17	–0.116	–1	–0.042	–0.44	–0.047	–0.5	0.484	5.07	0.482	5.06
Educ2	0.058	0.37	0.043	0.28	0.198	1.36	0.202	1.4	0.187	1.34	0.207	1.49
Educ3	0.279	2.29	0.271	2.23	0.043	0.40	0.047	0.44	0.091	0.85	0.094	0.89
Educ4	0.314	2.89	0.314	2.89	0.031	0.32	0.036	0.37	0.005	0.05	0.005	0.05
Educ5	0.243	2.09	0.253	2.18	0.305	2.93	0.305	2.96	–0.246	–2.39	–0.261	–2.56
Educ6	0.262	2.96	0.255	2.9	0.170	2.06	0.159	1.93	0.009	0.11	–0.003	–0.04
Educ7	0.197	1.38	0.224	1.59	0.333	2.60	0.344	2.74	–0.211	–1.69	–0.238	–1.92
Educ8	0.236	1.83	0.243	1.89	0.313	2.79	0.286	2.59	–0.257	–2.33	–0.288	–2.66
Educ9	0.254	2.03	0.241	1.94	0.324	2.90	0.347	3.24	–0.226	–2.09	–0.258	–2.47
Educ10	0.206	1.48	0.217	1.58	0.293	2.41	0.356	3.13	–0.501	–4.17	–0.538	–4.77
Child2	0.009	0.15	0.011	0.18	–0.100	–2.01	–0.099	–2	–0.024	–0.47	–0.025	–0.51
Child3	–0.023	–0.36	–0.021	–0.34	0.023	0.44	0.024	0.47	–0.006	–0.12	–0.008	–0.15
Child4	–0.068	–0.76	–0.065	–0.73	0.235	3.00	0.235	3.01	0.073	0.97	0.072	0.96
Married	–0.095	–1.58	–0.100	–1.68	–0.120	–2.49	–0.119	–2.46	0.104	2.18	0.105	2.21
Widow	–0.188	–0.97	–0.194	–1	0.043	0.23	0.043	0.23	–0.458	–2.61	–0.455	–2.58
Divorced	–0.139	–1.57	–0.143	–1.61	–0.030	–0.38	–0.025	–0.33	–0.061	–0.78	–0.062	–0.79
Loghwage	0.130	1.46	0.113	1.3	0.026	0.35	0.021	0.3	–0.004	–0.06	–0.030	–0.43
Occup2	–0.182	–1.18	–0.171	–1.12	0.112	0.92			–0.049	–0.42
Occup3	–0.326	–2.31	–0.332	–2.35	–0.052	–0.47			–0.054	–0.50
Occup4	–0.244	–1.76	–0.251	–1.81	–0.007	–0.06			0.005	0.04
Occup5	–0.310	–2.03	–0.320	–2.09	0.071	0.58			0.102	0.84
Occup6	–0.401	–2.78	–0.397	–2.75	–0.031	–0.26			0.028	0.25
Sect2	–0.087	–1.13			–0.134	–2.03			0.095	1.42	0.106	1.61
Sect3	–0.023	–0.38			0.033	0.65			0.110	2.14	0.111	2.29
Sect4	0.034	0.48			0.023	0.38			–0.031	–0.51	–0.027	–0.46
Sect5	–0.023	–0.34			–0.011	–0.19			–0.103	–1.82	–0.112	–2.09
Sect6	0.107	1.25			0.036	0.52			0.043	0.62	0.040	0.59
Size1	0.039	0.48			–0.005	–0.07			–0.016	–0.24
Size2	0.051	0.70			0.057	0.95			–0.005	–0.09
Size3	0.109	1.33			–0.042	–0.63			–0.020	–0.29
Size4	–0.002	–0.03			0.030	0.52			–0.014	–0.23
Reg2	–0.068	–1.27			0.005	0.10			0.040	0.89
Reg3	–0.002	–0.03			0.008	0.16			–0.024	–0.50
Y05	–0.344	–7.97	–0.341	–7.95	0.065	1.82	0.059	1.68	–0.510	–14.48	–0.510	–14.61
cons	1.202	2.37	1.282	2.630	0.644	1.52	0.699	1.91	0.489	1.16	0.627	1.69
Test joint insignificance variables excluded in (iii)
p-value:	0.52				0.79				0.42

Note: the p-values of the joint insignificance tests are computed from a chi2 with 11 degrees of freedom for SAH and MH, and with 16 degrees of freedom for PH.

