Do Alkaline Phosphatases Have a Physiological Function?

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Foreword V
3. Contents IX
4. Chemistry, Structure, Function and Biological Assay
5. Introduction 1
6. Synthesis of Some Side Chain Analogues of Vitamin D₃ Metabolites 13
7. Structural Transformations on Vitamin D 21
8. Distribution and Activity of a Vitamin D₃ Compound in Trisetum Flavescens 33
9. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 24R-Hydroxy-25-fluorocholecalciferol and 1a, 24R-Dihydroxy-25-fluorocholecalciferol 37
10. The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fluorinated Analoges as Probes of Vitamin Da Metabolism 45
11. 19-Substituted-10,19-Dihydrovitamins via Hydrozirconation of Vitamin D₃ 51
12. The Synthesis of 1a, 3a-Dihydroxy-25Methylcholesta-5,7-Diene-24-OIC Acid, and of la, 3a-Dihydroxy-25 Methylcholesta-5,7-Diene 55
13. Interconversion of Vitamin D and Trans-Vitamin D by Triplet-Sensitized Isomerization 61
14. The Use of UV, CD, ²H-NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry for the Investigation of Conformational Mobility of Vitamin D and Previtamin D and their Interconversion 65
15. 25 (R), 26 and 25 (S), 26-(OH)₂D₃: Biological Activity in Intact and Nephrectomized Rats. Comparative Effects of 1, 25, 24 (R), 25-(OH)₂D₃ and I, 24 (R), 25-(OH)₃D₃ 73
16. Inhibitors of Vitamin D Metabolism and Action 77
17. C(1)-Hydroxylation of Vitamin D₃ and Related Compounds 81
18. Vitamin D₃ Sulfate in Lactating normally fed Rats and Suckling Pups After Maternal Administration of ³H Vitamin D₃ or ³⁵S Vitamin D3 Sulfate 85
19. Synthesis of Vitamin D Analogues and their Covalent Binding to Affinity Chromatographic Media 89
20. Osteoporosis
21. Calcium Absorption and Plasma 1,25 (OH)₂D Levels in Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis 99
22. Osteoporosis and Age-Related Osteopenia: Evaluation of Possible Role of Vitamin D Endocrine System in Pathogenesis of Intestinal Calcium Absorption 107
23. Two Years Experience of Oral Treatment with 1a-Hydroxyvitamin D and Calcium in Patients with Senile or Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 115
24. The Treatment of Osteoporosis with 24,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol A Pilot Study 119
25. Osteomalacic Factors in the Osteoporosis and the Treatment of Osteoporotic Patients with Vitamin D₂ and 1aOHD₃ 123
26. Transcalciferan/D-Binding Protein(s)
27. Biologic Significance of Genetic Variation in Human Gc (Vitamin D-Binding Protein) 129
28. The Transport of Vitamin D 137
29. Structure and Properties of Human Plasma Vitamin D Transport Protein (Group-Specific Component) 149
30. Serum Vitamin D Binding and Gc Polymorphism 153
31. Sunlight, Skin and Seasonal Effects
32. Identification of in Vivo Generated Previtamin D₃, Vitamin D₃ and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ in the Vitamin D-Deficient Rats Irradiated by Ultraviolet Light 159
33. Response of Plasma 250HD to Standardized Ultra Violet Radiation 163
34. Effects of Sunlight Exposure on Blood Concentration of Vitamin D Derivatives in Healthy Japanese Adults 165
35. Contribution of Skin Vitamin D₃ Synthesis in Patients Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition 169
36. The Photo-Biochemistry of Vitamin D₃ in Vivo in the Skin 173
37. Assays for Vitamin D Metabolites
38. Measurement of Plasma 1,25 (OH)₂ Vitamin D by Protein Binding Assay and Radioimmunoassay 179
39. Use of Isotope Dilution Mass Fragmentography in Vitamin D Research 183
40. Assay of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and Other Active Vitamin D Metabolites in Serum: Application to Animals and Humans 189
41. 24,25-Dihydoxyvitamin D in Human Serum 197
42. Radioimmunoassay of Vitamin D Metabolites 205
43. Assays for Vitamin D and its Metabolites 213
44. Radioimmunoassay for Circulating 1,25- and 25,26-Dihydroxycholecaliferols in Man 221
45. Hemisuccinates of Vitamin D₃ and of its Metabolites 229
46. Studies on Antisera against Vitamin D Metabolites 233
47. The Measurement of Various Vitamin D Derivatives in Plasma Using High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography 239
