Abstract
Blastocystis is a common parasite and regarded as one of the etiologic agents of irritable bowel syndrome, colitis and chronic diarrhea. Our study was undertaken in order to identify different subtypes of Blastocystis isolated in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and colitis, as well as with chronic diarrhea and to evaluate their pathogenic potential. Seventy-three subjects (10 asymptomatic infected subjects, 49 subjects harboring Blastocystis or associated with other etiologic agents like bacteria, yeasts, protozoa, helminthes and 14 subjects with unknown etiologic agents) were investigated by in vitro parasitological and bacteriological stool samples followed by PCR subtyping of Blastocystis using STS primers, immunological markers (total serum IgA and IgE antibody levels), Helicobacter pylori antigen rapid test and fecal occult blood test. Also, among 49 subjects, there were 12 subjects harboring Blastocystis as the single etiologic agent. Subtyping proved that only three subtypes of Blastocystis were identified as following: subtype II (66.66%) in single infected subjects, subtype I (16.66%) in mixed infection with subtype II and subtype IV (8.33%) in single infected subjects. Total serum IgA and IgE antibody levels were in normal range. Subtype II was the most frequent subtype followed by subtype I and subtype IV of Blastocystis isolates in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, colitis, and chronic diarrhea as well as in asymptomatic infected group. Our results suggest that the severity of clinical manifestations depend on factors involving the host and possible parasitic density and not necessarily by isolated subtype.
References
Albrecht H., Stellbrink H.J., Koperski K., Greten H. 1995. Blastocystis hominis in human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 30, 909-914Search in Google Scholar
Baldo E.T., Belizario V.Y., De Leon W.U., Kong H.H., Chung D.I. 2004. Infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 42, 67-70Search in Google Scholar
Bohm-Gloning B., Knobloch J., Walderich B. 1997. Five subgroups of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed by restriction site analysis of PCR-amplified 16S-like rDNA. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2, 771-778Search in Google Scholar
Boorom K., Smith H., Nimri L., Viscogliosi E., Spanakos G., Parkar U., Li L.-H., Zhou X.-N., Ok U., Leelayoova S., Jones M. 2008. Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. Parasites & Vectors, 1, 40Search in Google Scholar
Brandt L.J., Bjorkman D., Fennerty M.B., Locke G.R., Olden K., Peterson W., Quigley E., Schoenfeld P., Schuster M., Talley N. 2002. Systematic review on the management of irritable bowel syndrome in North America. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97(11 Suppl), S7-26Search in Google Scholar
Cirioni O., Giacometti A., Drenaggi D., Ancarani F., Scalise G. 1999. Prevalence and clinical relevance of Blastocystis hominis in diverse patient cohorts. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, 389-393Search in Google Scholar
Clark C.G. 1997. Extensive genetic diversity in Blastocystis hominis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 87, 79-83Search in Google Scholar
Eida A., Eida M. 2008. Identification of Blastocystis hominis in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome using microscopy and culture compared to PCR. Parasitologists United Journal, 1, 87-92Search in Google Scholar
Florez A.C., Garcia D.A., Moncada L., Beltran M. 2003. Prevalence of microsporidia and other intestinal parasites in patients with HIV infection, Bogota, 2001. Biomedica, 23, 274-282Search in Google Scholar
Fouad S.A., Basyoni M.M.A., Fahmy R.A., Kobaisi M.H. 2011. The pathogenic role of different Blastocystis hominis genotypes isolated from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 194-200Search in Google Scholar
Garcia L. 2001. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of fecal specimens. In: Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. The American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 741-785Search in Google Scholar
Herwaldt B.L., De Arroyave K.R., Wahlquist S.P., De Merida A.M., Lopez A.S., Juranek D.D. 2001. Multiyear prospective study of intestinal parasitism in a cohort of Peace Corps volunteers in Guatemala. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 34-42Search in Google Scholar
Junod C. 1995. Blastocystis hominis: a common commensal in the colon. Study of prevalence in different populations of Paris. La Presse Médicale, 24, 1684-1688Search in Google Scholar
Kaneda Y., Horiki N., Cheng X.J., Fujita Y., Maruyama M., Tachibana H. 2001. Ribodemes of Blastocystis hominis isolated in Japan. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65, 393-396Search in Google Scholar
Kukoschke K.G., Muller H.E. 1991. SDS-PAGE and immunological analysis of different axenic Blastocystis hominis strains. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 35, 35-39Search in Google Scholar
Li L.-H., Zhou X.-N., Du Z.-W., Wang X.-Z., Wang L.-B., Jiang J.- Y., Yoshikawa H., Steinmann P., Utzinger J., Wu Z., Chen J.- X., Chen S.-H., Zhang L. 2007. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis in a village in Yunnan province, China. Parasitology International, 56, 281-286Search in Google Scholar
Mahmoud M.S., Saleh W.A. 2003. Secretory and humoral antibody responses to Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic and asymptomatic human infections. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 33, 13-30Search in Google Scholar
