Impacts of the gradient-index crystalline lens structure on its peripheral optical power profile
-
Qing Li
Abstract
The crystalline lens makes an important contribution to the peripheral refraction of the human eye, which may affect the development and progression of myopia. However, little has been known about the peripheral optical features of the crystalline lens and its impacts on the peripheral ocular refraction. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the structural parameters of the crystalline lens and its peripheral power profile over a wide visual field. The peripheral power profile is defined with respect to the entrance and exit pupil centers along the chief rays. Analysis is performed by three-dimensional ray tracing through the gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens models built from measurement data. It has been found that the vergence of the wavefronts at the entrance and the exit pupil centers of the lens show an approximate linear correlation to each other for each field angle. The exponent parameters of the axial refractive index profile and the axial curvature profile, and the asphericity of the posterior lens surface are found to be the most influential parameters in the peripheral power profiles. The study also shows that there can be significantly different, sometimes unrealistic, power profiles in the homogeneous lens model compared with its corresponding GRIN model with the same external geometry. The theoretical findings on the peripheral lens properties provide a new perspective for both wide-field eye modelling and the design of intraocular lenses to achieve normal peripheral vision.
Funding source: Science Foundation Ireland https://doi.10.13039/501100001602
Award Identifier / Grant number: 15/RP/B3208
Funding source: the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs and the Ministry of Education of China https://doi.10.13039/501100003512
Award Identifier / Grant number: B07014
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: The authors would like to thank the financial support from Science Foundation Ireland under Grant number (15/RP/B3208), and the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs and the Ministry of Education of China (No. B07014).
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] J. Wallman, and J. Winawer, “Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia,” Neuron, vol. 43, pp. 447–468, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.008.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[2] E. L. Smith, R. Ramamirtham, Y. Qiao-Grider, et al., “Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia,” Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 3914–3922, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1264.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[3] E. L. SmithIII, L.-F. Hung, and J. Huang, “Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys,” Vision Res., vol. 49, pp. 2386–2392, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.07.011.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[4] D. O. Mutti, K. Zadnik, R. E. Fusaro, N. E. Friedman, R. I. Sholtz, and A. J. Adams, “Optical and structural development of the crystalline lens in childhood,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 39, 120–133, 1998.Suche in Google Scholar
[5] J. Rozema, S. Dankert, R. Iribarren, C. Lanca, and S.-M. Saw, “Axial growth and lens power loss at myopia onset in Singaporean children,” Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 60, pp. 3091–3099, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-26247.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[6] J. M. Ip, S.-M. Saw, K. A. Rose, et al., “Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 2903–2910, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-0804.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[7] H.-M. Huang, D. S.-T. Chang, and P.-C. Wu, “The association between near work activities and myopia in children—a systematic review and meta-analysis,” PLoS One, vol. 10, 2015, Art no. e0140419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140419.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[8] B. M. Heilman, A. Mohamed, M. Ruggeri, et al., “Age-dependence of the peripheral defocus of the isolated human crystalline lens,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 62, pp. 15, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.62.3.15.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[9] R. Navarro, “Adaptive model of the aging emmetropic eye and its changes with accommodation,” J. Vis., vol. 14, p. 21, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1167/14.13.21.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[10] A. V. Goncharov, and C. Dainty, “Wide-field schematic eye models with gradient-index lens,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 24, pp. 2157–2174, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.24.002157.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] M. Bahrami, and A. V. Goncharov, “Geometry-invariant gradient refractive index lens: analytical ray tracing,” J. Biomed. Opt., vol. 17, 2012, Art no. 055001. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.17.5.055001.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] C. J. Sheil, and A. V. Goncharov, “Accommodating volume-constant age-dependent optical (AVOCADO) model of the crystalline GRIN lens,” Biomed. Opt. Express, vol. 7, pp. 1985–1999, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.7.001985.Suche in Google Scholar
[13] R. Navarro, F. Palos, and L. González, “Adaptive model of the gradient index of the human lens. I. Formulation and model of aging ex vivo lenses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 24, pp. 2175–2185, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.24.002175.Suche in Google Scholar
[14] Q. Li, and F. Z. Fang, “Physiology-like crystalline lens modelling for children,” Opt. Express, vol. 28, pp. 27155–27180, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.402372.Suche in Google Scholar
[15] K. Ishii, M. Yamanari, H. Iwata, Y. Yasuno, and T. Oshika, “Relationship between changes in crystalline lens shape and axial elongation in young children,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 54, pp. 771–777, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10105.Suche in Google Scholar
[16] M. Dubbelman, and G. Van der Heijde, “The shape of the aging human lens: curvature, equivalent refractive index and the lens paradox,” Vision Res., vol. 41, pp. 1867–1877, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00057-8.Suche in Google Scholar
[17] E. Martinez-Enriquez, A. de Castro, A. Mohamed, et al., “Age-related changes to the three-dimensional full shape of the isolated human crystalline lens,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 61, p. 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.61.4.11.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[18] A. Khan, J. M. Pope, P. K. Verkicharla, M. Suheimat, and D. A. Atchison, “Change in human lens dimensions, lens refractive index distribution and ciliary body ring diameter with accommodation,” Biomed. Opt. Express, vol. 9, pp. 1272–1282, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.9.001272.Suche in Google Scholar
[19] E. Kreyszig, Differential Geometry, New York, Dover Publications, 1991.Suche in Google Scholar
[20] L. N. Thibos, W. Wheeler, and D. Horner, “Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error,” Optom. Vis. Sci., vol. 74, pp. 367–375, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199706000-00019.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[21] G. Dai, Wavefront Optics for Vision Correction, Washington, SPIE Press, 2008.10.1117/3.769212Suche in Google Scholar
[22] T. Liu, and L. N. Thibos, “Interaction of axial and oblique astigmatism in theoretical and physical eye models,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 33, pp. 1723–1734, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.33.001723.Suche in Google Scholar
[23] S.-M. Li, N. Wang, Y. Zhou, et al., “Paraxial schematic eye models for 7-and 14-year-old Chinese children,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 56, pp. 3577–3583, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-16428.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[24] Q. Li, and F. Z. Fang, “Retinal contour modelling to reproduce two-dimensional peripheral spherical equivalent refraction,” Biomed. Opt. Express, vol. 12, pp. 3948–3964, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.426413.Suche in Google Scholar
[25] J. Birkenfeld, A. de Castro, and S. Marcos, “Astigmatism of the ex vivo human lens: surface and gradient refractive index age-dependent contributions,” Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 56, pp. 5067–5073, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-16484.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Does journalism in B2B publishing work?
- Community
- Report: Laser World of Photonics 2022
- Letters
- Polarimetric 360° absolute rotary encoder
- Polarimetric linear absolute position encoder
- Research Articles
- Impacts of the gradient-index crystalline lens structure on its peripheral optical power profile
- Calculation and analysis of laser hazard distances in navigable airspace for multi-beam visible CW laser radiation
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Does journalism in B2B publishing work?
- Community
- Report: Laser World of Photonics 2022
- Letters
- Polarimetric 360° absolute rotary encoder
- Polarimetric linear absolute position encoder
- Research Articles
- Impacts of the gradient-index crystalline lens structure on its peripheral optical power profile
- Calculation and analysis of laser hazard distances in navigable airspace for multi-beam visible CW laser radiation
