Detection of fungal decay by high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) testing
-
Christian Brischke
Abstract
The suitability of a previously described high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) test for the detection of early fungal decay was examined. The HEMI test characterises the treatment severity of thermally modified wood by stressing the treated material by thousands of impacts of pounding steel balls. This method differentiates between heat treatment intensities, which are manifest as structural changes in the wood. Similar changes in wood structure are known for wood decayed by fungi. Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) decayed by brown rot and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) decayed by white rot were tested. Mass loss caused by fungal decay and resistance to impact milling (RIM) determined in HEMI tests were found to be highly correlated. Testing of non-degraded pine, beech, and ash (Fraxinus exelsior L.) showed only marginal effects of wood density on RIM. Furthermore, annual ring angles and RIM of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) were not correlated. Accordingly, the detection of RIM reduction in decayed wood is not masked by variations in density and orientation of the annual rings. Previous results showed no adverse effects of weathering on RIM. Thus, the detection of fungal decay with HEMI tests is feasible not only for laboratory purposes, but also for wood in outdoor applications that has already undergone weathering.
References
ASTM standard (1998) D 2017-94. Standard method for accelerated laboratory testing of natural decay resistance of woods.Search in Google Scholar
Buro, A. (1954) Die Wirkungen von Hitzebehandlungen auf die Pilzresistenz von Kiefern- und Buchenholz. Holz Roh Werkstoff12:297–304.10.1007/BF02606056Search in Google Scholar
Clausen, C.A., Kartal, S.N. (2003) Accelerated detection of brown-rot decay: comparison of soil block test, chemical analysis, mechanical properties, and immunodetection. For. Prod. J.53:90–94.Search in Google Scholar
Curling, S.F., Clausen, C.A., Winandy, J.E. (2001) The effect of hemicellulose degradation on the mechanical properties of wood during brown-rot decay. Document No. IRG/WP 01-20219. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Curling, S.F., Clausen, C.A., Winandy, J.E. (2002) Relationships between mechanical properties, weight loss, and chemical composition of wood during incipient brown-rot decay. For. Prod. J.52:34–39.Search in Google Scholar
Deutsche Industrie-Norm (1996) DIN EN 113. Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der vorbeugenden Wirksamkeit gegen holzzerstörende Basidiomyceten: Bestimmung der Grenze der Wirksamkeit.Search in Google Scholar
Deutsche Industrie-Norm (2003) DIN 68 364. Kennwerte von Holzarten – Rohdichte, Elastizitätsmodul und Festigkeiten.Search in Google Scholar
Emerson, R.N., Pollock, D.G., Kainz, J.A., Fridley, K.J., McLean, D.I., Ross, R.J. (1998) Nondestructive evaluation techniques for timber bridges. In: Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), 17–20 August 1998, Montreaux, Switzerland, Vol. 1. Eds. Natterer, J., Sandoz, J.-L. pp. 670–677.Search in Google Scholar
Ghelmeziu, N. (1938) Untersuchungen über die Schlagfestigkeit von Bauhölzern. Holz Roh Werkstoff1:585–601.10.1007/BF02639957Search in Google Scholar
Grammel, R. (1990) Zusammenhänge zwischen Wachstumsbedingungen und holz-technologischen Eigenschaften der Fichte. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt109:119–129.10.1007/BF02741625Search in Google Scholar
Kaarkainen, M., Dumell, O. (1983) Kuusipuun taivutuslujuuden riippuvuus tiheydesta ja vuosiluston leveydesta Etela-ja Phojois-Suomessa. Silva Fennica17:125–135.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, G.-H., Barnes, H.M., Lyon, D.E. (1994) Effect of decay on the mechanical properties of full-sized lumber. Holzforschung48:145–149.10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.2.145Search in Google Scholar
Kollmann, F. Technologie des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe. Springer, Berlin, 1951.Search in Google Scholar
Kubojima, Y., Okano, T., Ohta, M. (2000) Bending strength and toughness of heat treated wood. Jpn. Wood Res. Soc.46:8–15.10.1007/BF00779547Search in Google Scholar
Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C. (1935) Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States. Technical Bulletin No. 479. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.Search in Google Scholar
Nicholas, D.D., Wilson, J., Vasishth, R.C. (1991) Effect of soft-rot decay on the static bending strength of wood. Document No. IRG/WP/2361. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Rapp, A.O., Brischke, C., Welzbacher, C.R. (2006) Interrelationship between the severity of heat treatments and sieve fractions after impact ball milling: a mechanical test for quality control of thermally modified wood. Holzforschung60:64–70.10.1515/HF.2006.012Search in Google Scholar