Table 10:

Multivariate Probit coefficients’ estimates for self-assessed health (SAH).

	MULTIVARIATE PROBIT (with exclusion restrictions)
Dep.Var (s)	SAH		Smoker		Drinker		Obese		Phys.hazards		No supp from colleag		Repetit. work		Job worries
Dep.Var (s)	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z
Smoker	–0.146	–0.64
Drinker	–0.701	–2.88
Obese	–0.611	–2.38
Phys. hazards	–0.386	–2.07
No supp. from colleagues	–0.671	–3.76
Job worries	–0.510	–2.8
Repetitive. work	–0.082	–0.4
Female	0.049	0.97	–0.106	–2.71	–0.225	–4.53	–0.039	–0.79	–0.138	–3.63	–0.095	–2.52	0.297	7.63	0.076	2
Ageless25	0.075	0.77	0.220	2.82	–0.298	–2.94	0.547	4.6	–0.078	–0.98	–0.027	–0.34	–0.111	–1.39	0.168	2.12
Age2534	0.045	0.42	0.309	3.7	0.009	0.09	0.762	6.18	–0.132	–1.55	0.191	2.29	–0.079	–0.92	0.438	5.18
Age4554	0.074	0.65	0.297	3.46	0.306	2.85	0.654	5.2	–0.181	–2.08	0.233	2.73	–0.065	–0.74	0.671	7.76
Age54 plus	0.085	0.66	0.244	2.56	0.476	4.09	0.649	4.78	–0.464	–4.85	0.326	3.47	0.047	0.48	0.730	7.67
Educ2	0.078	0.52	0.046	0.32	0.058	0.31	0.043	0.25	0.152	0.97	0.077	0.54	–0.053	–0.31	0.052	0.37
Educ3	0.258	2.19	0.198	1.93	0.291	2.22	0.123	1.01	0.021	0.19	–0.201	–1.91	–0.162	–1.39	–0.025	–0.25
Educ4	0.327	3.08	–0.022	–0.23	0.370	3.14	0.020	0.18	–0.074	–0.77	–0.105	–1.11	–0.323	–3.09	0.106	1.15
Educ5	0.235	1.97	–0.149	–1.48	0.252	1.93	0.024	0.19	–0.300	–2.93	–0.103	–1.02	–0.506	–4.62	–0.151	–1.5
Educ6	0.267	2.92	–0.140	–1.77	0.291	2.94	–0.099	–1.05	–0.134	–1.65	0.037	0.47	–0.484	–5.39	–0.162	–2.07
Educ7	0.219	1.48	–0.431	–3.37	0.327	2.07	–0.379	–2.28	–0.153	–1.26	–0.024	–0.2	–0.642	–5.04	–0.270	–2.2
Educ8	0.289	2.14	–0.501	–4.42	0.380	2.83	–0.225	–1.65	–0.329	–3.04	0.161	1.51	–0.786	–6.84	–0.155	–1.45
Educ9	0.271	1.98	–0.523	–4.76	0.290	2.18	–0.320	–2.35	–0.399	–3.77	0.166	1.59	–0.874	–7.69	–0.252	–2.38
Educ10	0.223	1.47	–0.830	–6.49	0.323	2.21	–0.629	–3.74	–0.558	–4.84	0.050	0.44	–0.849	–6.91	–0.114	–1.0
Child2	–0.001	–0.02	0.021	0.42	–0.221	–3.46	–0.071	–1.14	–0.016	–0.32	0.084	1.73	0.026	0.52	0.013	0.26
Child3	–0.047	–0.78	–0.033	–0.63	–0.156	–2.39	–0.178	–2.7	–0.049	–0.96	0.035	0.69	–0.002	–0.03	–0.051	–1.00
Child4	–0.110	–1.29	–0.089	–1.16	–0.362	–3.57	–0.095	–1.04	–0.134	–1.81	0.068	0.94	–0.058	–0.78	–0.187	–2.51
