9.2 Copular predications (‘be’, ‘become’)

Chapters in this book

1. I-XVIII I
2. 1 Introduction
3. Introduction 1
4. 2 Overview
5. Overview 11
6. 3 Phonology.
7. 3.1 Segments 23
8. 3.2 Local assimilations and syllabification rules 42
9. 3.3 Accent 81
10. 3.4 Ablaut 98
11. 3.5 Syntactically controlled phonological processes 146
12. 4 Nominal and pronominal morphology.
13. 4.1 Noun morphology 161
14. 4.2 Independent personal pronouns 237
15. 4.3 Demonstratives 238
16. 5 Noun phrase structure.
17. 5.1 Nominal modifiers 243
18. 5.2 Possession and compounding 257
19. 6 Prepositions.
20. 6.1 Inventory of true prepositions 272
21. 6.2 Pronominal suffixes with prepositions 274
22. 6.3 Dative (or Purposive) 275
23. 6.4 Instrumental and Comitative 276
24. 6.5 Spatial prepositions 281
25. 6.6 Compound prepositions 288
26. 6.7 Preposition-like particles 291
27. 7 Verbal morphology.
28. 7.1 Augment verbs with -t- 293
29. 7.2 Stem categories 299
30. 7.3 Verb classes and irregular verbs. 7.3.1 Regular classes 341
31. 7.3 Verb classes and irregular verbs. 7.3.2 Irregular and suppletive verbs 411
32. 7.4 Pronominal subject paradigms 431
33. 8 Verbal derivation.
34. 8.1 Causative (-s-, -s̩-, -š-, -z-, -ž-, -z̩-, -svw-) 439
35. 8.2 Passive (-t-, -tt-, -tvw-) 466
36. 8.3 Mediopassive (-m-, -η-, -nvy-) 471
37. 8.4 Reciprocal -nvm-, -m-, -n- 476
38. 8.5 Participles (subject relatives) 481
39. 8.6 Verbal nouns 506
40. 8.7 Adjectival nouns without derivational prefix 536
41. 8.8 Agentives 539
42. 8.9 Nonagentive nominals with -m- or -n- 549
43. 8.10 Denominal agentives (-mæs-, -næs-, etc.) 552
44. 8.11 Instrumental (and related) nominals with -s- or -s-vg- prefix 554
45. 8.12 Other nominals 561
46. 9 Verb phrases and other predications.
47. 9.1 Voice (valency) types of verbs 573
48. 9.2 Copular predications (‘be’, ‘become’) 580
49. 9.3 Locational and existential predications 582
50. 9.4 Possessive predications 584
51. 9.5 External negation and negative copular clauses 585
52. 9.6 Preverbs 586
53. 9.7 Verbs borrowed from French 594
54. 10 Clitics.
55. 10.1 Sentential clitics 595
56. 10.2 Directional clitics 595
57. 10.3 Pronominal clitics 603
58. 10.4 Ordering of clitics 610
59. 11 Dicourse-functional particles and topicalization.
60. 11.1 Topicalization 615
61. 11.2 Emphatics 616
62. 11.3 Other discourse particles 617
63. 12 Extraction.
64. 12.1 Relativization 623
65. 12.2 Focalization 642
66. 12.3 Interrogatives 649
67. 13 Clausal subordination.
68. 13.1 Adverbial clauses 663
69. 13.2 Purposive and causal clauses 671
70. 13.3 Jussive and subjunctive clauses (à.\d) 674
71. 13.4 Add-on small clauses 680
72. 13.5 Verbs with verbal noun complements 683
73. 13.6 Verbs and particles with finite complements 687
74. 13.7 Factive ‘that’ complements (s, à-\s) 692
75. 13.8 Reported speech and thought 695
76. 13.9 Conditionals 696
77. 13.10 Possessive ̩ә̀n plus ‘that’ complement 700
78. 14 Coordination.
79. 14.1 NP coordination 702
80. 14.2 Clausal coordination 706
81. 15 Anaphora.
82. 15.1 Reflexive 708
83. 15.2 Reciprocal 709
84. 16 Text
85. Text 711
86. Indices 727
87. References 744