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The Polish Crisis: Internal and International Dimensions

  • Andrzej Paczkowski und Malcolm Byrne
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From Solidarity to Martial Law
Ein Kapitel aus dem Buch From Solidarity to Martial Law
© 2022, Central European University Press, Budapest, Hungary

© 2022, Central European University Press, Budapest, Hungary

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. Table of Contents v
  3. Foreword xiii
  4. Editors’ Preface and Acknowledgments xvii
  5. Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
  6. Chronology of Events xxviii
  7. The Polish Crisis: Internal and International Dimensions 1
  8. PART ONE—THE BIRTH OF SOLIDARITY
  9. Document No. 1: Protocol No. 13 of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting July 18, 1980 45
  10. Document No. 2: Extract from Protocol No. 210 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting August 25, 1980 50
  11. Document No. 3: Cardinal Wyszyński’s Sermon at Jasna Góra Following the Outbreak of Strikes, with Reactions August 26–28, 1980 51
  12. Document No. 4: Protocol of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting August 27, 1980 57
  13. Document No. 5: CPSU CC Politburo Commission Order to Enhance Readiness of Military Units for Possible Use in Poland August 28, 1980 64
  14. Document No. 6: The Szczecin Agreement August 30, 1980 66
  15. Document No. 7: The Gdańsk Agreement August 31, 1980 70
  16. Document No. 8: President Carter’s Letter to Allies on Poland September 1, 1980 81
  17. Document No. 9: CPSU CC Politburo Report on Topics for Discussion with the Polish Leadership September 3, 1980 83
  18. Document No. 10: Special Coordination Committee, Summary of Conclusions, “Meeting on Poland,” with Attachment September 23, 1980 87
  19. Part TWO Fraternal Assistance
  20. Document No. 11: Transcript of Bulgarian (BCP CC) Politburo Meeting October 21, 1980 91
  21. Document No. 12: Solidarity National Coordinating Commission Statement on Union Registration October 24, 1980 101
  22. Document No. 13: Protocol of PUWP CC Secretariat Meeting October 25, 1980 103
  23. Document No. 14: Transcript of Bulgarian (BCP CC) Politburo Meeting October 25, 1980 119
  24. Document No. 15: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting October 29, 1980 123
  25. Document No. 16: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting October 31, 1980 129
  26. Document No. 17: Letter from Leonid Brezhnev to Erich Honecker November 4, 1980 132
  27. Document No. 18: Letter from Erich Honecker to Leonid Brezhnev November 26, 1980 134
  28. Document No. 19: Report of the Czechoslovak Army Chief of Staff to the Minister of National Defense December 3, 1980 136
  29. Document No. 20: CIA Alert Memorandum, “Poland” December 3, 1980 138
  30. Document No. 21: Message from Ryszard Kukliński on Impending Warsaw Pact Invasion December 4, 1980 139
  31. Document No. 22: Minutes of Warsaw Pact Leadership Meeting in Moscow December 5, 1980 141
  32. Document No. 23: Minutes of U.S. Special Coordination Committee Meeting December 7, 1980 162
  33. Document No. 24: CIA Situation Report, “Poland” December 8, 1980 165
  34. Document No. 25: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting December 11, 1980 167
  35. Part THREE From Crisis to Crisis
  36. Document No. 26: Protocol of Meeting of Leading Aktiv Members of Ministry of Internal Affairs January 5, 1981 169
  37. Document No. 27: CPSU CC Instructions to the Soviet Ambassador Concerning Lech Wałęsa Visit to Italy January 14, 1981 176
  38. Document No. 28: PUWP CC Report on Leonid Zamyatin’s Visit to Katowice January 16, 1981 180
  39. Document No. 29: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting January 22, 1981 184
  40. Document No. 30: Supplement No. 1 to PUWP CC Politburo Protocol No. 657 Analyzing the Intentions of Solidarity January 26, 1981 188
  41. Document No. 31: National Intelligence Estimate (NIE 12.6–81), “Poland’s Prospects over the Next Six Months” January 27, 1981 193
  42. Document No. 32: Solidarity National Coordinating Commission, “Statement on the Current Social and Political Situation” circa February 1981 212
  43. Document No. 33: Supplement No. 2 to PUWP CC Politburo Protocol No. 69 February 6, 1981 215
  44. Document No. 34: Memorandum of Conversation between Erich Honecker and Fidel Castro February 28, 1981 218
  45. Document No. 35: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting March 12, 1981 221