Married	–0.105	–1.87	–0.182	–3.78	–0.003	–0.05	0.095	1.58	–0.076	–1.60	–0.074	–1.59	–0.061	–1.27	0.006	0.12
Widow	–0.227	–1.17	–0.234	–1.3	0.038	0.18	–0.039	–0.18	0.099	0.56	–0.407	–2.23	–0.246	–1.35	0.014	0.08
Divorced	–0.131	–1.48	0.264	3.55	0.172	1.89	0.008	0.08	–0.004	–0.05	–0.110	–1.47	0.140	1.8	0.005	0.07
Loghwage	0.064	0.65	–0.018	–0.23	0.218	2.42	–0.178	–1.9	–0.262	–3.62	–0.129	–1.8	–0.667	–9.03	–0.345	–4.71
Occup2	–0.177	–1.16	–0.168	–1.36	0.058	0.39	0.095	0.57	0.154	1.35	–0.207	–1.83	0.097	0.81	0.052	0.44
Occup3	–0.286	–2	–0.166	–1.49	0.118	0.86	0.169	1.15	0.178	1.69	–0.072	–0.69	0.235	2.14	0.084	0.77
Occup4	–0.193	–1.29	0.000	0	0.119	0.88	0.099	0.69	0.539	5.18	–0.113	–1.1	0.550	5.12	0.106	0.99
Occup5	–0.220	–1.32	0.248	2.03	0.338	2.26	0.220	1.39	0.741	6.13	–0.120	–1.02	0.790	6.35	0.122	1.01
Occup6	–0.325	–2.19	0.085	0.73	0.224	1.57	0.066	0.43	0.352	3.17	–0.054	–0.5	0.471	4.11	–0.041	–0.35
Sect2			–0.053	–0.8	0.246	3.2	0.069	0.84	0.202	2.96	0.127	2	0.155	2.29	–0.280	–4.15
Sect3			–0.172	–3.34	–0.119	–1.82	0.067	1.04	–0.192	–3.82	–0.086	–1.72	–0.104	–2.01	–0.086	–1.7
Sect4			0.018	0.3	–0.005	–0.07	0.239	3.37	0.087	1.45	0.125	2.17	0.074	1.19	–0.082	–1.4
Sect5			–0.179	–3.08	–0.064	–0.9	–0.065	–0.87	–0.277	–5.09	–0.048	–0.88	–0.135	–2.41	–0.060	–1.09
Sect6			0.020	0.28	0.110	1.31	–0.096	–1.03	0.217	3.17	–0.177	–2.62	–0.208	–3.01	–0.176	–2.6
Size1			0.123	1.79	0.229	2.76	0.006	0.07	–0.209	–3.14	0.241	3.69	–0.120	–1.77	–0.220	–3.35
Size2			0.037	0.61	0.140	1.87	–0.152	–2.02	–0.136	–2.31	0.089	1.54	–0.056	–0.94	–0.215	–3.71
Size3			0.089	1.29	0.016	0.19	–0.118	–1.39	–0.060	–0.89	0.086	1.31	–0.076	–1.11	–0.046	–0.7
Size4			0.088	1.46	0.035	0.46	–0.015	–0.21	–0.050	–0.86	0.068	1.2	–0.019	–0.31	0.003	0.04
Reg2			–0.067	–1.5	–0.156	–2.92	0.114	2.03	–0.043	–0.98	–0.029	–0.68	–0.002	–0.04	0.023	0.54
Reg3			–0.093	–1.96	–0.258	–4.47	0.067	1.12	–0.052	–1.14	–0.075	–1.68	–0.038	–0.82	–0.022	–0.48
Y05	–0.275	–4.46	–0.221	–6.09	–0.312	–6.92	0.128	2.76	–0.035	–0.98	0.389	10.84	0.139	3.8	–0.044	–1.22
cons	1.729	2.88	–0.097	–0.23	–2.400	–4.71	–1.010	–1.91	1.858	4.56	0.055	0.13	3.705	8.9	1.238	3.01

Table 11:

Multivariate Probit coefficients’ estimates for physical health (PH).