48. Assay of 1,25- and 24,25 Dihydoxycholecalciferol in Human Serum - some Technical Considerations 243
49. Radiocompetitive Protein Binding Assays for 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D, 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D in Human Serum 247
50. Steroid Receptors: What do We not Know? 251
51. Vitamin D - Parathyroid Hormone
52. Cholecalcifediol suppression of PTH Secretion from Monolayer Culture of Human Parathyroid Carcinoma Cells 261
53. The Effect of Human Growth Hormone Replacement on Parathyroid Function and Vitamin D Metabolism 265
54. Serum Calcium Concentration: Possible Regulator of Renal Parathyroid Hormone Action 267
55. Effects of Vitamin D3 Metabolites Injection into Thyro-parathyroidectomized Pregnant Rats on Fetal Weight and Liver Glycogen Stores in Mothers and Fetuses 271
56. Effects of Vitamin Deficiency on Calcium-Binding Proteins and on Plasma Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Growing Pigs 275
57. 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol effect on in Vitro Immunoreactive Human Parathyroid Hormone Secretion from Hyperplastic Glands 279
58. Quantitative Changes of Rat Thyroid C Cell Population in Hyper- and Hypovitaminosis D 285
59. The Interactions Between Vitamin D Metabolites, Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin 289
60. In Vivo Suppression of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by 24,25 Dihydroxy Cholecalciferol in Hyperparathyroid Dogs 297
61. Renal Actions
62. Acute and Chronic Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites on the Renal Handling of Phosphate 307
63. Interaction of Vitamin D Metabolites with Parathyroid Hormone and Vasopressin 315
64. Phosphaturie Effect of Parathyroid Hormone in Phosphate Depleted Man 325
65. Vitamin D in Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Conditions
66. Long Term Effects of Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) Serum Concentrations in Premature infants: A Preliminary Report 331
67. Vitamin D, Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements and Bone Mineralization in Preterm Infants 335
68. The Transplacental Movement of Metabolites of Vitamin D in the Sheep 341
69. The Effects of Solanum Glaucophyllum Ingestion by Pregnant Cows on Plasma Calcium Levels in Dams, Fetuses and Neonates and on the Mineral Composition of Colostrum 345
70. The Vitamin D₃ Requirement for Premature Infants 349
71. Calcium Uptake and Binding by Membrane Fractions of Human Placenta: ATP Dependent Calcium Accumulation 353
72. Skeletal Actions
73. Influence of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on Bone Surface Lining Cells and on cartilage mineralisation in vitro. Ultrastructural studies 359
74. The Role of Vitamin D Metabolites in Calcification of Chicken Epiphysis 363
75. Bone Mineral Solubility and its Alteration by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ 369
76. Accelerated Bone Formation in End Stage Renal Disease 373
77. 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: The Preferred Metabolite for Bone 381
78. Cellular Location and Regulation of the 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ Formation in Cultured Cells from Bone and Cartilage 391
79. Comparison of the Histological Effect and Metabolism of 25-(OH)D and 1,25-(OH)₂D in Rat Bone 399
80. Action of Solanum Malacoxylon on Bone Histology of Vitamin D Deficient Rats 403
81. Dual Action of Parathyroid Hormone on the Mineralization of Rat Incisor Dentin 411
82. Influence of Diet on the Response of Bone Cells to 1,25-OH)₂D₃ in Thyroparathyroidectomized Rats 415
83. Nuclear Binding of 24,25-(OH)₂D₃ and its Effect on DNA Polymerase Activities in Cultured Chondrocytes 419
84. Effects and Interaction of 1,25 (OH)₂Ds and 24,25 (OH)₂D₃ on Bone 425
85. Effects on Mineral Homeostasis of 1,25 (OH)₂D₃ and 24,25 (OH)₂D₃, Alone and in Combination, in Rats 429
86. Effect of Dihydroxylated Vitamin D Metabolites on Experimental Rickets 431
87. Evidence for the Presence of 25-OH-D₃ Binding Proteins in Embryonic Cartilage 435
88. Glucocorticoid Dependence of Cytosol 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Receptors in Fetal Rat Calvaria 439