Markell E.K., Udkow M.P. 1986. Blastocystis hominis: pathogen or fellow traveler? . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 35, 1023-1026Search in Google Scholar
Moglan I., Popescu I.E. 2009. Parazitologie animală. Editura Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iaşi, 100 pp Search in Google Scholar
Pegelow K., Gross R., Pietrzik K., Lukito W., Richards A.L., Fryauff D.J. 1997. Parasitological and nutritional situation of school children in the Sukaraja district, West Java, Indonesia. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 28, 173-190Search in Google Scholar
Poirier P., Wawrzyniak I., Vivares C.P., Delbac F., El Alaoui H. 2012. New Insights into Blastocystis spp.: a potential link with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. PLoS Pathogens, 8, e1002545. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002545Search in Google Scholar
Ramirez-Miranda M., Hernandez-Castellanos R., Lopez-Escamilla E., Moncada D., Rodriguez-Magallan A., Pagaza-Melero C., Gonzalez-Angulo A., Flisser A., Kawa-Karasik S., Maravilla P. 2010. Parasites in Mexican patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study. Parasites & Vectors, 3, 96Search in Google Scholar
Roberts T., Stark D., Harkness J., Ellis J. 2014. Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp. Gut Pathogens, 6, 17Search in Google Scholar
Saito Y.A., Locke G.R., Talley N.J., Zinsmeister A.R., Fett S.L., Melton L.J. 2000. A comparison of the Rome and Manning criteria for case identification in epidemiological investigations of irritable bowel syndrome. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, 2816-2824Search in Google Scholar
Saksirisampant W., Nuchprayoon S., Wiwanitkit V., Yenthakam S., Ampavasiri A. 2003. Intestinal parasitic infestations among children in an orphanage in Pathum Thani province. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 86 (Suppl 2), S263-S270Search in Google Scholar
Shlim D.R., Hoge C.W., Rajah R., Rabold J.G., Echeverria P. 1995. Is Blastocystis hominis a cause of diarrhea in travelers? A prospective controlled study in Nepal. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 21, 97-101Search in Google Scholar
Stanley Jr S.L. 2003. Amoebiasis. The Lancet, 361, 1025-1034 Search in Google Scholar
Stark D., van Hal S., Marriott D., Ellis J., Harkness J. 2007. Irritable bowel syndrome: A review on the role of intestinal protozoa and the importance of their detection and diagnosis. International Journal for Parasitology, 37, 11-20Search in Google Scholar
Stensvold C.R., Suresh G.K., Tan K.S.W., Thompson R.C.A., Traub R.J., Viscogliosi E., Yoshikawa H., Clark C.G. 2007. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes - a consensus. Trends in Parasitology, 23, 93-96. DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2007.01.004Search in Google Scholar
Stenzel D.J., Boreham P.F. 1996. Blastocystis hominis revisited. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 9, 563-84Search in Google Scholar
Taamasri P., Mungthin M., Rangsin R., Tongupprakarn B., Areekul W., Leelayoova S. 2000. Transmission of intestinal blastocystosis related to the quality of drinking water. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 31, 112-117Search in Google Scholar
Tan K. 2004. Blastocystis in humans and animals: new insights using modern methodologies. Veterinary Parasitology, 126, 121-144 Search in Google Scholar
Tan K., Singh M., Yap E. 2002. Recent advances in Blastocystis hominis research: hot spots in terra incognita. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 789-804Search in Google Scholar
Wang L.C. 2004. Changing patterns in intestinal parasitic infections among Southeast Asian laborers in Taiwan. Parasitology Research, 92, 18-21Search in Google Scholar
Windsor J.J., Macfarlane L., Hughes-Thapa G., Jones S.K., Whiteside T.M. 2002. Incidence of Blastocystis hominis in faecal samples submitted for routine microbiological analysis. British Journal of Biomedical Science 59, 154-157Search in Google Scholar
Zaman V. 1997. Phase-contrast microscopy of cell division in Blastocystis hominis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91, 223-224Search in Google Scholar
Zhang X., Qiao J., Wu X., Da R., Zhao L., Wei Z. 2012. In vitro culture of Blastocystis hominis in three liquid media and its usefulness in the diagnosis of blastocystosis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, e23-e28 Search in Google Scholar
© 2015
Articles in the same Issue
- The use of phytotherapy in diseases caused by parasitic protozoa
- Parasite communities of the elongate tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahlii (Cuvier 1819) and redbelly tilapia Tilapia zillii (Gervais 1848) from Lake Turkana, Kenya: influence of host sex and size
- Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia spp., Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis in dogs on Costa Rica
- Predominance of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype among diarrheic children from Egypt as an indicator for zoonotic transmission
- Wild boar density drives Metastrongylus infection in earthworm
- The effect of trematode parthenites on the individual fecundity of Bithynia troscheli (Prosobranchia: Bithyniidae)
- Serological screening of selected microsporidia in HPV-positive women
- Cloning and expression of apyrase gene from Ancylostoma caninum in Escherechia coli