	MULTIVARIATE PROBIT (with exclusion restrictions.)
Dep. Var (s)	PH		Smoker		Drinker		Obese		Phys.hazards		No supp from colleag		Repetit. work		Job worries
	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z
Smoker	0.100	0.40
Drinker	–0.012	–0.04
Obese	–0.147	–0.48
Phys. hazards	–0.375	–2.12
No supp. from colleagues	–0.603	–3.26
Job worries	–0.415	–2.11
Repetitive work	–0.303	–1.41
Female	–0.206	–4.20	–0.106	–2.70	–0.220	–4.41	–0.04	–0.820	–0.138	–3.63	–0.098	–2.58	0.298	7.65	0.075	1.96
Ageless25	–0.186	–2.26	0.221	2.85	–0.296	–2.91	0.54	4.510	–0.080	–1.01	–0.040	–0.52	–0.114	–1.43	0.162	2.05
Age2534	–0.147	–1.46	0.311	3.72	0.019	0.17	0.76	6.090	–0.132	–1.56	0.179	2.16	–0.081	–0.94	0.433	5.12
Age4554	0.040	0.36	0.297	3.47	0.306	2.84	0.65	5.120	–0.182	–2.09	0.222	2.63	–0.067	–0.76	0.665	7.70
Age54 plus	0.079	0.61	0.244	2.56	0.476	4.08	0.64	4.720	–0.467	–4.88	0.313	3.35	0.044	0.45	0.723	7.61
Educ2	0.209	1.49	0.046	0.32	0.068	0.36	0.05	0.280	0.157	1.00	0.077	0.53	–0.053	–0.31	0.050	0.35
Educ3	–0.031	–0.29	0.198	1.93	0.308	2.33	0.12	1.010	0.019	0.17	–0.210	–2.00	–0.159	–1.36	–0.029	–0.28
Educ4	0.003	0.03	–0.020	–0.22	0.386	3.24	0.02	0.180	–0.074	–0.76	–0.113	–1.20	–0.319	–3.05	0.101	1.09
Educ5	0.220	2.04	–0.146	–1.45	0.269	2.04	0.02	0.150	–0.300	–2.93	–0.117	–1.16	–0.504	–4.60	–0.157	–1.56
Educ6	0.121	1.40	–0.138	–1.74	0.309	3.09	–0.10	–1.040	–0.135	–1.66	0.031	0.39	–0.481	–5.37	–0.167	–2.13
Educ7	0.260	1.92	–0.432	–3.38	0.356	2.24	–0.38	–2.260	–0.152	–1.25	–0.026	–0.22	–0.639	–5.02	–0.276	–2.25
Educ8	0.265	2.06	–0.503	–4.43	0.395	2.93	–0.23	–1.670	–0.331	–3.06	0.145	1.36	–0.786	–6.85	–0.164	–1.53
Educ9	0.299	2.31	–0.524	–4.78	0.307	2.28	–0.33	–2.380	–0.399	–3.77	0.160	1.54	–0.871	–7.67	–0.253	–2.40
Educ10	0.291	2.09	–0.829	–6.50	0.327	2.21	–0.63	–3.740	–0.557	–4.82	0.044	0.38	–0.846	–6.89	–0.115	–1.00
Child2	–0.079	–1.60	0.018	0.36	–0.217	–3.39	–0.07	–1.120	–0.017	–0.34	0.086	1.77	0.025	0.51	0.012	0.25
Child3	0.022	0.42	–0.035	–0.66	–0.161	–2.46	–0.18	–2.680	–0.051	–0.99	0.030	0.58	–0.004	–0.09	–0.052	–1.03
Child4	0.211	2.70	–0.089	–1.16	–0.361	–3.55	–0.09	–1.020	–0.135	–1.82	0.069	0.95	–0.059	–0.80	–0.187	–2.52
