Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. List of Figures vi
4. Abbreviations viii
5. Note on Transliteration x
6. Acknowledgements xi
7. Introduction: The Past’s Present 1
8. 1 Beyond ‘Tribes’ and ‘Sects’: On Concepts and Terms 21
9. 2 The First Moment – 1830s: Th e Germs of Competing Ethno-religious Visions 45
10. 3 Th e Second Moment – The Tanẓīmāt’s Long Waves: Politicising Ethno-religious Differences 64
11. 4 The Third Moment – From Ethnocentric Drives to a New Millet System 96
12. 5 Balfour’s ‘Pattern’ 118
13. 6 The Racialisation of Middle Eastern People 159
14. 7 Beyond ‘Artificiality’: Borders, States, Nations 184
15. Conclusion: The Present’s Past 211
16. Bibliography 228
17. Index 254