3. BIOLOGICAL VARIABLES INFLUENCING LABORATORY RESULTS

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter i
2. PREFACE v
3. CONTENTS vii
4. LIST OF CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xi
5. 1. GENERAL PART
6. 1.1 Introduction and History of the Preanalytical Phase 3
7. 1.2 Requesting Laboratory Tests: Benefits and Limitations of Laboratory Diagnostic Pathways 11
8. 1.3 Definition of the Influence and Interference Factors in the Preanalytical Phase 22
9. 1.4 Extraanalytical Procedures and their Management in Total Turnaround Time 27
10. 2. TYPES OF SAMPLES AND ANATOMIC SITE OF ORIGIN
11. 2.1 Arterial, Venous or Capillary Blood? 37
12. 2.2 Special Pre-Examination Conditions in Newborns and Pediatric Patients 40
13. 2.3 Venous Blood Sampling (Phlebotomy) 50
14. 2.4 Arterial Sampling of Blood 54
15. 2.5 Capillary Sampling of Blood 59
16. 2.6 Plasma or Serum? Which Anticoagulant to Use? 64
17. 2.7 Spot or Timed Urine – Preanalytical Aspects of Urinalysis 69
18. 2.8 When are other Body Fluids to be Analyzed? 81
19. 2.9 Who is Doing Phlebotomy in Europe? 90
20. 3. BIOLOGICAL VARIABLES INFLUENCING LABORATORY RESULTS 95
21. 3.1 Age and Gender Differences – Unavoidable Influences on Laboratory Results 97
22. 3.2 Variables during Sampling 102
23. 3.3 Food, Drinks and Smoking 115
24. 3.4 Effect of Herbs 123
25. 4. SOURCE AND NATURE OF INTERFERENCES OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
26. 4.1 The Hemolytic Sample 135
27. 4.2 The Lipemic Sample 141
28. 4.3 The Icteric Sample 147
29. 4.4 Drug Interferences 152
30. 4.5 Interferences from Blood Sampling Device Materials on Clinical Assays: I Blood Collection Devices and Their Constituents and Additives 170
31. 4.6 Influences and Interferences from Blood Sampling Device Materials on Clinical Assays: II Special Devices and Procedures; Recommendations 205
32. 5. SAMPLING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
33. 5.1 Materials and Techniques of Sampling Blood and other Body Fluids. Contributions of Greiner – Bio One 219
34. 5.2 Materials and Techniques of Sampling Blood by Sarstedt 231
35. 5.3 BD Preanalytical Systems – Diagnostic Sample Collection 238
36. 6. SPECIMEN PROCESSING IN THE PREANALYTICAL PHASE
37. 6.1 Sample Transport, Treatment after Arrival, Storage and Disposal 251
38. 6.2 Preanalytical Workflow Techniques and Procedures 264
39. 7. PREANALYTICAL VARIABLES AND RULES IN SPECIFIC FIELDS OF MEDICAL LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
40. 7.1 Hemostaseology 273
41. 7.2 Hematology including Flow Cytometry of Blood Cells 282
42. 7.3 Blood Gases, Ions and Electrolytes 292
43. 7.4 Clinical Chemistry including Metabolites, Enzymes, Hormones and Proteins 298
44. 7.5 Preanalytical Variables in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 305
45. 7.6 Preanalytical Variables in Microbiology 318
46. 7.7 Biobanking 328
47. 8. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND AUDITING OF THE PREANALYTICAL PHASE
48. 8.1 Auditing of the Preanalytical Phase 337
49. 8.2 Internal Quality Assurance for Preanalytical Phase 345
50. 8.3 External Quality Assurance for the Preanalytical Phase1 352
51. 9. Annex Samples and Stability of Analytes 365
52. Index 399