Married	–0.115	–2.36	–0.183	–3.82	–0.001	–0.02	0.10	1.590	–0.075	–1.58	–0.075	–1.61	–0.060	–1.26	0.007	0.15
Widow	–0.031	–0.18	–0.238	–1.32	0.053	0.26	–0.05	–0.210	0.102	0.57	–0.419	–2.28	–0.239	–1.30	0.023	0.13
Divorced	–0.070	–0.88	0.262	3.52	0.160	1.74	0.01	0.060	–0.003	–0.04	–0.115	–1.54	0.139	1.79	0.007	0.09
Loghwage	–0.100	–1.15	–0.017	–0.22	0.220	2.42	–0.18	–1.950	–0.263	–3.63	–0.136	–1.89	–0.666	–9.03	–0.349	–4.77
Occup2			–0.158	–1.28	0.060	0.40	0.09	0.540	0.147	1.29	–0.225	–2.03	0.088	0.73	0.043	0.36
Occup3			–0.165	–1.48	0.121	0.88	0.17	1.160	0.178	1.68	–0.067	–0.65	0.233	2.13	0.088	0.81
Occup4			0.004	0.04	0.105	0.78	0.10	0.670	0.535	5.15	–0.118	–1.17	0.544	5.08	0.101	0.95
Occup5			0.257	2.12	0.320	2.13	0.22	1.380	0.735	6.06	–0.141	–1.22	0.775	6.21	0.111	0.93
Occup6			0.086	0.75	0.214	1.50	0.06	0.410	0.349	3.14	–0.057	–0.53	0.469	4.11	–0.040	–0.35
Sect2			–0.065	–0.98	0.251	3.21	0.07	0.820	0.205	2.99	0.144	2.29	0.162	2.39	–0.270	–3.97
Sect3			–0.174	–3.40	–0.122	–1.84	0.06	0.980	–0.196	–3.91	–0.104	–2.11	–0.104	–2.02	–0.093	–1.85
Sect4			0.021	0.36	0.011	0.14	0.24	3.410	0.090	1.49	0.121	2.12	0.071	1.15	–0.084	–1.43
Sect5			–0.183	–3.16	–0.072	–1.01	–0.07	–0.880	–0.278	–5.11	–0.054	–1.02	–0.132	–2.37	–0.062	–1.13
Sect6			0.017	0.24	0.121	1.43	–0.09	–0.960	0.222	3.24	–0.166	–2.48	–0.208	–3.02	–0.171	–2.51
Size1			0.124	1.81	0.236	2.81	0.01	0.080	–0.204	–3.07	0.249	3.86	–0.119	–1.76	–0.216	–3.30
Size2			0.042	0.69	0.145	1.91	–0.15	–2.000	–0.135	–2.29	0.088	1.53	–0.058	–0.97	–0.216	–3.74
Size3			0.083	1.21	0.016	0.18	–0.11	–1.350	–0.051	–0.76	0.112	1.74	–0.069	–1.01	–0.035	–0.53
Size4			0.092	1.54	0.032	0.43	–0.02	–0.210	–0.051	–0.88	0.062	1.11	–0.020	–0.34	–0.003	–0.06
Reg2			–0.066	–1.50	–0.162	–3.01	0.11	1.970	–0.047	–1.08	–0.045	–1.08	–0.004	–0.09	0.016	0.38
Reg3			–0.093	–1.98	–0.257	–4.39	0.06	1.070	–0.053	–1.16	–0.081	–1.83	–0.039	–0.84	–0.024	–0.53
Y05	0.163	3.15	–0.221	–6.12	–0.317	–7.02	0.13	2.750	–0.037	–1.02	0.384	10.70	0.137	3.75	–0.045	–1.26
cons	1.580	2.95	–0.106	–0.25	–2.418	–4.72	–0.98	–1.850	1.869	4.58	0.126	0.31	3.711	8.92	1.275	3.10

