New Judgements on the Artistry of Andreas: The Case of Christ III
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Daniel Evans
Abstract
The Old English poem Andreas has long been considered to be indebted both to the signed works of Cynewulf and to Beowulf. Recent studies have demonstrated Andreas’s debt to a number of other ‘Cynewulfian’ poems. This paper argues that the poet of Andreas likewise borrowed from Christ III (an earlier poem concerned with the Second Coming of Christ at Doomsday). The influence of the latter on the former is apparent on the basis of a large number of unique or almost unique verbal parallels listed in an appendix to this paper. The later poet does not just parrot his hypothesised source, but originally and artistically recasts his borrowings with various kinds of embellishment. The influence of Christ III on Andreas is also apparent on a thematic level. This paper demonstrates that the Andreas-poet was attracted to the twin themes of ignorance and judgement in Christ III, creating a miniature Doomsday narrative out of the conversion of the Mermedonians. In doing so, the Andreas-poet reveals himself as a sophisticated consumer of earlier poetry and an original artist, turning his Latin prose source into a novel, theologically imaginative narrative.
Acknowledgements
This article was originally submitted as an undergraduate dissertation at the University of Oxford (supervised by Andy Orchard) and has since been revised. I would like to thank the anonymous readers and Ursula Lenker as the journal’s editor for their valuable comments and insights. All errors that remain are my own.
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Appendices
Appendix A: Parallels between Andreas and Christ III
(parallels shared with other poems indicated by a dagger)
[A1†] Christ III 873–874 semninga forfehð slæpe gebundne,
eorlas ungearwe yfles genægeð
Andreas 463–464 eadig oreta, eorlas trymede,
oððæt hie semningaslæpofereode
Andreas 820 oððæt hine semningaslæpofereode
Riddle 40 10 ond mec semningaslæpofergongeþ
[A2] Christ III 876 mægen-folc micel, meotude getrywe
Andreas 984 maga mode rof, meotude getreowe
[A3†] Christ III 888–889a egeslic of þære ealdan moldan; hatað hy upp astandan
sneome of slæpe þy fæstan
Andreas 792–795a Het þa ofstlice up astandan
Habraham ond Isaac, æðeling þriddan
Iacob of greote to godes geþinge,
sneome of slæpe þæm fæstan
The Panther 40–42a þonne ellen-rof up astondeð,
þrymme gewelgad, on þone þriddan dæg,
sneome of slæpe.
[A4] Christ III 947–949 sylfa geseceð. Weorþeð geond sidne grund
hlud gehyredheofon-byman stefn
ond on seofon healfa swogað windas,
Andreas 92–93 ða wearð gehyredheofon-cyninges stefn
wrætlic under wolcnum, word-hleoðres sweg
[A5] Christ III 967 eorþan mid hire beorgum, ond upheofon
Christ III 1128 eorðan eal-greneond uprodor
Andreas 798 eorðan eall-greneond upheofon
[A6] Christ III 998–999a gehreow ond hlud wop bi heofon-woman,
earmlic ælda gedreag
Andreas 1554–1555a Þær wæs wop wera wide gehyred,
earmlic ylda gedræg
Andreas 182 earmlic ylda cwealm, æfter wyrþan
[A7] Christ III 1007–1010 Ðonne mihtig god on þone mæran beorg
mid þy mæstan mægen-þrymme cymeð,
heofon-engla cyning, halig scineð,
wuldorlic ofer weredum, waldende god
Andreas 1718–1722 Is his miht ond his æht ofer middan-geard
breme gebledsod, ond his blæd ofer eall
in heofon-þrymmehalgum scineð,
wlitige on wuldre to widan aldre,
ece mid englum; þæt is æðele cyning!