Ruddick, J.N.R. (1986) Application of a novel strength evaluation technique during screening of wood preservatives. Document No. IRG/WP/2262. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Seeger, R. (1937) Untersuchungen über den Gütevergleich von Holz nach der Druckfestigkeit in Faserrichtung und nach der Schlagfestigkeit. In: Forschungsberichte Holz, Heft 4. VDI-Buchhandlung, Berlin, 1937.Search in Google Scholar
Tjeerdsma, B.F., Stevens, M., Militz, H., Van Acker, J. (2002) Effect of process conditions on moisture content and decay-resistance of hydro-thermally treated wood. Holzforschung Holzverwertung54:94–99.Search in Google Scholar
Toole, E.R. (1971) Reduction in crushing strength and weight associated with decay by rot fungi. Wood Sci.3:172–178.Search in Google Scholar
Viitaniemi, P. (1997) Thermowood – modified wood for improved performance. In: WOOD – The Ecological Material, 4th Eurowood Symposium, September 22–23, 1997, Stockholm. pp. 67-69.Search in Google Scholar
Wilcox, W.W. (1978) Review of literature on the effects of early stages of decay on wood strength. Wood Fiber9:252–257.Search in Google Scholar
Winandy, J.E., Morrell, J.J. (1993) Relationship between incipient decay, strength, and chemical composition of Douglas-fir heartwood. Wood Fiber25:278–288.Search in Google Scholar
©2006 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- The influence of lignin chemistry and ultrastructure on the pulping efficiency of clonal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
- Elucidating carboxylic acid profiles for extended oxygen delignification of high-kappa softwood kraft pulps
- A selectivity study of reaction of the carbonate radical anion with methyl β-d-cellobioside and methyl β-d-glucoside in oxygenated aqueous solutions
- Evidence for the formation of lignin-hexenuronic acid-xylan complexes during modified kraft pulping processes
- The effect of molecular composition of xylan extracted from birch on its assembly onto bleached softwood kraft pulp
- Critical comparison of methods for surface coverage by extractives and lignin in pulps by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
- Characterisation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) of spruce wood (Picea abies L.) isolated with two methods
- Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate complexes from spruce sulfite pulp
- Lignin antioxidants for preventing oxidation damage of DNA and for stabilizing polymeric composites
- Glycerol-ω-hydroxyacid-ferulic acid oligomers in cork suberin structure
- Improvement of formaldehyde-scavenging ability of condensed tannins by ammonia treatment
- Yield and composition of lipophylic extracts of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) as a function of wood age and aging under industrial conditions
- Transverse anisotropy of compressive failure in European oak – a digital speckle photography study
- Temperature-drop sensor for determination of drying curves in conventional lumber drying
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 1. Preparation of parameter and preliminary evaluation of the antifungal activity
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 2. Copper ion fixation by acetoacetylation
- Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi
- Detection of fungal decay by high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) testing
Articles in the same Issue
- The influence of lignin chemistry and ultrastructure on the pulping efficiency of clonal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
- Elucidating carboxylic acid profiles for extended oxygen delignification of high-kappa softwood kraft pulps
- A selectivity study of reaction of the carbonate radical anion with methyl β-d-cellobioside and methyl β-d-glucoside in oxygenated aqueous solutions
- Evidence for the formation of lignin-hexenuronic acid-xylan complexes during modified kraft pulping processes
- The effect of molecular composition of xylan extracted from birch on its assembly onto bleached softwood kraft pulp
- Critical comparison of methods for surface coverage by extractives and lignin in pulps by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
- Characterisation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) of spruce wood (Picea abies L.) isolated with two methods
- Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate complexes from spruce sulfite pulp
- Lignin antioxidants for preventing oxidation damage of DNA and for stabilizing polymeric composites
- Glycerol-ω-hydroxyacid-ferulic acid oligomers in cork suberin structure
- Improvement of formaldehyde-scavenging ability of condensed tannins by ammonia treatment
- Yield and composition of lipophylic extracts of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) as a function of wood age and aging under industrial conditions
- Transverse anisotropy of compressive failure in European oak – a digital speckle photography study
- Temperature-drop sensor for determination of drying curves in conventional lumber drying
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 1. Preparation of parameter and preliminary evaluation of the antifungal activity
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 2. Copper ion fixation by acetoacetylation
- Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi
- Detection of fungal decay by high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) testing
