Outline of an Auditory Theory of Speaker Normalization

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter I
2. Preface V
3. Acknowledgement VI
4. Contents VII
5. Report of the meetings of the Permanent Council held during the Tenth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences in Utrecht, 1-6 August 1983 XVII
6. Plenary Sessions
7. Opening address. Some Aspects of the 'Phonetic Sciences', Past and Present 3
8. Keynote address. Phonetics and Speech Technology 13
9. Invited Lectures
10. 1. Speech and Hearing
11. Perception of Speech as a Modulated Signal 29
12. Speech and Hearing: Some Important Interactions 41
13. 2. Relation between Speech Production and Speech Perception
14. Relation between Speech Production and Speech Perception 55
15. Relation between Speech Production and Speech Perception 59
16. 3. Can the Models of Evolutionary Biology be Applied to Phonetic Problems?
17. Can the Models of Evolutionary Biology be Applied to Phonetic Problems? 67
18. 'Out of Chaos Comes Order'; Physical, biological, and structural patterns in phonetics 83
19. 4. Psycholinguistic Contributions to Phonetics
20. Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words 99
21. Spontaneous Self-Repairs in Speech: Processes and Representations 105
22. 5. Speech Technology in the Next Decades
23. Speech Technology in the Coming Decades 121
24. Speech Technology in the Next Decades 125
25. Semi-Plenary Sessions: Symposia
26. SYMPOSIUM 1: Semantics, Syntax and Prosody 143
27. SYMPOSIUM 2: Units in Speech Synthesis 151
28. SYMPOSIUM 3: Models of the Larynx 157
29. SYMPOSIUM 4: Auditory Analysis and Speech Perception 171
30. SYMPOSIUM 5: Phonetic Explanations in Phonology 175
31. Symposium 6: Human and Automatic Speech Recognition 183
32. Section Papers
33. Section 1: Acoustic Manifestations of Speech
34. Die Hochdeutschen und Schweizerhochdeutschen Betonten Monophthonge 191
35. Temporal Control at the Utterance Level in German 197
36. F₁ Locus and Place of Articulation 201
37. The Influence of Voice Sound Level on the Duration of French Long Vowels 205
38. Bavarian -a- Vowels: Experimental Investigations on the Comparability of the First Two Formants and of Phonetic Transcriptions 210
39. Über akustische Faktoren der Distinktiven Perzeption im Deutschen 215
40. Section 2: Speech Synthesis
41. An Analysis Method for High Quality Formant Synthesis 221
42. Voxton, Russon: Systems Generating Impersonal Hungarian and Russian Speech by Rule 225
43. Relative Importance of Parameters in Voice Similarity Judgment 230
44. The Analysis of Polish Intonation by Synthesis 233
45. Recognition of a Spanish VV Sequence 237
46. A Phonetically Based Data and Rule System for the Real-Time Text to Speech Synthesis of Hungarian 243
47. Semi-automatic Synthesis of Intonation for Dutch and British English 247
48. Section 3: Acoustic Analysis and Coding of Speech
49. On the Acoustic Characterisation of the Oral and Nasal Vowels of French 255
50. Effective Implementation of Short-Term Analysis Pitch Determination Algorithms 263
51. Analysis and Validation of Higher Pole Correction Function 270
52. Estimating Vocal Tract Area Functions: A Progress Report 277
53. Real Time Fundamental Frequency Analysis Using the Spectral Comb Method 284
54. Jitter in the Singing Voice 288
55. A Perceptual Evaluation of Two V/U Detectors 293
56. F₀ Behaviour in Mandarin and French: An Instrumental Comparison 299
57. On Difference Operation in Linear Prediction 304
58. Section 4: Automatic Speech Recognition
59. Outline of an Auditory Theory of Speaker Normalization 313
60. Automatic Segmentation of the Speech Signal into Phonelength Elements 318
61. Speaker Recognition in Open Sets 322
62. The Machine as an Addressee: When Paralinguistics Fails 326
63. Extensions to the Locus Theory 331
64. Syllable-based Analysis of Spectral and Temporal Features for Automatic Speech Recognition 338
65. Section 5: Physiology and Acoustics of Speech Production
66. Between Formant Space and Articulation Space 347
67. Physiological Explanations of F₀ Declination 354
68. Spectral Consequences of a Time-varying Glottal Impedance 361
69. On the Reliability of the Intraoral Measuring of Subglottal Pressure 367
70. Lung and Larynx Coordination in a Composite Model of Speech Production 372
71. Use of an Optical Position-Sensitive Device for Recording Lip and Jaw Movements in Speech 378
72. Section 6: Physiological Manifestations of Speech Sounds
73. Tafkhim in Arabic: the Acoustic and Psychological Parameters 385
74. Coordinated Tongue Muscle Activity During /ǝpVp/ Utterances 390
75. An Electromyographic Study of Laryngeal Adjustments for the Korean Stops in Syllable-Initial and Final Positions 395
76. Glottal Timing in German Voiceless Occlusives 399
77. Assimilation of Voice in Dutch 404
78. English Diphthongs, [ai, oi, ou] 411
79. Section 7: Psychoacoustics of Speech
80. Differentiating Between Speaking and Singing Vocal Registers 417
81. Motor Speech Characteristics in Diving 423
82. An Acoustic Determinant of Perceived and Produced Anisochrony 429
83. Pitch and the Perceptual Separation of Simultaneous Vowel Sounds 434
84. Perception of Speech in a Hyperbaric Helium-Oxygen Atmosphere 439
85. Categorical Perception of Speaker Identity 443
86. Section 8: Perception of Phonemes
87. The Role of Coarticulation in the Identification of Consonants 451
88. Confusions between Dutch Consonants under Various Conditions of Noise and Reverberation 455
