Something New Under the Sun in Anaximenes’ Astronomy?
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Marinus Anthony van der Sluijs
Abstract
Anaximenes famously taught that the sun and other ‘stars’ do not move under the flat earth but around it and explained the night thereby. What he had in mind remains conjectural; the testifying fragments are ambiguous and apparently contradictory. The past 200-odd years have seen a plethora of dissenting interpretations. The bulk of these are here categorised into three groups: that the sun circles at a fixed height above sea level; that it follows the familiar inclined path by day and clings to the northern horizon by night; and that it revolves in a circular orbit inclined relative to the earth. The first two scenarios are repudiated, while the third is fortified with several suggestions. It is argued that Anaximenes’ terms for ‘above’, ‘below’ and ‘around’ did not differentiate the altitudes of celestial bodies relative to the horizon, but the sizes of their orbits – as indicated by their projections on the earth’s plane. The point would have been that bodies in space are far enough from the earth to stay away from anyone’s zenith or nadir – perhaps with exceptions, following pseudo-Plutarch. This approach reconciles the variant readings in the fragments and obviates the need for emendations. The sun would still move through the north at night, but in an arc below the horizon – not horizontally over the Ocean or behind mountains, as some had it. Thus, Anaximenes would have enhanced Anaximander’s discovery that space facilitates inclined circular orbits by surrounding the earth on all sides. Awareness of the far-northern midnight twilight and the aurora borealis may have fed into all of these worldviews, the former legitimately and the latter fallaciously.
Appendix: Two Christians on the Sun’s Distance at Night
One pseudo-Justin, variously identified as Diodorus of Tarsus (d. c390) and Theodoret of Cyrrhus (c393-c460), offered solar distancing as the means to explain night on his flat earth.[120] His proof was self-defeating: the gradual disappearance of ships over the horizon only works with curvature, as they do not only appear to shrink but are also cut off from below.[121] Perhaps to be on the safe side, this writer refrained from details about the sun’s return path. If not one along the northern horizon, in the style epitomised later by Cosmas except for the mountains, he might have settled for one back up into the southern sky, behind the daytime arc. This had a respectable Egyptian pedigree, noted above, though pseudo-Justin’s Alexandrian near-contemporary Didymus the Blind (c313-398) was derisive when mentioning what must be the same tradition.[122]
Didymus himself had no qualms with the prevailing Ptolemaic tenet of a solar orbit with fixed radius around a spherical earth.[123] He did in the same commentary write that the sun at night, though seemingly obscured, in truth keeps shining ‘but comes to be far from us, way out of view’.[124] There is no mystery there, however.[125] The sun technically is one earth-diameter further away at midnight than at noon for someone on the surface.
None of this has anything to do with Anaximenes.[126]
Acknowledgments
Radim Kočandrle kindly helped out with an article of his that I was unable to access. I also thank Dmitri Panchenko for clarifying his explanation of the Archelaus fragment and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Surveying the Types of Tables in Ancient Greek Texts
- Something New Under the Sun in Anaximenes’ Astronomy?
- Aristotle and the Stoics on the Notion of ἐνέργεια
- The Social Contract in Epicureanism
- The Stoic Theory of Case
- The Many Do Not Recollect: The Nature and Scope of Recollection in Plato’s Phaedrus
- Aristotle on Materiate Paronymy: Concerning an Apparent Inconsistency in Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Surveying the Types of Tables in Ancient Greek Texts
- Something New Under the Sun in Anaximenes’ Astronomy?
- Aristotle and the Stoics on the Notion of ἐνέργεια
- The Social Contract in Epicureanism
- The Stoic Theory of Case
- The Many Do Not Recollect: The Nature and Scope of Recollection in Plato’s Phaedrus
- Aristotle on Materiate Paronymy: Concerning an Apparent Inconsistency in Aristotle’s Metaphysics