Table 12:

Multivariate Probit coefficients’ estimates for mental health (MH).

	MULTIVARIATE PROBIT (with exclusion restrictions.)
Dep.Var (s)	MH		Smoker		Drinker		Obese		Phys.hazards		Nosuppfromcolleag		Repetit. work		Job worries
	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z	Coef.	z
Smoker	0.476	2.45
Drinker	–0.153	–0.63
Obese	–0.475	–1.8
Phys. hazards	–0.618	–3.7
No supp. from colleagues	–0.576	–2.83
Job worries	–0.352	–1.87
Repetitive. work	0.278	1.47
Female	–0.264	–5.69	–0.105	–2.69	–0.219	–4.39	–0.042	–0.85	–0.140	–3.7	–0.098	–2.57	0.299	7.68	0.074	1.95
Ageless25	0.065	0.81	0.222	2.86	–0.297	–2.92	0.547	4.61	–0.082	–1.02	–0.040	–0.51	–0.115	–1.44	0.164	2.06
Age2534	0.183	1.92	0.309	3.7	0.017	0.16	0.763	6.19	–0.133	–1.57	0.184	2.22	–0.086	–1	0.436	5.15
Age4554	0.302	2.84	0.294	3.44	0.305	2.83	0.650	5.17	–0.182	–2.09	0.229	2.7	–0.071	–0.8	0.667	7.72
Age54 plus	0.396	3.18	0.245	2.57	0.475	4.07	0.647	4.77	–0.466	–4.87	0.320	3.41	0.040	0.41	0.726	7.63
Educ2	0.223	1.58	0.043	0.3	0.067	0.36	0.043	0.26	0.163	1.04	0.073	0.51	–0.050	–0.29	0.053	0.37
Educ3	0.046	0.43	0.193	1.88	0.308	2.33	0.120	0.98	0.030	0.28	–0.211	–2.01	–0.169	–1.45	–0.030	–0.29
Educ4	0.021	0.22	–0.024	–0.25	0.385	3.23	0.020	0.18	–0.065	–0.68	–0.111	–1.17	–0.321	–3.08	0.105	1.14
Educ5	–0.207	–1.92	–0.144	–1.43	0.270	2.04	0.027	0.22	–0.299	–2.93	–0.113	–1.11	–0.505	–4.61	–0.153	–1.52
Educ6	0.064	0.76	–0.141	–1.79	0.309	3.09	–0.103	–1.09	–0.130	–1.6	0.034	0.43	–0.484	–5.41	–0.163	–2.08
Educ7	–0.107	–0.8	–0.431	–3.38	0.353	2.23	–0.374	–2.26	–0.149	–1.23	–0.032	–0.26	–0.641	–5.05	–0.268	–2.18
Educ8	–0.113	–0.88	–0.499	–4.42	0.395	2.92	–0.231	–1.69	–0.325	–3.01	0.157	1.46	–0.785	–6.84	–0.155	–1.45
Educ9	–0.094	–0.73	–0.523	–4.78	0.306	2.28	–0.336	–2.46	–0.399	–3.78	0.156	1.5	–0.870	–7.66	–0.254	–2.4
Educ10	–0.380	–2.68	–0.830	–6.5	0.328	2.22	–0.637	–3.8	–0.559	–4.86	0.038	0.33	–0.844	–6.88	–0.115	–1.01
Child2	–0.024	–0.49	0.022	0.44	–0.216	–3.38	–0.065	–1.04	–0.018	–0.36	0.084	1.72	0.025	0.5	0.012	0.24
Child3	–0.017	–0.32	–0.034	–0.65	–0.162	–2.47	–0.183	–2.77	–0.049	–0.96	0.033	0.65	–0.002	–0.03	–0.051	–1
Child4	0.071	0.94	–0.090	–1.18	–0.361	–3.56	–0.097	–1.06	–0.136	–1.83	0.075	1.02	–0.056	–0.75	–0.186	–2.5
Married	0.118	2.46	–0.178	–3.71	–0.001	–0.02	0.097	1.63	–0.075	–1.59	–0.079	–1.69	–0.061	–1.27	0.006	0.13