  46. Document No. 36: Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs Duty Report on Preparations for Martial Law March 16, 1981 223
  47. Document No. 37: Protocol No. 82 from PUWP CC Politburo Meeting March 25, 1981 226
  48. Document No. 38: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting March 26, 1981 234
  49. Part four Search for a “Polish Solution”
  50. Document No. 39: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 2, 1981 237
  51. Document No. 40: CIA Alert Memorandum, “Poland” April 3, 1981 245
  52. Document No. 41: East German Report of Discussion with Marshal Viktor Kulikov April 7, 1981 246
  53. Document No. 42: Brezhnev’s Speech to CPCz CC Politburo April 7, 1981 255
  54. Document No. 43: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 9, 1981 259
  55. Document No. 44: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 16, 1981 265
  56. Document No. 45: Extract from Protocol No. 7 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 23, 1981 267
  57. Document No. 46: Message from Ryszard Kukliński to CIA April 26, 1981 273
  58. Document No. 47: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 30, 1981 275
  59. Document No. 48: Informational Memorandum from the L’vov District Secretary to the CPUkr Central Committee May 7, 1981 278
  60. Document No. 49: Memorandum of Meeting between Leonid Brezhnev, Erich Honecker, Gustáv Husák et al, in Moscow May 16, 1981 280
  61. Document No. 50: CPSU CC Letter to the PUWP CC June 5, 1981 294
  62. Document No. 51: Transcript of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting during Break in CC Session June 10, 1981 299
  63. Document No. 52: Memorandum from Ronald I. Spiers to the Secretary of State, “Polish Resistance to Soviet Intervention” June 15, 1981 304
  64. Document No. 53: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting on Brezhnev–Kania Conversation June 18, 1981 307
  65. Document No. 54: CIA National Intelligence Daily, “USSR–Poland: Polish Military Attitudes” June 20, 1981 310
  66. Document No. 55: Information on Andrei Gromyko’s Talks with the PUWP Leadership, July 3–5, 1981 312
  67. Document No. 56: Report to HSWP CC Politburo with Verbatim Transcript of July 21 Telephone Conversation between Kania and Brezhnev July 22, 1981 315
  68. Document No. 57: Notes of Solidarity National Coordinating Commission Conference in Gdańsk July 24, 1981 319
  69. Document No. 58: Record of Brezhnev–Honecker Meeting in the Crimea August 3, 1981 330
  70. Document No. 59: PUWP CC Assessment of Public Attitudes toward Solidarity August 17, 1981 334
  71. Document No. 60: Information on Brezhnev Meeting with Kania and Jaruzelski on August 14, 1981 August 22, 1981 342
  72. Document No. 61: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting September 10, 1981 348
  73. Document No. 62: Protocol No. 002/81 of Meeting of the Homeland Defense Committee September 13, 1981 350
  74. Document No. 63: CPSU CC Communication to the PUWP CC, “Intensifying Anti-Soviet Feelings in Poland” September 14, 1981 357
  75. Document No. 64: Information on the Brezhnev–Kania Telephone Conversation September 15, 1981 360
  76. Document No. 65: Message from Ryszard Kukliński to CIA September 15, 1981 363
  77. Document No. 66: Letter from HSWP CC Signed by Kádár to PUWP CC via Kania September 17, 1981 365
  78. Document No. 67: Excerpt from CPSU CC Politburo Meeting Regarding Brezhnev–Kania Conversation, September 17, 1981 368
  79. Document No. 68: Report to the HSWP CC Politburo by the Hungarian Ambassador to Warsaw September 18, 1981 370
  80. Document No. 69: PUWP CC, “Instructions on the More Important Activities of the Party, Organs of Power and State Administration” September 18, 1981 375
  81. Part FIVE Final Preparations
  82. Document No. 70: Czesław Kiszczak’s Notes for October 5 Politburo Meeting October 4, 1981 385
  83. Document No. 71: Notes of Brezhnev–Jaruzelski Telephone Conversation October 19, 1981 392
  84. Document No. 72: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting on Rusakov’s Trip to Eastern Europe October 29, 1981 395
  85. Document No. 73: Extract from Protocol No. 37 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting November 21, 1981 400
  86. Document No. 74: Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs, “Supplement No. 2: Planned Activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs” November 25, 1981 405
  87. Document No. 75: Memorandum from Alexander Haig to President Reagan, “U.S. Assistance Program for Poland” December 1, 1981 409