[A8†] Christ III 1022 weorþeð in worulde, þonne wuldor-cyning
Christ III 1197 weorðan in worulde, wuldres agend
Christ III 1587 on his weorces wlite, ond wuldreslean
Andreas 210 gif hit worde becwið wuldres agend
Andreas 948 weorþan in woruldeond in wuldre lean
Andreas 1715 ond þa weorðedonwuldres agend
Juliana 223 waldeð wide-ferh, wuldres agend
Juliana 416 weorðan in worulde wyrme to hroþor
[A9] Christ III 1072 berað breosta hord fore bearn godes
Andreas 1028 sendon hira bene fore bearn godes
Andreas 1613 Sende þa his bene fore bearn godes
[A10] Christ III 1111 ond of his sidan swa some swat forletan
Christ III 1446–1449a Ða ic wæs ahongen on heanne beam,
rode gefæstnad. Ða hi ricene mid spere
of minre sidan swat ut guton,
dreor to foldan
Christ III 1458 on minre sidanswatge wunde
Andreas 966–999a þa ic mid Iudeum gealgan þehte;
rod wæs aræred, þær rinca sum
of minre sidan swat ut forlet,
dreor to foldan.
[A11] Christ III 1115–1117 Eall þis magon him sylfe geseon þonne,
open, orgete, þæt he for ælda lufan,
firen-fremmendra, fela þrowade.
Andreas 758–760 weorðan wuldres god. Is seo wyrd mid eow
open, orgete, magan eagum nu
geseon sigores god, swegles agend
[A12†] Christ III 1145 cyðde cræftes meaht, ond of clomme bræc
Andreas 585 cyne-rof cyðde þurh his cræftes miht
Elene 558 cyðdon cræftes miht. Þa sio cwen ongan
[A13] Christ III 1185–1187 wendon swa þeah wundrum, þa hyra waldend for
of lic-homan. Leode ne cuþan,
mod-blinde men, meotud oncnawan
Andreas 812–814 hu he wundra worn wordum cyðde,
swa þeah ne gelyfdon larum sinum
mod-blinde menn. Ic wat manig nu gyt
[A14] Christ III 1195–1198 ðæt se earcnan-stan eallum sceolde
to hleo ond to hroþer hæleþa cynne
weorðan in worulde, wuldres agend,
eades ord-fruma, þurh þa æþelan cwenn
Andreas 110–111 Ic þe Andreas ædre onsende
to hleo ond to hroðre in þas hæðenan burg
Andreas 566–568a oncnawan þæt cyne-bearn, se ðe acenned wearð
to hleo ond to hroðre hæleða cynne,
eallum eorð-warum.
[A15†] Christ III 1246 eadge mid englum agan motun
Andreas 599 eadige mid englum, eard weardigan
The Phoenix 621 eadge mid englum, efen-hleoþre þus
The Phoenix 677 eadge mid englum. Alleluia.
Guthlac B 1192 eades mid englum. Ðu hyre eac saga
[A16] Christ III 1257–1258 þæt he hy generedefrom nið-cwale,
ond eac forgeaf ece dreamas
Andreas 1037–1038 generede fram niðe, þær he nænig<n>e forlet
under burg-locan bendum fæstne
[A17] Christ III 1342–1343 on eþel faran engla dreames,
ond þæs to widan feore willum neotan
Andreas 809–810 secan mid sybbe swegles dreamas,
ond þæs to widan feore willum neotan
[A18] Christ III 1351 on mildum sefan. Ðonne hy him þurh minne noman
Christ III 1506 moses mete-leasum. Þeah hy him þurh minne noman
Andreas 975 þurh minne naman, þeah hie morðres feala
[A19] Christ III 1372–1374 þæs ælmihtigan, þonne he yrringa
on þæt fræte folc firene stæleð
laþum wordum, hateð hyra lifes riht
Andreas 1504–1506a ea inflede, nu ðe ælmihtig
hateð, heofona cyning, þæt ðu hrædlice
on þis fræte folc
[A20] Christ III 1433 Ond fore monna lufan min þrowade
Andreas 431 ond for dryhtnes lufan deað þrowodon
[A21] Christ III 1437–1438 Swylce hi me geblendonbittre tosomne
unswetne drync ecedes ond geallan
Andreas 33–34 Syððan him geblendanbitere tosomne,
dryas þurh dwolcræft, drync unheorne
[A22] Christ III 1506 mosesmete-leasum. Ϸeah hy him þurh minne noman
Andreas 27 dydan him to mosemete-þearfendum
Andreas 136 hwæn<n>e hie to mosemete-þearfendum
[A23] Christ III 1521–1522 þæt wæs Satane ond his gesiþum mid
deofle gegearwad ond þære deorcan scole
Andreas 1688–1689 deoful-gild todraf ond gedwolan fylde;
þæt wæs Satane sar to geþolienne
[A24†] Christ III 1539 swylt þrowiað. Bið him syn-wracu
Andreas 1610 synnigra cynn swylt þrowode
Fates 71 fore sacerdum swilt þrowode
Menologium 25 æfter seofen-tynum swylt þrowade
[A25] Christ III 1564 won ond wlite-leashafað werges bleo
Andreas 1169 wann ond wlite-leas; hæfde weriges hiw
[A26] Christ III 1612 heard ond heoro-grim. Þonne hel nimeð
Andreas 1395 heard ond hete-grim. Wæs se halga wer
Andreas 1562 heard ond hete-grim; þæt is <her> swa cuð!
