Punctuation in the Genetic Code: A Plausible Basis for the Degeneracy of the Code to Initiate Translation

Chapters in this book

1. I-VI I
2. Preface VII
3. Contents IX
4. 1. Fritz Lipmann (1899-1986)
5. 1. Fritz Lipmann (1899-1986) 1
6. Life with Fritz 3
7. A Long Life in Times of Great Upheaval 9
8. Fritz Lipmann: In Memoriam 37
9. Lipmann's Remarkably Fulfilled Life as a Researcher 43
10. Fritz Lipmann: June 12, 1899 - July 24, 1986 63
11. Fritz Lipmann Molding the Design of Molecular Bioenergetics 67
12. Recollections of Fritz Lipmann, 1941-1945 73
13. In Celebration of the Scientific Genius of Fritz Lipmann 81
14. Lipmann and "Not Strictly Biochemistry" 85
15. Communication in Metabolic Control Intuition and Method in Biochemistry: Four Years each with Krebs and Lipmann 95
16. Fritz Lipmann: Squiggle to Protein Sulfation 105
17. Fritz Lipmann (1899-1986), Honorary Member of the Leopoldina Academy 109
18. Dahlem in the Late Nineteen Twenties 111
19. Our Apprenticeship 125
20. The Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institutes in Berlin-Dahlem in the Late 1930ies and Early 1940ies: Reminiscences of a Student of Biochemistry 129
21. On the Origin of the Squiggle (~) 135
22. 2. Biochemistry Comes of Age
23. 2. Biochemistry Comes of Age 139
24. The History of Metabolites Isolated from Urine 141
25. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 147
26. Glycolysis and the Dawn of Modern Biochemistry 157
27. Energy-Rich Bonds and Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis 165
28. A Nostalgic View of the TCA Cycle in Bacteria 181
29. The Role of Vitamins and their Carrier Proteins in Citrate Fermentation 191
30. Lipmann's Influence on Firefly Luminescence 205
31. Sulfur in Biomimetic Peptide Syntheses 213
32. The Function of Teichoic Acids in Walls and Membranes of Bacteria 223
33. The Amidotransferases: Origins of the Concept of Affinity Labeling of Enzymes 231
34. Intracellular Protein Degradation: Past, Present and Future 251
35. Lipmann's Squiggle and the Unification of Cellular Structure and Function 261
36. The Historical Intermingling of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 285
37. Regulation of Function of Membrane Proteins by Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation 295
38. Molecular Biology of Brain Peptides and their Cognate Receptors 305
39. The Biological Activity of Tuftsin, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg 323
40. Biosynthesis of Linear Gramicidin, Pentadeca Peptide, is Tight Linked to Serine Metabolism and to Membranous Phosphoglyceride 331
41. From Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase to Sporulation: Personal Reflections on Dr. F. Lipmann 339
42. Research on Nonribosomal Systems: Biosynthesis of Peptide Antibiotics 355
43. Metabolism of Carnosine and Related Peptides 369
44. 3. Molecular Biology Sharpens its Tools
45. 3. Molecular Biology Sharpens its Tools 377
46. DNA Repair in Human Cells: Molecular Cloning of cDNAS Coding for Enzymes Related to Repair 379
47. Acyl ~ Phosphate Intermediates in Oxidative DNA Sugar Damage by Antibiotics 389
48. Rts1: A Multiphenotypic, Unusual Temperature Sensitive Drug Resistance Factor 397
49. The Partial Dependency of Human Prostatic Growth Factor on Steroid Hormones in Stimulating Thymidine Incorporation into DNA 407
50. Developmentally Regulated Gene Amplification in Rhynchosciara 417
51. Fritz Lipmann, a Few Personal Memories, and: What Else Came Out of the High-Energy Phosphate Bond? 423
52. Regulation of Gene Expression by Posttranslational Modification of Transcription Factors 431
53. How Does the Arginine Repressor Regulate the Synthesis of Arginine Biosynthetic Enzymes? 441
54. The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Terminal Reactions of Methionine Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli 447
55. The Wheat Embryo, Then and Now 457
56. Mechanism of Cytotoxic Action and Structures of Thiadiazolo-pyrimidines 477
57. Architecture of Ribosomal Particles as Investigated by Image Reconstruction and X-Ray Crystallographic Studies 481
58. Initiation of Protein Synthesis: Early Participation and Recent Revisit 493