89. Amplitude Envelope and the Perception of Breathy Stops in Hindi 459
90. Identification of Intervocalic Plosive Consonants: the Importance of Plosive Bursts vs. Vocalic Transitions 464
91. The Effects of Visually Presented Speech Movements on the Perception of Acoustically Encoded Speech Articulation as a Function of Acoustic Desynchronization 469
92. Section 9: Word Perception
93. Listening for Phonemes while Reading 477
94. Speech Quality and the Gating Paradigm 481
95. The Detection of Mispronunciations and the Influence of Context 486
96. Effects of Anticipatory Coarticulation on Vowel Detection in Meaningful Words 491
97. Section 10: Stress and Accent
98. Extrametricality and Italian Stress 499
99. The Stress Pattern and Its Acoustic Correlates in Beijing Mandarin 504
100. On the Distinctive Features of Byelorussian Utterance Accents 515
101. Stress in Standard Swahili 518
102. Phonetic Reality of Linguistic Structures: the Case of (Secondary) Stress in French 522
103. Section 11: Temporal Organisation of Speech
104. On the Perception of Juncture in English 529
105. 'Koartikulation' and 'Steuerung' as Factors Influencing the Perception of 'Momentary Tempo' 537
106. Patterns of Temporal Compression in Spoken Italian 541
107. Section 12: Communicative Functions of Prosody
108. Acceptability of Accenting and De-accenting 'NEW' and 'GIVEN' in Dutch 549
109. Syntactic Dispositions as a Factor in Discourse Segmentation 554
110. The Effect of Accentuation on Comprehension: An Experiment 558
111. Section 13: Pitch and Intonation
112. Perception and Interpretation of Non-Native Intonation Patterns 565
113. Experiments on the Stylization of British English Intonation 570
114. Gradations in Pitch Accents? 574
115. An Analysis of Regional Variation in English Intonation 580
116. Surface Tones in Chaga: Towards a Tonetic Classification 583
117. Section 14: Speech Acquisition
118. Pitch and Timing Cues in Speech Intelligibility: the Case of Child Language 589
119. Audio-Vocal Self Control Functions: Pitch Fluctuations and Audio-Vocal Pitch Matching 595
120. Interactive Speech Synthesis in the Study of Normal Perceptual Development 600
121. The Change of Voice during Puberty in Choir Singers Measured with Phonetograms and Compared to Androgen Status together with Other Phenomena of Puberty 604
122. Section 15: Sociophonetics
123. Sociophonetic Restrictions on Subphonemic Elements in Pirahã 611
124. Perceptual Description of Long-term Speaker-Characterizing Voice Features by means of Semantic Differential Ratings of Running Speech 615
125. Concentration and Diversification of Sound Changes 619
126. Stylistic Variation in R.P. 624
127. The Relative Importance of Vocal Speech Parameters for the Discrimination of Emotions 628
128. A Cross-Dialect Study of Vowel Perception in Standard Indonesian 634
129. Tendencies in Contemporary French Pronunciation 641
130. Section 16: Phonetics and Phonology
131. On the Uses of Complementary Distribution 647
132. On the Correlation of Phonetic and Phonemic Distinctions 650
133. A Distinctive Feature Based System for the Evaluation of Segmental Transcription in Dutch 654
134. Section 18: History and Phonetics
135. The Study of Vowel Quality by Early Arab and Muslim Phoneticians 663
136. The Birth of Experimental Phonetics in Spain. Pere Barnils and his Barcelona Laboratories (1913-1933) 667
137. Section 19: Phonetics and Foreign Language Teaching
138. Production and Perception of English Vowel duration by Dutch Speakers of English 673
139. Detection of Foreign Accentedness 677
140. Patterns of English Word Stress by Native and Non-native Speakers 682
141. Korrektiver Ausspracheunterricht auf auditiver Basis 687
142. Phonic Transfer: The Structural Bases of Interlingual Assessments 691
143. Die Syllabisch-Akzentologischen Modelle der russischen Substantive 696
144. Timing of English Vowels spoken with an Arabic Accent 700
145. English Intonation from a Dutch Point of View 706
146. Section 20: Speech Pathology and Aids for the Handicapped
147. Intonation Patterns in Normal, Autistic and Aphasie Children 713
148. Phono-articulatory Stereotypes in Deaf Children 719
149. Acoustic Measurement of Voice Quality in Dysphonia after Traumatic Midbrain Damage 727
150. A Contribution to the Phonological Pathology of Speech Structure in Children with Impaired Hearing 730
151. A Tactual 'Hearing' Aid for the Deaf 733
152. Verbal Apraxia in Cases of So-called Broca's Aphasia in the Light of Electromyographic Studies in Vowel Articulation 738
153. Bioelectric Activity of the Articulation Muscles in Deaf Children 742
154. Section 21: Hearing Pathology and Speech
155. Hearing Impairment and the Perception of Speech Sounds 749
156. Accents and their Differential Influence on the Perception by Normally Hearing and Hearing-impaired Subjects 755
157. Auditory Evaluation of the Speech of Deaf Children 760
158. On the Possibility of Tactile Categorical Perception 764
159. Dyslexia and Developmental Dysphasia; a Deficit in Processing Rapid Spectral Changes? 769
160. Perception of English Contrastive Stress by Brain-damaged Adults 773
161. Speech Rate and its Differential Influence on the Perception of Normally Hearing and Hearing-impaired Subjects 778
162. Section 22: Speech Errors
163. An Analysis of Pronunciation Mistakes and Second Language Strategy in the Case of Italian and Mandarin Speaking Learners of English 785
164. List of Participants 789
165. Index of Contributors 817