Abstract
Asset liability management is often employed for managing the risks associated with defined benefits. Liability Driven Investment is a recent phenomenon in financial circles, promising a coherent framework for achieving this aim. It has been focused on managing interest rate risks by appropriate debt strategies. However the formulation of debt strategies needs to take explicit account of one characteristic that affects most liabilities, namely inflation. This factor generates as much risk as interest rates; moreover it is intimately related to them. We examine this issue in depth, and consider the economic relationships between interest rates and inflation. This is conducted in the light of the Fisher Hypothesis. We show that this analysis has significant implications for nominal debt strategies.
Appendix: estimation of error correcting model
Australia ECM
j | ||
1 | –0.002 | –0.082 |
2 | –0.001 | 0.006 |
Australia ECM
j | ||||
1 | 0.160 | –0.178 | –0.070 | 0.027 |
2 | –0.144 | 0.596 | –0.165 | 0.389 |
3 | 0.028 | 0.082 | –0.102 | –0.032 |
4 | 0.172 | 0.145 | 0.145 | –0.036 |
5 | 0.270 | –0.106 | 0.068 | –0.014 |
6 | 0.471 | –0.588 | 0.305 | –0.478 |
7 | 0.782 | –1.060 | 0.507 | –0.534 |
8 | 0.056 | –0.202 | 0.014 | –0.191 |
9 | 0.553 | –0.655 | 0.056 | 0.028 |
10 | 0.415 | –0.281 | 0.226 | –0.212 |
11 | 0.305 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.333 |
12 | –0.039 | –0.028 | –0.024 | 0.003 |
13 | –0.271 | 0.820 | –0.154 | 0.314 |
14 | 0.438 | –0.588 | 0.246 | –0.438 |
15 | 0.491 | –0.461 | 0.308 | –0.384 |
16 | 0.226 | –0.304 | 0.045 | –0.132 |
17 | 0.105 | –0.185 | –0.118 | 0.024 |
US ECM
j | ||
1 | –0.000 | –0.624 |
2 | 0.000 | –0.545 |
US ECM
j | ||||
0 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
1 | –0.245 | 0.121 | –0.329 | 0.090 |
2 | –0.048 | 0.391 | –0.302 | 0.141 |
3 | –0.782 | 0.239 | –0.515 | 0.216 |
4 | –0.234 | 0.691 | –0.349 | 0.677 |
5 | –0.440 | 0.529 | –0.179 | 0.614 |
6 | –0.005 | 0.600 | 0.097 | 0.141 |
7 | –0.233 | 0.389 | –0.200 | –0.187 |
8 | –0.120 | 0.352 | –0.751 | 0.426 |
9 | –0.512 | –0.182 | –0.706 | 0.734 |
10 | –0.428 | 1.055 | –0.337 | 0.695 |
11 | –0.189 | 0.076 | 0.007 | –0.106 |
12 | –0.086 | 0.404 | –0.314 | 0.398 |
13 | –0.422 | –0.012 | –0.592 | 0.314 |
14 | –0.734 | 0.884 | –0.387 | 0.571 |
15 | –0.512 | 0.505 | –0.132 | –0.045 |
16 | –0.215 | 0.351 | 0.260 | –0.039 |
17 | –0.298 | 0.349 | –0.267 | 0.365 |
18 | –0.201 | 0.320 | –0.317 | 0.052 |
19 | –0.244 | 0.359 | –0.428 | 0.283 |
20 | 0.088 | –0.129 | –0.135 | –0.057 |
References
Accounting Standards Board. 2000. “Financial Reporting Standard 17.” Technical report. http://www.frc.org.uk/images/uploaded/documents/FRS17_revised.pdfSuche in Google Scholar
Amenc, N., L.Martellini, and V.Ziemann. 2009. “Inflation-Hedging Properties of Real Assets and Implications for Asset-Liability Management Decisions.” Journal of Portfolio Management94–110.10.3905/JPM.2009.35.4.094Suche in Google Scholar
Australian Accounting Standards Board. 2010. Accounting Standard AASB 119 Employee Benefits. http://www.aasb.gov.auSuche in Google Scholar
Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority. 2002. “Defined Benefits Superannuation Funds Solvency: APRA Guidance Notes for Actuaries, Auditors and Trustees.” http://www.apra.gov.auSuche in Google Scholar
Bai, W. Y., R.Leon-Morales, M. Q.Liu, and Y.Wang. 2008. “Longevity Risk and Stochastic Models.” Journal of Financial Transformation22:89–95.Suche in Google Scholar
Bank of England. 2005. “Bank of England/Gfk NOP Inflation Attitudes Survey.” Technical report. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2007/032.htmSuche in Google Scholar
Barclays Global Investors. 2007. “BGI’s Little Liability Driven Investment Book.” http://www.barclaysglobal.comSuche in Google Scholar
Bårdsen, G., S.Hurn, and Z.McHugh. 2005. “Modelling Prices and Wages in Australia.” Economic Record83:143–58.10.1111/j.1475-4932.2007.00390.xSuche in Google Scholar
Benaben, B.. 2007. “Inflation-Linked Products, Pension Funds and Liquidity.” Citigroup presentation.Suche in Google Scholar
Brockett, P. L.. 1991. “Information Theoretic Approach to Actuarial Science: A Unification and Extension of Relevant Theory and Applications.” Transactions of the Society of Actuaries43.10.1080/03461238.1991.10413888Suche in Google Scholar