89. Vitamin D Metabolism
90. Recent Developments in the Metabolism of Vitamin D 445
91. The Role of Systemic PH in the Bioactivation of Vitamin D 459
92. The Site of Synthesis of 1,25(OH)₂ Vitamin D₃ in the Kidney A Microenzymatic Assay on Isolated Tubules 463
93. Response of Chick Kidney Cell Cultures to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ 467
94. Growth Hormone and Prolactin Action on Vitamin D Metabolism in the Rat 475
95. Effective Liver 25-Hydroxylation of Vitamin D under Chronic Ethanol Administration in the Rat 479
96. Calcium Transport by Rat Colon: Response to 1a,25(OH)₂D₃ and Dietary Calcium Restriction 483
97. Direct Vitamin D3-Metabolite Regulation of Kidney 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ Metabolism 493
98. The Regulation of 25-Hydroxylation by Vitamin D Intake in Man: A Theoretical Model 497
99. Minimal Deprivation of Vitamin D Enables Parathyroid Hormone to Stimulate 25-OH Vitamin D - 1a-Hydroxylase 501
100. Vitamin D Metabolism in Japanese Quail: Effects of Lead Exposure and Dietary Calcium 503
101. Evidence for a Calcium-Dependent, PTH-lndependent Regulation of Plasma 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Rats 511
102. Computer Modeling of Vitamin Metabolism 515
103. Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Vitamin D Metabolism 523
104. A Study of the Physiologic Significance of 24-Hydroxylation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 531
105. Dynamic Aspects of Vitamin D Metabolism: Formation of Hydroxylated Metabolites from A Physiological Dose of Cholecalciferol in Vitamin D Depleted Man 537
106. The Regulation of Plasma 1,25-(OH)₂-D Concentrations in Healthy Adults 545
107. The Role of the Liver in the Control of Vitamin D Metabolism 553
108. Prostaglandins and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1a-Hydroxylase 563
109. Regulation of Plasma Levels of 1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D in Growing Dogs with Thyroparathroidectomy and Varying Amounts of Parathyroid Hormone 567
110. Both 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and 1a,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ are Indispensable for Normal Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis 571
111. New Renal Metabolites of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin Ds in the Chick 579
112. The 1a- and 24-Hydroxylases of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol: one or two Enzymes? 587
113. Regulation of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1 and -24-Hydroxylases in Cultured Kidney Cells 597
114. Possible Extra-Renal 25-OHD₃-1a-Hydroxylase Activity in the Pregnant Rat 605
115. The Absorption and Metabolism of Vitamin D₃ from Parenteral Injection Sites 609
116. 1,25-(OH)₂ Vitamin D₃ & 24,25-(OH)₂ Vitamin D₃ Synthesis by the Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney 613
117. In Vitro Regulation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ Metabolism by Avian Kidney Cells in Serum-Free Medium 617
118. Comparative Studies on Mitochondrial and Microsomal NADPH-Cytochromec Reductases of Chick Tissues 621
119. Effect of Pregnancy, Acromegaly, Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Prolactinoma on 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Man 625
120. Relationship of Dietary Phosphorus Restriction to Calcium Absorption and Vitamin D Metabolism 629
121. Intestinal Actions and Calcium Binding Protein: Meaning of Non-Parallel 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Mediated
122. Response Relationship in Intestine and Bone to Dose and Time 639
123. Cytoplasmic Localization of the Calcium Binding Protein in Rat Duodenal Absorptive Cells 643
124. Visualization of Vitamin D-Dependent Calcium Binding Protein in Chick Intestine by Immuno-Scanning Electron Microscopy 647
125. Influence of High Doses of Vitamin D₃ on Broilers and Adult Hens 651
126. Purification of the Intestinal Receptor for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 659