  88. Document No. 76: PUWP CC, “Excerpt from Motions at Meeting with CC Members on November 27, 1981” December 2, 1981 412
  89. Document No. 77: Notes of Meeting of the Presidium of Solidarity’s National Coordinating Commission in Gdańsk December 2, 1981 414
  90. Document No. 78: Solidarity NCC Presidium, “Position Taken by the Presidium of the National Coordinating Commission and Leaders of the NSZZ” December 3, 1981 417
  91. Document No. 79: Report on the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Moscow December 1–4, 1981 420
  92. Document No. 80: Protocol No. 18 of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting December 5, 1981 425
  93. Document No. 81: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting December 10, 1981 446
  94. Document No. 82: Notebook Entries of Lt. Gen. Viktor Anoshkin December 11, 1981 454
  95. Part SIX Crackdown
  96. Document No. 83: Telegram to Directors of Voivode Police circa December 12, 1981 457
  97. Document No. 84: Communication from Czesław Kiszczak to Florian Siwicki December 12, 1981 460
  98. Document No. 85: Protocol No. 19 of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting December 13, 1981 461
  99. Document No. 86: Extract from Protocol No. 40 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting December 13, 1981 473
  100. Document No. 87: Speech by Pope John Paul II Concerning Martial Law December 13, 1981 475
  101. Document No. 88: CIA National Intelligence Daily, “Poland: Test of Government’s Measures” December 14, 1981 476
  102. Document No. 89: Memorandum from Lawrence Eagleburger to Secretary of State, “General Wojciech Jaruzelski” December 16, 1981 478
  103. Document No. 90: Appeal from Pope John Paul II to Wojciech Jaruzelski December 18, 1981 480
  104. Document No. 91: Protocol No. 16 of PUWP CC Secretariat Meeting December 19, 1981 482
  105. Document No. 92: Hotline Communication from Leonid Brezhnev to Ronald Reagan Regarding Martial Law in Poland December 25, 1981 496
  106. Document No. 93: Report to HSWP CC Politburo on Hungarian Delegation’s Talks with Wojciech Jaruzelski December 30, 1981 499
  107. Document No. 94: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting January 14, 1982 504
  108. Document No. 95: Notes of Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Defense Meeting on Implementation of Martial Law January 15, 1982 508
  109. Main Actors 523
  110. Selected Bibliography 528
  111. Index 533
https://doi.org/10.1515/9786155211157-005

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. Table of Contents v
  3. Foreword xiii
  4. Editors’ Preface and Acknowledgments xvii
  5. Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
  6. Chronology of Events xxviii
  7. The Polish Crisis: Internal and International Dimensions 1
  8. PART ONE—THE BIRTH OF SOLIDARITY
  9. Document No. 1: Protocol No. 13 of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting July 18, 1980 45
  10. Document No. 2: Extract from Protocol No. 210 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting August 25, 1980 50
  11. Document No. 3: Cardinal Wyszyński’s Sermon at Jasna Góra Following the Outbreak of Strikes, with Reactions August 26–28, 1980 51
  12. Document No. 4: Protocol of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting August 27, 1980 57
  13. Document No. 5: CPSU CC Politburo Commission Order to Enhance Readiness of Military Units for Possible Use in Poland August 28, 1980 64
  14. Document No. 6: The Szczecin Agreement August 30, 1980 66
  15. Document No. 7: The Gdańsk Agreement August 31, 1980 70
  16. Document No. 8: President Carter’s Letter to Allies on Poland September 1, 1980 81
  17. Document No. 9: CPSU CC Politburo Report on Topics for Discussion with the Polish Leadership September 3, 1980 83
  18. Document No. 10: Special Coordination Committee, Summary of Conclusions, “Meeting on Poland,” with Attachment September 23, 1980 87
  19. Part TWO Fraternal Assistance
  20. Document No. 11: Transcript of Bulgarian (BCP CC) Politburo Meeting October 21, 1980 91
  21. Document No. 12: Solidarity National Coordinating Commission Statement on Union Registration October 24, 1980 101
  22. Document No. 13: Protocol of PUWP CC Secretariat Meeting October 25, 1980 103
  23. Document No. 14: Transcript of Bulgarian (BCP CC) Politburo Meeting October 25, 1980 119
  24. Document No. 15: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting October 29, 1980 123
  25. Document No. 16: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting October 31, 1980 129