[A27†] Christ III 1613 wær-leasra weorud, ond hi waldend giefeð
Andreas 1069 wær-leasra werod wæpnum comon
Genesis A 67 wær-leas werod. Waldend sende
[A28†] Christ III 1629 caldan clommum. Hy bræcon cyninges word
Andreas 1212 cealdan clommum; cyð þe sylfne
Seafarer 10 caldum clommum, þær þa ceare seofedun
Appendix A (b): Nominal and Adjectival Compounds Unique to Andreas and Christ III
hell-fus [Andreas 50a and Christ III 1123a]; sige-dema [Andreas 661b and Christ III 1060b]; þeod-bealo/u [Andreas 1136a and Christ III 1267a]
Appendix A (c): Nominal and Adjectival Compounds Shared with One or Two Other Poems
æþel-cyning [Andreas 1679a, Christ III 906a, Elene 219a]; cild-geong [Andreas 685a, Christ III 1425a, and Maxims I 48a]; heafod-gimm [Andreas 31b, Christ III 1330a, and Maxims I 44a]; hyge-þanc [Andreas 817b, Christ III 1330b, Riddle 35 4b and Psalm 74 12b]; mod-blind [Andreas 814a, Christ III 1187a, and Elene 306a]; swegel-dream [Andreas 720a, Christ III 1348a, Guthlac B 1125a]; ðeod-sceaða [Andreas 1115b, Christ III 1595a and 1609b, Beowulf 2278a and 2688a]
Appendix B: Parallels between Andreas and Christ I
Christ I is composed of twelve lyrics. As such, I have indicated in brackets the relevant lyric number after the line number of quotations from Christ I.
[B1] Christ I 89–91 (4) Hwæt is þeos wundrung þe ge wafiað,
ond geomrendegehþum mænað,
sunu Solimæ somod his dohtor?
Andreas 1664–1666a folc of firenum? Is him fus hyge
gað geomriende,geohðo mænað
weras wif samod.
[B2] Christ I 136 (6) ealra cyninga cyning ond þone clænan eac
Andreas 978 eallra cyninga cining, þone clænan ham
[B3] Christ I 173b–175a (7) God eaþe mæg
gehælan hyge-sorge heortan minre,
afrefran fea-sceaftne.