127. Recent Progress on the Application of Affinity and Covalent Chromatography to the Purification of the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ Receptor from Chick Intestinal Mucosa 663
128. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and the Prevention of Parturient Hypocalcemia and Paresis ("Milk Fever") in Pregnant Dairy Cows 667
129. A Vitamin D-Induced, Calcium-Binding Protein from Rat Intestinal Brush Border 675
130. Relationship of Intestinal Calcium Absorption to Intestinal and Plasma Calcium Binding Protein Measured by a Radioimmunoassay 679
131. The Effect of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and Hydrocortisone on the Development of the Embryonic Chick Duodenum 683
132. Theories on the Mechanism of Action of 1,25(OH)₃D₃ on Active Intestinal Calcium and Inorganic Phosphate Absorption: are the Calcium and Phosphate Transport Processes Coupled, Uncoupled or Both? 687
133. Fundamental Actions of 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol on Intestinal Ion Transport do not Involve Gene Activation 693
134. The Effect of Cholecalciferol on the Phosphorylation of Intestinal Membrane Proteins 703
135. Some Biochemical Responses of Chick Intestine to 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D 711
136. Induction of Metallothionein(s) in Organ-Cultured Duodenum: Relationship to 1a,25-(OH)₂D₃-lnduced CaBP Synthesis 731
137. Vitamin D and Calcium Absorption: Computer Simulation 735
138. Renal Osteodystrophy
139. Clinical Assessments of Vitamin D₃ - Therapy in Patients on Longterm Haemodialysis 745
140. Adverse Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites on Osteitis Fibrosa in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis: Critical Role of Induced Hyperphosphatemia 751
141. Assessment of Long-Term Effects of 1a(OH)D₃ on PTH Secretion, Intestinal Calcium Absorption and Bone in Chronic Renal Failure 755
142. Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism in Renal Failure - A Defect Responsive to 1,25(OH)₂D₃ 763
143. Comparative Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and Cholecalciferol in non-Dialyzed Chronic Renal Failure 767
144. Medium term Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D in Patients with Renal Osteopathy 771
145. The Early Detection and Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy 775
146. The Combined Use of Human Calcitonin and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in the Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy 781
147. Intestinal Calcium Transport in Vitro as Influenced by Azotemia, Dietary Calcium, Parathyroidectomy and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) Treatment. - Role of Calcium - ATPase 787
148. Recurrence of Hyperparathyroidism from Autografted Parathyroid Fragments in Uremic Patients in Spite of Administration of 25(OH)D₃ and 1a(OH)D₃ 791
149. 25 Hydroxycholecalciferol Plasma Levels in Anephric Patients After Oral Loading of Vitamin D 795
150. The Histological Study on Experimental Renal Osteodystrophy in Rats 799
151. Long Term Effects of Small Doses of 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Dialysis Patients 803
152. Clinical and Biological Efficiency of 1,25 Dihydrocholecalciferol in Chronic Dialysis Patients with Renal Osteodystrophy 807
153. Histomorphometric Evaluation of the effect of 1,25-DHCC in Type II and III of Renal Bone Disorders 811
154. Histomorphometry of Bone Changes in Renal Osteodystrophy After Treatment with 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol 817
155. The use of 5,6-trans-25-OH-Cholecalciferol in the Treatment of Patients with Fully Developed Renal Osteopathy Requiring Dialysis: Therapeutical Application and Treatment Results 821
156. Clinical Experience in Long Term Treatment with 1,25-DHCC in Different Histological Forms of Renal Osteopathy 827
157. Calcium-Phosphorus Metabolism and Renal Function During 1a-OH-D₃ Vitamin Treatment of Patients with Chronic Renal Disease 831
158. Newcastle Bone Disease 835
159. The Measurement of 1,25-(OH)₂-D by Competitive Protein Binding Assay in the Plasma of Anephric Patients: The Effects of Dihydrotachysterol Therapy 839
160. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol in the Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy 843
161. Bone Histomorphometry in Children with Early Chronic Renal Failure Treated with 25 (OH)D₃ 847
162. Hypercalcemia During Treatment of Uremic Patients with 1,25(OH)₂D₃: Analysis of 43 Cases 851
163. Renal Bone Disorder in Children: Therapy with Vitamin D₃ or 1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol 853
164. Treatment of Predialysis Renal Bone Disease with 1a-(OH) Vitamin D₃ and 1.25-(OH)₂ Vitamin D₃. Initial Results of Balance Studies and the Effect on Intestinal Calcium Absorption, Serum PTH and Calcitonin Levels 861
165. The Effect of 1-a-OHD₃ on Bone Changes in Non-Dialysed Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency 865
166. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D in Renal Osteodystrophy: Long Term Results of A Six-Center Trial 869
167. Further Therapeutical Experience with the Vitamin D Analog 5,6-trans-25-OHCC in Renal Osteopathy 877
168. A New Laboratory Model for Renal Osteodystrophy and Vitamin D 885
169. The Influence of Uremia, Aluminiumhydroxide and Various Vitamin D Compounds on the Course of Nutritional Rickets in Rats 893
170. Effect of Vitamin D Analogs in Rats with Experimental Renal Osteodystrophy 901
171. Evaluation of Histological Procedures in the Investigation of Bone Disease Related to Vitamin D 907
172. Pathophysiology of Vitamin D Related Diseases
173. Effects of in Vitro and in Vivo Sodium Restriction on Corticosteroidinduced Intestinal Calcium Malabsorption 915
174. Trisetum Calcinosis: Current Status of Clinical Research 921
175. X-Linked Hypophosphatemia is a Disorder of Phosphate Transport in the Renal Brush Border Membrane in the Hypophosphatemic Mouse. Why is Serum 1,25-(OH)₂D Low in the Human Homologue? 925
176. The Effect of Vitamin D₃ and Metabolites on Magnesium Metabolism 933
177. Subnormal Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ Levels in Children with Glomerular Disease Receiving Corticosteroids 935
178. Regulation of Serum Phosphorus by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ 939
179. Unexplained hypercalcemia:? Sarcoidosis sine Sarcoidosis: with Elevated Serum Level of 1,25 DHCC 941
180. Vitamin D Metabolites in Hypercalcitoninemic States 945
181. Target Cell Resistance in Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Single or Multiple? 949
182. Vitamin D Metabolism In Patients with Nephrolithiasis 957
183. Evidence for Abnormal Metabolism of Vitamin D in Sarcoidosis 963
184. Effects of Experimental Diabetes in the Rat on Calcium Transport and Vitamin D Metabolism 967
185. Absorption of Vitamin D and 25-OH Vitamin D in patients with Intestinal Malabsorption 975
186. Effect of Diabetes in Rats on the Metabolism of Cholecalciferol and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol 979
187. Do Alkaline Phosphatases Have a Physiological Function? 983
188. Clinical Application of the 1,25-(OH)₂D Assay 991
189. Elevated Plasma 1,25-(OH)₂D Following Massive Dosing of Vitamin D₃ in Dairy Cattle 999
190. Vitamin D Metabolism in the Diabetic Rat 1003
191. The Effect of Chronic Excess or Deficiency of Growth Hormone on Plasma 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels in man 1005
192. 25-Hydroxylation of Vitamin D in the Elderly 1011
193. Intestinal Absorption of Radiophosphate After Physiological Doses of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Normals and Pathological Conditions 1015
194. Calcium Metabolism Following Proximal Gastric Vagotomy in Man 1019
195. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Metabolism in Nontropical Sprue 1023
196. Circulating Vitamin D Metabolites in A Hypoparathyroid Patient Resistent to Vitamin D 1027
197. The Ability of 1a, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol to Alter the Fatty Acid Composition of Phosphoglycerides in Rat Intestinal Mucosa and Smooth Muscle 1031
198. Vitamin D Dependent Clinical Disorders - Bone Disease : Clinical Aspects - Unanswered Questions in Renal Osteodystrophy - Problems of Vitamin D Nomenclature - Addendum 1035
199. Author Index 1261
200. Subject Index 1273
201. Backmatter 1319