Widow	–0.380	–2.14	–0.241	–1.33	0.052	0.26	–0.040	–0.18	0.104	0.59	–0.423	–2.31	–0.240	–1.32	0.019	0.11
Divorced	–0.140	–1.84	0.268	3.59	0.160	1.75	0.001	0.02	–0.004	–0.05	–0.121	–1.61	0.144	1.86	0.005	0.07
Loghwage	–0.011	–0.12	–0.016	–0.21	0.222	2.44	–0.174	–1.85	–0.266	–3.69	–0.138	–1.92	–0.658	–8.92	–0.348	–4.75
Occup2			–0.178	–1.47	0.060	0.4	0.095	0.58	0.155	1.37	–0.205	–1.82	0.093	0.78	0.052	0.44
Occup3			–0.174	–1.59	0.121	0.88	0.174	1.18	0.177	1.7	–0.069	–0.67	0.236	2.16	0.084	0.77
Occup4			–0.002	–0.02	0.105	0.78	0.099	0.69	0.532	5.18	–0.113	–1.1	0.555	5.18	0.104	0.97
Occup5			0.256	2.14	0.323	2.15	0.212	1.34	0.723	6.02	–0.127	–1.08	0.798	6.44	0.120	1
Occup6			0.081	0.71	0.214	1.5	0.067	0.44	0.345	3.15	–0.058	–0.53	0.476	4.17	–0.043	–0.37
Sect2	0.134	1.93	–0.052	–0.79	0.250	3.22	0.058	0.7	0.197	2.89	0.119	1.84	0.158	2.34	–0.282	–4.17
Sect3	0.098	1.85	–0.173	–3.37	–0.121	–1.83	0.057	0.88	–0.200	–3.97	–0.102	–2.03	–0.102	–1.97	–0.092	–1.83
Sect4	0.015	0.25	0.016	0.27	0.012	0.16	0.239	3.4	0.091	1.51	0.137	2.35	0.070	1.13	–0.077	–1.3
Sect5	–0.116	–2.01	–0.176	–3.05	–0.071	–1	–0.076	–1.02	–0.283	–5.22	–0.059	–1.08	–0.134	–2.4	–0.065	–1.18
Sect6	0.066	0.95	0.014	0.19	0.122	1.44	–0.103	–1.11	0.220	3.22	–0.167	–2.44	–0.205	–2.98	–0.169	–2.48
Size1			0.126	1.87	0.236	2.82	0.017	0.2	–0.197	–2.98	0.256	3.94	–0.122	–1.81	–0.213	–3.23
Size2			0.043	0.72	0.146	1.94	–0.143	–1.9	–0.130	–2.24	0.100	1.73	–0.058	–0.97	–0.211	–3.63
Size3			0.088	1.3	0.015	0.17	–0.109	–1.28	–0.053	–0.79	0.106	1.62	–0.079	–1.16	–0.038	–0.58
Size4			0.090	1.53	0.033	0.44	–0.008	–0.11	–0.052	–0.9	0.074	1.29	–0.020	–0.34	0.003	0.05
Reg2			–0.062	–1.42	–0.162	–3	0.106	1.9	–0.055	–1.27	–0.049	–1.16	0.002	0.04	0.017	0.38
Reg3			–0.102	–2.19	–0.258	–4.41	0.063	1.06	–0.051	–1.13	–0.082	–1.83	–0.040	–0.86	–0.025	–0.54
Y05	–0.382	–6.77	–0.219	–6.05	–0.317	–7.03	0.129	2.8	–0.037	–1.03	0.391	10.86	0.138	3.77	–0.045	–1.27
cons	0.472	0.76	–0.107	–0.26	–2.427	–4.74	–1.028	–1.95	1.888	4.66	0.119	0.29	3.662	8.81	1.261	3.06

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Published Online: 2017-7-12

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Artikel in diesem Heft

https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2016-0222

Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel

working conditions; lifestyles; health; simultaneous probit estimation