  26. Document No. 17: Letter from Leonid Brezhnev to Erich Honecker November 4, 1980 132
  27. Document No. 18: Letter from Erich Honecker to Leonid Brezhnev November 26, 1980 134
  28. Document No. 19: Report of the Czechoslovak Army Chief of Staff to the Minister of National Defense December 3, 1980 136
  29. Document No. 20: CIA Alert Memorandum, “Poland” December 3, 1980 138
  30. Document No. 21: Message from Ryszard Kukliński on Impending Warsaw Pact Invasion December 4, 1980 139
  31. Document No. 22: Minutes of Warsaw Pact Leadership Meeting in Moscow December 5, 1980 141
  32. Document No. 23: Minutes of U.S. Special Coordination Committee Meeting December 7, 1980 162
  33. Document No. 24: CIA Situation Report, “Poland” December 8, 1980 165
  34. Document No. 25: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting December 11, 1980 167
  35. Part THREE From Crisis to Crisis
  36. Document No. 26: Protocol of Meeting of Leading Aktiv Members of Ministry of Internal Affairs January 5, 1981 169
  37. Document No. 27: CPSU CC Instructions to the Soviet Ambassador Concerning Lech Wałęsa Visit to Italy January 14, 1981 176
  38. Document No. 28: PUWP CC Report on Leonid Zamyatin’s Visit to Katowice January 16, 1981 180
  39. Document No. 29: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting January 22, 1981 184
  40. Document No. 30: Supplement No. 1 to PUWP CC Politburo Protocol No. 657 Analyzing the Intentions of Solidarity January 26, 1981 188
  41. Document No. 31: National Intelligence Estimate (NIE 12.6–81), “Poland’s Prospects over the Next Six Months” January 27, 1981 193
  42. Document No. 32: Solidarity National Coordinating Commission, “Statement on the Current Social and Political Situation” circa February 1981 212
  43. Document No. 33: Supplement No. 2 to PUWP CC Politburo Protocol No. 69 February 6, 1981 215
  44. Document No. 34: Memorandum of Conversation between Erich Honecker and Fidel Castro February 28, 1981 218
  45. Document No. 35: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting March 12, 1981 221
  46. Document No. 36: Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs Duty Report on Preparations for Martial Law March 16, 1981 223
  47. Document No. 37: Protocol No. 82 from PUWP CC Politburo Meeting March 25, 1981 226
  48. Document No. 38: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting March 26, 1981 234
  49. Part four Search for a “Polish Solution”
  50. Document No. 39: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 2, 1981 237
  51. Document No. 40: CIA Alert Memorandum, “Poland” April 3, 1981 245
  52. Document No. 41: East German Report of Discussion with Marshal Viktor Kulikov April 7, 1981 246
  53. Document No. 42: Brezhnev’s Speech to CPCz CC Politburo April 7, 1981 255
  54. Document No. 43: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 9, 1981 259
  55. Document No. 44: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 16, 1981 265
  56. Document No. 45: Extract from Protocol No. 7 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 23, 1981 267
  57. Document No. 46: Message from Ryszard Kukliński to CIA April 26, 1981 273
  58. Document No. 47: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting April 30, 1981 275
  59. Document No. 48: Informational Memorandum from the L’vov District Secretary to the CPUkr Central Committee May 7, 1981 278
  60. Document No. 49: Memorandum of Meeting between Leonid Brezhnev, Erich Honecker, Gustáv Husák et al, in Moscow May 16, 1981 280
  61. Document No. 50: CPSU CC Letter to the PUWP CC June 5, 1981 294
  62. Document No. 51: Transcript of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting during Break in CC Session June 10, 1981 299
  63. Document No. 52: Memorandum from Ronald I. Spiers to the Secretary of State, “Polish Resistance to Soviet Intervention” June 15, 1981 304
  64. Document No. 53: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting on Brezhnev–Kania Conversation June 18, 1981 307
  65. Document No. 54: CIA National Intelligence Daily, “USSR–Poland: Polish Military Attitudes” June 20, 1981 310
  66. Document No. 55: Information on Andrei Gromyko’s Talks with the PUWP Leadership, July 3–5, 1981 312
  67. Document No. 56: Report to HSWP CC Politburo with Verbatim Transcript of July 21 Telephone Conversation between Kania and Brezhnev July 22, 1981 315
  68. Document No. 57: Notes of Solidarity National Coordinating Commission Conference in Gdańsk July 24, 1981 319
  69. Document No. 58: Record of Brezhnev–Honecker Meeting in the Crimea August 3, 1981 330