- Biological and molecular characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi isolate obtained from Panstrongylus megistus captured in Sao Paulo State, Brazil
- A new Gyrodactylus strain on brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Jänisjärvi, Russian Karelia, and a literature revision of salmonid parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus in North-Western Russia and adjacent areas
- Phylogeography analysis and molecular evolution patterns of the nematode parasite Heligmosomum mixtum based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
- Risk of human toxocarosis in Poland due to Toxocara infection of dogs and cats
- The in vitro antimalarial interaction of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone and α-mangostin with mefloquine/artesunate
- New species of Oswaldofilaria (Nematoda; Filarioidea; Onchocercidae) and other helminths in Acanthosaura cardamomensis (Sauria; Agamidae) from Indochina Peninsula
- The pathogenic role of Blastocystis isolated from patients with irritable bowel syndrome and colitis from Iasi, Romania
- Population dynamic of two digenean species parasitizing the grass shrimp Palaemonetes argentinus Nobili 1901 (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in a lentic environment from Argentina
- Two new Dactylogyrus species (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) D. angorae and D. turcicus from Capoeta angorae and C. mauricii endemic fishes in Turkey
- First record of Toxoplasma gondii in Chaetophractus villosus in Argentina
- New morphological data and first description of gravid female of Cucullanus bagre Petter, 1974 (Seuratoidea: Cucullanidae) from Bagre bagre (Linnaeus, 1766) (Siluriformes: Ariidae) off Brazil
- Further studies on Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902) (Ascaridida: Ascarididae) from Felis lynx (Linnaeus) and Panthera leo (Linnaeus) (Carnivora: Felidae)
- Parasitism underground: lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) along its coastal distribution in Argentina
- Buxtonellosis and coccidiosis of cattles in Northern Serbia
- Effect of structurally related flavonoids from Zuccagnia punctata Cav. on Caenorhabditis elegans
- Coccidia in passerines from the Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico
- 10.1515/ap-2015-0025
Articles in the same Issue
- The use of phytotherapy in diseases caused by parasitic protozoa
- Parasite communities of the elongate tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahlii (Cuvier 1819) and redbelly tilapia Tilapia zillii (Gervais 1848) from Lake Turkana, Kenya: influence of host sex and size
- Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia spp., Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis in dogs on Costa Rica
- Predominance of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype among diarrheic children from Egypt as an indicator for zoonotic transmission
- Wild boar density drives Metastrongylus infection in earthworm
- The effect of trematode parthenites on the individual fecundity of Bithynia troscheli (Prosobranchia: Bithyniidae)
- Serological screening of selected microsporidia in HPV-positive women
- Cloning and expression of apyrase gene from Ancylostoma caninum in Escherechia coli
- Biological and molecular characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi isolate obtained from Panstrongylus megistus captured in Sao Paulo State, Brazil
- A new Gyrodactylus strain on brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Jänisjärvi, Russian Karelia, and a literature revision of salmonid parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus in North-Western Russia and adjacent areas
- Phylogeography analysis and molecular evolution patterns of the nematode parasite Heligmosomum mixtum based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
- Risk of human toxocarosis in Poland due to Toxocara infection of dogs and cats
- The in vitro antimalarial interaction of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone and α-mangostin with mefloquine/artesunate
- New species of Oswaldofilaria (Nematoda; Filarioidea; Onchocercidae) and other helminths in Acanthosaura cardamomensis (Sauria; Agamidae) from Indochina Peninsula
- The pathogenic role of Blastocystis isolated from patients with irritable bowel syndrome and colitis from Iasi, Romania
- Population dynamic of two digenean species parasitizing the grass shrimp Palaemonetes argentinus Nobili 1901 (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in a lentic environment from Argentina
- Two new Dactylogyrus species (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) D. angorae and D. turcicus from Capoeta angorae and C. mauricii endemic fishes in Turkey
- First record of Toxoplasma gondii in Chaetophractus villosus in Argentina
- New morphological data and first description of gravid female of Cucullanus bagre Petter, 1974 (Seuratoidea: Cucullanidae) from Bagre bagre (Linnaeus, 1766) (Siluriformes: Ariidae) off Brazil
- Further studies on Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902) (Ascaridida: Ascarididae) from Felis lynx (Linnaeus) and Panthera leo (Linnaeus) (Carnivora: Felidae)
- Parasitism underground: lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) along its coastal distribution in Argentina
- Buxtonellosis and coccidiosis of cattles in Northern Serbia
- Effect of structurally related flavonoids from Zuccagnia punctata Cav. on Caenorhabditis elegans
- Coccidia in passerines from the Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico
- 10.1515/ap-2015-0025