Christ I 368 (10) afrefre fea-sceafte, þeah we fæhþo wið þec
Andreas 367–368 frefran fea-sceafte ofer flodes wylm
þæt hie þe eað mihton ofer yða geþring
[B4] Christ I 168 (7) deope gedrefed, dome bereafod
Andreas 394 deope gedrefed. Duguð is geswenced
Andreas 1529 deope gedrefed; duguð wearð afyrhted
[B5] Christ I 308 (9) æþelic ingong. Eal was gebunden
Andreas 888 æðelic onginn,[14] næs þær ænigum gewinn
[B6†] Christ I 334–335 (9) lioþu-cægan bileac, lifes brytta
Iowa us nu þa are þe se engel þe
Andreas 822–823 Þa gelædan het lifes brytta
ofer yða geþræc englas sine
Genesis A 122 lifes brytta, leoht forð cuman
Genesis A 129 lifes brytta. Leoht wæs ærest
[B7] Christ I 343 (10) þæt he us ne læteleng owihte
Andreas 800 Ne dorston þa gelettanleng owihte
[B8] Christ I 396 (11) onsyne wear<di>að, ecan dryhtnes
Andreas 721 Fore onsyneecan dryhtnes
[B9] Christ I 401–407 (11) þa word cweþað, ond wuldriað
æþelne ord-fruman ealra gesceafta:
‘Halig eart þu, halig, heah-engla brego,
soð sigores frea, simle þu bist halig,
dryhtna dryhten; a þin dom wunað
eorðlic mid ældum in ælce tid
wide geweorþad.
Andreas 539–544 wuldres waldend, ond þus wordum cwæð:
‘Wes ðu gebledsod, brego man-cynnes,
dryhten hælend! A þin dom lyfað
ge neh ge feor; is þin nama halig,
wuldre gewlitegad ofer wer-þeoda,
miltsum gemærsod!
[B10] Christ I 434 (12) He him þære lisse lean forgildeð
Andreas 387 lifes leoht-fruma, lean forgilde
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- New Judgements on the Artistry of Andreas: The Case of Christ III
- The Kassel Fragment from an Early South English Legendary
- “Eene schoone engelsche troupe”: William Durham and His Company of Travelling Performers in Ghent (1713) and Germany (1724–1728)
- Contours of Status and Power: Seats and Sitting Postures in Charles Dickens’s Our Mutual Friend
- Resisting Ireland’s Necropolitics of Asylum: Refugee Voices in Irish Literature and the Arts
- No Country for God: The Brutality of Western Territorial Appropriation in Blood Meridian
- Rachel Seiffert: An Interview with Paula Romo-Mayor
- Reviews
- Michael Lapidge. 2023. Canterbury Glosses from the School of Theodore and Hadrian: The Leiden Glossary. Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin 17/1–2, 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols. 824 pp., 1 illustr., €135,00.
- Review
- Kerstin Majewski. 2022. The Ruthwell Cross and its Texts. A New Reconstruction and an Edition of “The Ruthwell Crucifixion Poem”. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, 132. Berlin: de Gruyter, 26 + 397 pp., 39 illustr., €154.95 (hc. and e-book).
- Olga Timofeeva. 2022. Sociolinguistic Variation in Old English: Records of Communities and People. Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 13. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, xv + 204 pp., 29 tables, 14 figures, €99.00 | $149.00.
- Christoph Anton Xaver Hauf. 2021. Verbs of Speaking and the Linguistic Expression of Communication in the History of English. Munich Studies in English 47. Berlin: Lang, 324 pp., 52 figures, 36 tables, €76.70 Hardcover | €77.85 Ebook.
- Rebecca Brackmann. 2023. Old English Scholarship in the Seventeenth Century: Medievalism and National Crisis. Medievalism 23. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, xii + 235 pp., 14 illustr., £70.00 | $105.00 Hardcover, £29.95 | $24.99 Ebook.
- Carolin Harthan. 2022. Medially-Placed Linking Adverbials in Written Academic English: Usage Patterns and Functions. Munich Studies in English 49. Berlin: Lang, 340 pp., 41 figures, 51 tables, €83.20.
- Paul Dawson. 2023. The Story of Fictional Truth: Realism from the Death to the Rise of the Novel. Theory and Interpretation of Narrative. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 246 pp., $ 74.95.
- Olaf Kaltmeier, Mirko Petersen, Wilfried Raussert and Julia Roth (eds.). 2021. Cherishing the Past, Envisioning the Future: Entangled Practices of Heritage and Utopia in the Americas. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 163 pp., 3 illustr., € 23.50.
- Barbara Schmidt-Haberkamp, Marion Gymnich and Klaus P. Schneider (eds.). 2021. Representing Poverty and Precarity in a Postcolonial World. Cross/Cultures 25. Amsterdam: Brill, 287 pp., € 123.05.
