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Japanese Learners’ Vowel Perception in Chinese and Japanese Language Contexts: The Role of Word Frequency

  • Ting Guo

    Ting Guo is a lecturer in the School of Foreign Languages at Ningbo University of Technology. Her research interests include cognitive psychology, with a focus on cross-language perception and lexical processing.

    , Rongxia Ren

    Rongxia Ren is a lecturer in the School of Education Sciences at Yan’an University. Her work focuses on cognitive psychology and second language acquisition, especially in the areas of memory and phonological processing.

    , Sa Lu

    Sa Lu is a professor in the School of Foreign Languages at Ningbo University of Technology. Her research centers on cognitive linguistics, particularly orthographic and phonological processing in multilingual contexts.

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    and Xiaoyu Tang

    Xiaoyu Tang is a professor at Liaoning Normal University. Her research interests lie in cognitive psychology, with an emphasis on bilingual cognition, language processing, and cross-modal integration.

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Published/Copyright: December 1, 2025

Abstract

The current study investigated how language context and word frequency influenced vowel perception of Chinese-Japanese cognates among Chinese learners of Japanese. Focusing on orthographic cognates, participants performed a vowel detection task on cognates, manipulating language context and target language (Chinese vs. Japanese), as well as word frequency (high vs. low). We measured reaction times, perceptual sensitivity, and response criterion. For high-frequency words, consistent language contexts facilitated faster vowel detection in both languages. However, in low-frequency conditions, participants showed higher perceptual sensitivity to Chinese targets and more conservative response criteria for Japanese targets, regardless of context. These findings revealed the complex interplay between word frequency, language dominance, and context in cross-language processing. Our study contributed to the understanding of vowel perception in languages with shared orthography but distinct phonological systems, offering insights for models of cross-language cognition and second language education. Furthermore, it highlighted the importance of considering both word frequency and language-specific features in cross-language studies.

About the authors

Ting Guo

Ting Guo is a lecturer in the School of Foreign Languages at Ningbo University of Technology. Her research interests include cognitive psychology, with a focus on cross-language perception and lexical processing.

Rongxia Ren

Rongxia Ren is a lecturer in the School of Education Sciences at Yan’an University. Her work focuses on cognitive psychology and second language acquisition, especially in the areas of memory and phonological processing.

Sa Lu

Sa Lu is a professor in the School of Foreign Languages at Ningbo University of Technology. Her research centers on cognitive linguistics, particularly orthographic and phonological processing in multilingual contexts.

Xiaoyu Tang

Xiaoyu Tang is a professor at Liaoning Normal University. Her research interests lie in cognitive psychology, with an emphasis on bilingual cognition, language processing, and cross-modal integration.