  70. Document No. 59: PUWP CC Assessment of Public Attitudes toward Solidarity August 17, 1981 334
  71. Document No. 60: Information on Brezhnev Meeting with Kania and Jaruzelski on August 14, 1981 August 22, 1981 342
  72. Document No. 61: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting September 10, 1981 348
  73. Document No. 62: Protocol No. 002/81 of Meeting of the Homeland Defense Committee September 13, 1981 350
  74. Document No. 63: CPSU CC Communication to the PUWP CC, “Intensifying Anti-Soviet Feelings in Poland” September 14, 1981 357
  75. Document No. 64: Information on the Brezhnev–Kania Telephone Conversation September 15, 1981 360
  76. Document No. 65: Message from Ryszard Kukliński to CIA September 15, 1981 363
  77. Document No. 66: Letter from HSWP CC Signed by Kádár to PUWP CC via Kania September 17, 1981 365
  78. Document No. 67: Excerpt from CPSU CC Politburo Meeting Regarding Brezhnev–Kania Conversation, September 17, 1981 368
  79. Document No. 68: Report to the HSWP CC Politburo by the Hungarian Ambassador to Warsaw September 18, 1981 370
  80. Document No. 69: PUWP CC, “Instructions on the More Important Activities of the Party, Organs of Power and State Administration” September 18, 1981 375
  81. Part FIVE Final Preparations
  82. Document No. 70: Czesław Kiszczak’s Notes for October 5 Politburo Meeting October 4, 1981 385
  83. Document No. 71: Notes of Brezhnev–Jaruzelski Telephone Conversation October 19, 1981 392
  84. Document No. 72: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting on Rusakov’s Trip to Eastern Europe October 29, 1981 395
  85. Document No. 73: Extract from Protocol No. 37 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting November 21, 1981 400
  86. Document No. 74: Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs, “Supplement No. 2: Planned Activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs” November 25, 1981 405
  87. Document No. 75: Memorandum from Alexander Haig to President Reagan, “U.S. Assistance Program for Poland” December 1, 1981 409
  88. Document No. 76: PUWP CC, “Excerpt from Motions at Meeting with CC Members on November 27, 1981” December 2, 1981 412
  89. Document No. 77: Notes of Meeting of the Presidium of Solidarity’s National Coordinating Commission in Gdańsk December 2, 1981 414
  90. Document No. 78: Solidarity NCC Presidium, “Position Taken by the Presidium of the National Coordinating Commission and Leaders of the NSZZ” December 3, 1981 417
  91. Document No. 79: Report on the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Moscow December 1–4, 1981 420
  92. Document No. 80: Protocol No. 18 of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting December 5, 1981 425
  93. Document No. 81: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting December 10, 1981 446
  94. Document No. 82: Notebook Entries of Lt. Gen. Viktor Anoshkin December 11, 1981 454
  95. Part SIX Crackdown
  96. Document No. 83: Telegram to Directors of Voivode Police circa December 12, 1981 457
  97. Document No. 84: Communication from Czesław Kiszczak to Florian Siwicki December 12, 1981 460
  98. Document No. 85: Protocol No. 19 of PUWP CC Politburo Meeting December 13, 1981 461
  99. Document No. 86: Extract from Protocol No. 40 of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting December 13, 1981 473
  100. Document No. 87: Speech by Pope John Paul II Concerning Martial Law December 13, 1981 475
  101. Document No. 88: CIA National Intelligence Daily, “Poland: Test of Government’s Measures” December 14, 1981 476
  102. Document No. 89: Memorandum from Lawrence Eagleburger to Secretary of State, “General Wojciech Jaruzelski” December 16, 1981 478
  103. Document No. 90: Appeal from Pope John Paul II to Wojciech Jaruzelski December 18, 1981 480
  104. Document No. 91: Protocol No. 16 of PUWP CC Secretariat Meeting December 19, 1981 482
  105. Document No. 92: Hotline Communication from Leonid Brezhnev to Ronald Reagan Regarding Martial Law in Poland December 25, 1981 496
  106. Document No. 93: Report to HSWP CC Politburo on Hungarian Delegation’s Talks with Wojciech Jaruzelski December 30, 1981 499
  107. Document No. 94: Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting January 14, 1982 504
  108. Document No. 95: Notes of Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Defense Meeting on Implementation of Martial Law January 15, 1982 508
  109. Main Actors 523
  110. Selected Bibliography 528
  111. Index 533
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