- Susana Onega and Jean-Michel Ganteau (eds.). 2021. Transcending the Postmodern: The Singular Response of Literature to the Transmodern Paradigm. London: Routledge, 266 pp., £31.19.
- Lasse R. Gammelgaard, Stefan Iversen, Louise Brix Jacobsen, James Phelan, Richard Walsh, Henrik Zetterberg-Nielsen and Simona Zetterberg-Nielsen (eds.). 2022. Fictionality and Literature: Core Concepts Revisited. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press, 338 pp., 8 illustr., £79.95.
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- New Judgements on the Artistry of Andreas: The Case of Christ III
- The Kassel Fragment from an Early South English Legendary
- “Eene schoone engelsche troupe”: William Durham and His Company of Travelling Performers in Ghent (1713) and Germany (1724–1728)
- Contours of Status and Power: Seats and Sitting Postures in Charles Dickens’s Our Mutual Friend
- Resisting Ireland’s Necropolitics of Asylum: Refugee Voices in Irish Literature and the Arts
- No Country for God: The Brutality of Western Territorial Appropriation in Blood Meridian
- Rachel Seiffert: An Interview with Paula Romo-Mayor
- Reviews
- Michael Lapidge. 2023. Canterbury Glosses from the School of Theodore and Hadrian: The Leiden Glossary. Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin 17/1–2, 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols. 824 pp., 1 illustr., €135,00.
- Review
- Kerstin Majewski. 2022. The Ruthwell Cross and its Texts. A New Reconstruction and an Edition of “The Ruthwell Crucifixion Poem”. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, 132. Berlin: de Gruyter, 26 + 397 pp., 39 illustr., €154.95 (hc. and e-book).
- Olga Timofeeva. 2022. Sociolinguistic Variation in Old English: Records of Communities and People. Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 13. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, xv + 204 pp., 29 tables, 14 figures, €99.00 | $149.00.
- Christoph Anton Xaver Hauf. 2021. Verbs of Speaking and the Linguistic Expression of Communication in the History of English. Munich Studies in English 47. Berlin: Lang, 324 pp., 52 figures, 36 tables, €76.70 Hardcover | €77.85 Ebook.
- Rebecca Brackmann. 2023. Old English Scholarship in the Seventeenth Century: Medievalism and National Crisis. Medievalism 23. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, xii + 235 pp., 14 illustr., £70.00 | $105.00 Hardcover, £29.95 | $24.99 Ebook.
- Carolin Harthan. 2022. Medially-Placed Linking Adverbials in Written Academic English: Usage Patterns and Functions. Munich Studies in English 49. Berlin: Lang, 340 pp., 41 figures, 51 tables, €83.20.
- Paul Dawson. 2023. The Story of Fictional Truth: Realism from the Death to the Rise of the Novel. Theory and Interpretation of Narrative. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 246 pp., $ 74.95.
- Olaf Kaltmeier, Mirko Petersen, Wilfried Raussert and Julia Roth (eds.). 2021. Cherishing the Past, Envisioning the Future: Entangled Practices of Heritage and Utopia in the Americas. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 163 pp., 3 illustr., € 23.50.
- Barbara Schmidt-Haberkamp, Marion Gymnich and Klaus P. Schneider (eds.). 2021. Representing Poverty and Precarity in a Postcolonial World. Cross/Cultures 25. Amsterdam: Brill, 287 pp., € 123.05.
- Susana Onega and Jean-Michel Ganteau (eds.). 2021. Transcending the Postmodern: The Singular Response of Literature to the Transmodern Paradigm. London: Routledge, 266 pp., £31.19.
- Lasse R. Gammelgaard, Stefan Iversen, Louise Brix Jacobsen, James Phelan, Richard Walsh, Henrik Zetterberg-Nielsen and Simona Zetterberg-Nielsen (eds.). 2022. Fictionality and Literature: Core Concepts Revisited. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press, 338 pp., 8 illustr., £79.95.
