Characterisation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) of spruce wood (Picea abies L.) isolated with two methods
-
Martin Lawoko
Abstract
A method for the quantitative isolation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) in a softwood is presented. The isolation steps involve partial enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, subsequent swelling in urea, and quantitative dissolution into four major fractions: (1) a galactoglucomannan LCC containing ∼8% of the wood lignin; (2) a glucane LCC containing ∼4% of the wood lignin; (3) a xylan-lignin-glucomannan network LCC (xylan>glucomannan) containing ∼40% of the wood lignin; and (4) a glucomannan-lignin-xylan network LCC (glucoman-nan>xylan) containing ∼48% of the wood lignin. Endoglucanase Novozyme 476, with only cellulase activity, and Ecopulp XM, with only xylanase and mannanase activities, were used as an enzymatic tool. From mildly ball-milled wood, all the lignin was isolated as LCCs. As a control, LCC was prepared from partially chlorite-delignified wood meal without ball milling, also in a mild procedure. The results were very similar to those obtained after ball milling. Thus, it can be safely concluded that the formation of new chemical linkages between lignin and carbohydrates during ball milling is improbable. Studies on isolated milled wood lignin (MWL) supported this conclusion and clearly showed that covalent linkages between lignin and carbohydrates are present. The study provide conclusive evidence of covalent linkages between lignin and carbohydrates in the native lignin in wood. It is concluded that carbohydrate-free lignin, i.e., lignin without covalent bonds to carbohydrates, probably cannot be present in spruce wood.
References
Adler, E. (1977) Lignin chemistry – past, present and future. Wood Sci. Technol.11:169–218.10.1007/BF00365615Search in Google Scholar
Blanchette, R.A., Crueler, W.E., Height, D.E., Akhtar, M., Akin, D.E. (1997). Cell wall alterations in loblolly pine wood decayed by the white rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. J. Biotechnol.53:203–213.Search in Google Scholar
Björkman, A. (1956) Studies on finely divided wood. Part 1. Extraction of lignin with neutral solvents. Svensk Papperstidn.59:477–485.Search in Google Scholar
Björkman, A. (1957) Studies on finely divided wood. Part 3. Extraction of lignin-carbohydrate complexes with neutral solvents. Svensk Papperstidn.60:243–251.Search in Google Scholar
Brownell, H.H., West, K.L. (1961) The nature of the lignin-carbohydrate bond in wood: fractionation of ball-milled wood, solubilized with ethylene oxide. Pulp Pap. Mag. Can.62:T374–T384.Search in Google Scholar
Fachuang, L., Ralph, J. (2003) Non-degradative dissolution and acetylation of ball-milled plant cell walls: high resolution solution-state NMR. Plant J.35:535–544.Search in Google Scholar
Freudenberg, K., Grion, G. (1959) Contribution to the mechanism of formation of lignin and of the lignin-carbohydrate bond. Chem. Ber.92:1355–1363.10.1002/cber.19590920618Search in Google Scholar
Freudenberg, K., Harkin, J.M. (1960) Models for the linkage of lignin to carbohydrates. Chem. Ber.93:2814–2819.10.1002/cber.19600931209Search in Google Scholar
Gellerstedt, G. (1992) Gel permeation chromatography. In: Methods in Lignin Chemistry. Eds. Lin, S.Y., Dence, C.W. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. pp. 487–497.10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_34Search in Google Scholar
Immergut, E.H., Mark, H. (1956) Graft and block copolymers from synthetic and natural macromolecules. Makromol. Chem.18/19:322–341.10.1002/macp.1956.020180128Search in Google Scholar
Iversen, T. (1985) Lignin-carbohydrate bonds in lignin-carbohydrate complex isolated from spruce. Wood Sci. Technol.19:243–251.10.1007/BF00392053Search in Google Scholar
Kosikova, B., Joniak, D., Skamla, J. (1972) Lignin-carbohydrate bonds in beech wood. Cell. Chem. Technol.6, 579–588.Search in Google Scholar
Lawoko, M., Henriksson, G., Gellerstedt, G. (2003) New method for quantitative preparation of lignin-carbohydrate complex from unbleached softwood kraft pulp: lignin-polysaccharide networks I. Holzforschung57:69–74.10.1515/HF.2003.011Search in Google Scholar
Lawoko, M., Berggren, R., Berthold, F., Henriksson, G., Geller-stedt, G. (2004) Changes in the lignin-carbohydrate complex in softwood kraft pulp during kraft and oxygen delignification. Holzforschung58:603–610.10.1515/HF.2004.114Search in Google Scholar
Lawoko, M., Henriksson, G., Gellerstedt, G. (2005) Structural differences between the lignin-carbohydrate complexes in wood and in chemical pulps. Biomacromolecules6:3467–3473.10.1021/bm058014qSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Lundquist, K., Ohlsson, B., Simonson, R. (1977) Isolation of lignin by means of liquid-liquid extraction. Svensk Papperstidn.80:143–144.Search in Google Scholar
Meier, H. (1958) Barium hydroxide as a selective precipitating agent for hemicelluloses. Acta Chem. Scand.12:144–146.10.3891/acta.chem.scand.12-0144Search in Google Scholar