Appendix
Target
High Frequency Low Frequency
愛好 JHT1 CHT1 哀歌 JLT1 CLT1
愛情 JHT2 CHT2 安静 JLT2 CLT2
安心 JHT3 CHT3 安寧 JLT3 CLT3
安全 JHT4 CHT4 安保 JLT4 CLT4
安定 JHT5 CHT5 安眠 JLT5 CLT5
暗示 JHT6 CHT6 暗記 JLT6 CLT6
以上 JHT7 CHT7 暗算 JLT7 CLT7
以前 JHT8 CHT8 意向 JLT8 CLT8
以内 JHT9 CHT9 異端 JLT9 CLT9
意見 JHT10 CHT10 遺憾 JLT10 CLT10
遺伝 JHT11 CHT11 遺体 JLT11 CLT11
医療 JHT12 CHT12 飲酒 JLT12 CLT12
一般 JHT13 CHT13 陰気 JLT13 CLT13
印象 JHT14 CHT14 隠居 JLT14 CLT14
引用 JHT15 CHT15 暗号 JLT15 CLT15
以下 JHT16 CHT16 哀愁 JLT16 CLT16
以後 JHT17 CHT17 遺棄 JLT17 CLT17
意義 JHT18 CHT18 遺書 JLT18 CLT18
意思 JHT19 CHT19 異様 JLT19 CLT19
意図 JHT20 CHT20 愛妻 JLT20 CLT20
Context (Non-target)
High Frequency Low Frequency
学校 JHN1 CHN1 花壇 JLN1 CLN1
活性 JHN2 CHN2 家電 JLN2 CLN2
加入 JHN3 CHN3 寛容 JLN3 CLN3
患者 JHN4 CHN4 気球 JLN4 CLN4
完全 JHN5 CHN5 救援 JLN5 CLN5
企業 JHN6 CHN6 強者 JLN6 CLN6
希望 JHN7 CHN7 狂乱 JLN7 CLN7
供給 JHN8 CHN8 禁煙 JLN8 CLN8
教授 JHN9 CHN9 屈伸 JLN9 CLN9
強調 JHN10 CHN10 軍師 JLN10 CLN10
経験 JHN11 CHN11 軍団 JLN11 CLN11
傾向 JHN12 CHN12 警官 JLN12 CLN12
形状 JHN13 CHN13 警備 JLN13 CLN13
結婚 JHN14 CHN14 国歌 JLN14 CLN14
決定 JHN15 CHN15 混戦 JLN15 CLN15
通常 JHN16 CHN16 獣医 JLN16 CLN16
効果 JHN17 CHN17 修行 JLN17 CLN17
工業 JHN18 CHN18 手動 JLN18 CLN18
呼吸 JHN19 CHN19 順延 JLN19 CLN19
作業 JHN20 CHN20 少尉 JLN20 CLN20
作家 JHN21 CHN21 消音 JLN21 CLN21
指揮 JHN22 CHN22 浄土 JLN22 CLN22
事業 JHN23 CHN23 助産 JLN23 CLN23
資源 JHN24 CHN24 仁義 JLN24 CLN24
事情 JHN25 CHN25 辛酸 JLN25 CLN25
自然 JHN26 CHN26 精鋭 JLN26 CLN26
実験 JHN27 CHN27 政変 JLN27 CLN27
実行 JHN28 CHN28 石器 JLN28 CLN28
脂肪 JHN29 CHN29 絶句 JLN29 CLN29
社員 JHN30 CHN30 前言 JLN30 CLN30
自由 JHN31 CHN31 善人 JLN31 CLN31
周囲 JHN32 CHN32 増税 JLN32 CLN32
修理 JHN33 CHN33 素描 JLN33 CLN33
主張 JHN34 CHN34 男装 JLN34 CLN34
上下 JHN35 CHN35 知性 JLN35 CLN35
条件 JHN36 CHN36 長老 JLN36 CLN36
人員 JHN37 CHN37 鎮痛 JLN37 CLN37
人生 JHN38 CHN38 痛感 JLN38 CLN38
心理 JHN39 CHN39 貞操 JLN39 CLN39
成果 JHN40 CHN40 停電 JLN40 CLN40
政権 JHN41 CHN41 鉄塔 JLN41 CLN41
成功 JHN42 CHN42 動画 JLN42 CLN42
生産 JHN43 CHN43 同感 JLN43 CLN43
青春 JHN44 CHN44 粘土 JLN44 CLN44
精神 JHN45 CHN45 発火 JLN45 CLN45
選挙 JHN46 CHN46 晩婚 JLN46 CLN46
前後 JHN47 CHN47 晩秋 JLN47 CLN47
宣伝 JHN48 CHN48 皮下 JLN48 CLN48
男女 JHN49 CHN49 微風 JLN49 CLN49
転換 JHN50 CHN50 病床 JLN50 CLN50
当初 JHN51 CHN51 秒針 JLN51 CLN51
当然 JHN52 CHN52 風貌 JLN52 CLN52
発展 JHN53 CHN53 富豪 JLN53 CLN53
非常 JHN54 CHN54 武将 JLN54 CLN54
評価 JHN55 CHN55 物件 JLN55 CLN55
故郷 JHN56 CHN56 不眠 JLN56 CLN56
平均 JHN57 CHN57 粉塵 JLN57 CLN57
平行 JHN58 CHN58 分担 JLN58 CLN58
勉強 JHN59 CHN59 放火 JLN59 CLN59
方向 JHN60 CHN60 歩調 JLN60 CLN60
防止 JHN61 CHN61 本意 JLN61 CLN61
方針 JHN62 CHN62 盆栽 JLN62 CLN62
方法 JHN63 CHN63 無縁 JLN63 CLN63
保証 JHN64 CHN64 無心 JLN64 CLN64
保存 JHN65 CHN65 無謀 JLN65 CLN65
輸入 JHN66 CHN66 無名 JLN66 CLN66
環境 JHN67 CHN67 名句 JLN67 CLN67
予防 JHN68 CHN68 落花 JLN68 CLN68
理由 JHN69 CHN69 冷戦 JLN69 CLN69
旅行 JHN70 CHN70 浪人 JLN70 CLN70
歓迎 JHN71 CHN71 簡明 JLN71 CLN71
基本 JHN72 CHN72 群島 JLN72 CLN72
強化 JHN73 CHN73 自負 JLN73 CLN73
形成 JHN74 CHN74 重傷 JLN74 CLN74
結果 JHN75 CHN75 就寝 JLN75 CLN75
個性 JHN76 CHN76 召喚 JLN76 CLN76
今後 JHN77 CHN77 消防 JLN77 CLN77
将軍 JHN78 CHN78 製版 JLN78 CLN78
女性 JHN79 CHN79 節操 JLN79 CLN79
成長 JHN80 CHN80 全勝 JLN80 CLN80
産業 JHN81 CHN81 総称 JLN81 CLN81
発行 JHN82 CHN82 中東 JLN82 CLN82
訪問 JHN83 CHN83 認証 JLN83 CLN83
優秀 JHN84 CHN84 防虫 JLN84 CLN84
瞬間 JHN85 CHN85 療養 JLN85 CLN85

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Financed by Ministry of Education of China (grant numbers 22YJC190020, 23YJC190030), the Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project (22NDQN280YB), the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China (2022-MS-312, XT), and the Natural Science Basic Scientific Research Project of Educational Department of Liaoning Province of China (LJKZ0987, XT).

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Published Online: 2025-12-01
Published in Print: 2025-11-25

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