59. Structure of Ribosomal RNA Genes of Eukaryotes: Some Solved and Unsolved Questions 505
60. Energetics and Dynamics of the Protein- Synthesizing Machinery 511
61. Expression 535
62. Punctuation in the Genetic Code: A Plausible Basis for the Degeneracy of the Code to Initiate Translation 539
63. Reconstruction of Translation: Role of EF-P in Regulation of Peptide Bond Formation 551
64. On the Role of Spermine in Protein Synthesis 555
65. 4. Functional Dynamics
66. 4.1 The Squiggle - Symbol of Bioenergetics
67. 4.1 The Squiggle - Symbol of Bioenergetics 565
68. Energy-Rich Compounds and Work 569
69. Squiggle Phosphate of Inorganic Pyrophosphate and Polyphosphates 581
70. Enzymology of 3'-Squiggled Nucleotides 603
71. Pyridine Nucleotides as Group Transfering Coenzymes 609
72. The Nature of Squiggle in Oxidative Phosphorylation 625
73. Motional Dynamics of Fatty Acids: Advantages of 15N and Deuterium Substituted Fatty Acid Spin Labels for Studies of Lipid-Protein Interactions and Motion in Membrane Bilayers 631
74. Thyroid Hormones and Oxidative Phosphorylation 645
75. Structure-Activity Relationships of Natural and Synthetic E-β-Methoxyacrylates of the Strobilurin and Oudemansin Series 657
76. The Intracellular Mechanism of Insulin Action 663
77. Unity and Diversity in Biological Redox Catalysis: Comparative Enzymology of Some Microbial Oxidoreductases Showing Variation in Cofactor Identity 671
78. Ammonia-Forming, Dissimilatory Nitrite Reductases as a Homologous Group of Hexaheme C-Type Cytochromes in Metabolically Diverse Bacteria 683
79. Halorhodopsin 693
80. Control of Futile Transmembrane Potassium Cycling in Escherichia coli 699
81. Bioenergetics of Protein Transport into Mitochondria: Role of ΔΨ and of Nucleoside Triphosphates 707
82. Some Recent Functional and Structural Contributions to the Molecular Mechanism of Photosynthesis 713
83. Salt Toxicity and Mineral Deficiency in Plants: Cytoplasmic Ion Homeostasis, a Necessity for Growth and Survival under Stress 721
84. 4.2 Molecular Recognition and Communication
85. 4.2 Molecular Recognition and Communication 735
86. Dawn of Ca Research: Regulation of Muscle Contraction 737
87. Comparative Aspects of the Mechanisms of Energy Transduction in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum between Rabbit and Frog Skeletal Muscle 747
88. Caltrin: A Versatile Regulator of Calcium Transport in Spermatozoa 759
89. Protein Kinase C, the Structural Heterogeneity and Differential Expression in Rat Brain 765
90. Regulation of Erythrocyte Membrane Cytoskeletal Protein Interactions by Phosphorylation 771
91. A Kinase Splitting Membranal Proteinase: Use in the Study of Receptors Involved in the Cellular Response to Hormones 781
92. Fritz Lipmann, Phosphoproteins and Regulation of Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylase Activity 791
93. The Regulation of Hepatic Phenylalanine Hydroxylase by Phosphorylation- Dephosphorylation 805
94. Catabolite Inactivation and Adenylate Cyclase in Yeast 813
95. Protein Modification by Tyrosine-Sulfation: Possible Functional Implications 817
96. Proteoglycans and Connective Tissue Pathobiochemistry 827
97. Acylation of Myelin Proteolipid Protein: A Link to the Past 835
98. The Unusual Regulation of the Adenylyl cyclase of Amphibian Oocytes by Progesterone - A Review 841
99. Sterol Synergism, a Tool for Studies on Sterol Function 853
100. Chemical Modification of Benzodiazepine Receptors of Cortical P2 Membranes 857
101. Dual Pathways for the Catabolism of γ- Hydroxybutyrate: Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Mechanisms 867
102. 5. Evolution
103. 5. Evolution 879
104. Prebiotic Syntheses and the Mechanism of Early Chemical Evolution 881
105. Prebiotic Roots of Informed Protein Synthesis: Nature of the Lipmann Connection 895
106. A Case for an Additional RNA Base Pair in Early Evolution 911
107. Inorganic Pyrophosphate in Cellular Energetics and Evolution 917
108. Selforganization in Biosystems 923
109. List of Contributors 935
110. Acknowledgements 943
111. Lipmann's Coworkers at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and the Rockefeller University, New York 945
112. Fritz Lipmann: Bibliography 1924-1985 949
113. Index 979