Minor, J.L. (1982) Chemical linkage of pine polysaccharides to lignin. J. Wood Chem. Technol.2:1–16.10.1080/02773818208085116Search in Google Scholar
Minor, J.L. (1991) Location of lignin-bonded pectic polysaccharides. J. Wood Chem. Technol.11:159–169.10.1080/02773819108050268Search in Google Scholar
Tappi Test Method (1987), T222 cm-83, Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulps. TAPPI, Atlanta, GA, USA.Search in Google Scholar
Theander, O., Westerlund, E.A. (1986) Improved procedure for the analysis of dietary fiber. J. Agric. Food Chem.34:330–336.10.1021/jf00068a045Search in Google Scholar
Yaku, F., Yamada, Y., Koshijima, T. (1976) Lignin-carbohydrate complex. Part II. Enzymatic degradation of acidic polysaccharide in Björkman LCC. Holzforschung30:148–156.Search in Google Scholar
©2006 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- The influence of lignin chemistry and ultrastructure on the pulping efficiency of clonal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
- Elucidating carboxylic acid profiles for extended oxygen delignification of high-kappa softwood kraft pulps
- A selectivity study of reaction of the carbonate radical anion with methyl β-d-cellobioside and methyl β-d-glucoside in oxygenated aqueous solutions
- Evidence for the formation of lignin-hexenuronic acid-xylan complexes during modified kraft pulping processes
- The effect of molecular composition of xylan extracted from birch on its assembly onto bleached softwood kraft pulp
- Critical comparison of methods for surface coverage by extractives and lignin in pulps by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
- Characterisation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) of spruce wood (Picea abies L.) isolated with two methods
- Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate complexes from spruce sulfite pulp
- Lignin antioxidants for preventing oxidation damage of DNA and for stabilizing polymeric composites
- Glycerol-ω-hydroxyacid-ferulic acid oligomers in cork suberin structure
- Improvement of formaldehyde-scavenging ability of condensed tannins by ammonia treatment
- Yield and composition of lipophylic extracts of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) as a function of wood age and aging under industrial conditions
- Transverse anisotropy of compressive failure in European oak – a digital speckle photography study
- Temperature-drop sensor for determination of drying curves in conventional lumber drying
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 1. Preparation of parameter and preliminary evaluation of the antifungal activity
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 2. Copper ion fixation by acetoacetylation
- Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi
- Detection of fungal decay by high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) testing
Articles in the same Issue
- The influence of lignin chemistry and ultrastructure on the pulping efficiency of clonal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
- Elucidating carboxylic acid profiles for extended oxygen delignification of high-kappa softwood kraft pulps
- A selectivity study of reaction of the carbonate radical anion with methyl β-d-cellobioside and methyl β-d-glucoside in oxygenated aqueous solutions
- Evidence for the formation of lignin-hexenuronic acid-xylan complexes during modified kraft pulping processes
- The effect of molecular composition of xylan extracted from birch on its assembly onto bleached softwood kraft pulp
- Critical comparison of methods for surface coverage by extractives and lignin in pulps by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
- Characterisation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) of spruce wood (Picea abies L.) isolated with two methods
- Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate complexes from spruce sulfite pulp
- Lignin antioxidants for preventing oxidation damage of DNA and for stabilizing polymeric composites
- Glycerol-ω-hydroxyacid-ferulic acid oligomers in cork suberin structure
- Improvement of formaldehyde-scavenging ability of condensed tannins by ammonia treatment
- Yield and composition of lipophylic extracts of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) as a function of wood age and aging under industrial conditions
- Transverse anisotropy of compressive failure in European oak – a digital speckle photography study
- Temperature-drop sensor for determination of drying curves in conventional lumber drying
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 1. Preparation of parameter and preliminary evaluation of the antifungal activity
- Preparation of acetoacetylated wood meal and its properties. Part 2. Copper ion fixation by acetoacetylation
- Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi
- Detection of fungal decay by high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) testing