Chambers, A., A.Barnes, M.Barnes, L.Beukes, D.Dyer, P.Fulcher, M.Kemp, A.Lawrence, C.Tatham, and N.Winter. 2005. “Liability Driven Benchmarks for UK Defined Benefit Pension Schemes.” In Institute of Actuaries Finance & Investment Board Conference.Suche in Google Scholar
Cockerell, L., and W.Russell. 1995. “Australian Wage and Price Inflation: 1971–1994.” Research Discussion Paper, 2001–02, Reserve Bank of Australia.Suche in Google Scholar
Datastream. 2010. “US TIPS and Treasuries – Constant Maturities 20 yr – Middle Rate.” Technical report.Suche in Google Scholar
Dwyer, J., and K.Leong. 2001. “Changes in the Determinants of Inflation in Australia.” Research Discussion Paper, 2001–02, Reserve Bank of Australia.Suche in Google Scholar
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. n.d. “Livingston Survey.” Technical report. http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research-and-data/real-time-center/livingston-survey/Suche in Google Scholar
Financial Accounting Standards Board. 1985. “Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87.” Technical report. http://www.fasb.org/cs/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata blobtable=MungoBlobs blobkey=id blobwhere=1175820920574 blobheader=applicationSuche in Google Scholar
Fisher, I.. 1930. The Theory of Interest. New York: Macmillan.Suche in Google Scholar
Hawtrey, K. M.. 1997. “The Fisher Effect and Australian Interest Rates.” Applied Financial Economics7:337–46.10.1080/096031097333457Suche in Google Scholar
Hird, T., and B.Grundy. 2007. “Bias in Indexed CGS Yields as a Proxy for the CAPM Risk-Free Rate.” Technical report, NERA Economic Consulting.Suche in Google Scholar
Mishkin, F., and J.Simon. 1994. “An Empirical Examination of the Fisher Effect in Australia.” Technical report, Research Discussion Paper 9410, Reserve Bank of Australia.10.3386/w5080Suche in Google Scholar
Pakko, M. R.. 2004. “Labor’s Share.” Technical report, http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/net/20040801/cover.pdf10.20955/es.2004.20Suche in Google Scholar
Patton, K.. 2005. “Searching for the Perfect Recipe for LDI Solutions.” Technical report, http://www.ftmandate.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1006/Searching_for_the_perfect_recipe_for_LDI_solutions.htmlSuche in Google Scholar
Reserve Bank of Australia. 2010. “Capital Market Yields – Government Bonds.” Technical report, http://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/tables/index.html#interest_ratesSuche in Google Scholar
Schotman, P., and M.Schweitzer. 2000. “Horizon Sensitivity of the Inflation Hedge of Stocks.” Journal of Empirical Finance7(3–4):301–15.10.1016/S0927-5398(00)00013-XSuche in Google Scholar
Sherris, M.. 1996. Money and Capital Markets. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.Suche in Google Scholar
Smith, A. D.2010. Understanding Actuarial Management. The Institute of Actuaries of Australia and the Society of Actuaries, Chapter 9.Suche in Google Scholar
Strauss, J., and D.Terrell. 1995. “Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Hypothesis with Variable Trends in the World Real Interest Rate.” Southern Economic Journal61(4):1047–56.10.2307/1060740Suche in Google Scholar
Towers-Watson. 2010. “Public Sector Pension Liabilities now £1.2 Trillion.” Technical report, http://www.towerswatson.com/united-kingdom/press/1418Suche in Google Scholar
Woodford, M.. 2003. Interest and Prices. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Measuring Self-Service Technology Latent Difficulties: Insurance Decisions on Utilitarian and Hedonic Influences
- The Impact of Public Insurance on Private Insurance Demand
- Do the Over-the-Counter Sales at Banks Expand the Individual Annuity Market in Japan?
- Risk Analysis for Reverse Mortgages with Different Payout Designs
- The Fisher Hypothesis and Its Implications for Defined Benefits
- The Square-Root Rule for Reinsurance: Further Analysis and Consideration of China’s Market
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Measuring Self-Service Technology Latent Difficulties: Insurance Decisions on Utilitarian and Hedonic Influences
- The Impact of Public Insurance on Private Insurance Demand
- Do the Over-the-Counter Sales at Banks Expand the Individual Annuity Market in Japan?
- Risk Analysis for Reverse Mortgages with Different Payout Designs
- The Fisher Hypothesis and Its Implications for Defined Benefits
- The Square-Root Rule for Reinsurance: Further Analysis and Consideration of China’s Market