II.13 Coevolution

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. Preface vii
4. Contributors ix
5. Part I. Autecology
6. Introduction 1
7. I.1 Ecological Niche 3
8. I.2 Physiological Ecology: Animals 14
9. I.3 Physiological Ecology: Plants 20
10. I.4 Functional Morphology: Muscles, Elastic Mechanisms, and Animal Performance 27
11. I.5 Habitat Selection 38
12. I.6 Dispersal 45
13. I.7 Foraging Behavior 51
14. I.8 Social Behavior 59
15. I.9 Phenotypic Plasticity 65
16. I.10 Life History 72
17. I.11 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems 79
18. I.12 Geographic Range 87
19. I.13 Adaptation 93
20. I.14 Phenotypic Selection 101
21. I.15 Population Genetics and Ecology 109
22. I.16 Phylogenetics and Comparative Methods 117
23. I.17 Microevolution 126
24. I.18 Ecological Speciation: Natural Selection and the Formation of New Species 134
25. I.19 Adaptive Radiation 143
26. Part II. Population Ecology
27. Introduction 153
28. II.1 Age-Structured and Stage-Structured Population Dynamics 155
29. II.2 Density Dependence and Single-Species Population Dynamics 166
30. II.3 Biological Chaos and Complex Dynamics 172
31. II.4 Metapopulations and Spatial Population Processes 177
32. II.5 Competition and Coexistence in Plant Communities 186
33. II.6 Competition and Coexistence in Animal Communities 196
34. II.7 Predator–Prey Interactions 202
35. II.8 Host–Parasitoid Interactions 213
36. II.9 Ecological Epidemiology 220
37. II.10 Interactions between Plants and Herbivores 227
38. II.11 Mutualism and Symbiosis 233
39. II.12 Ecology of Microbial Populations 239
40. II.13 Coevolution 247
41. Part III. Communities and Ecosystems
42. Introduction 253
43. III.1 Biodiversity: Concepts, Patterns, and Measurement 257
44. III.2 Competition, Neutrality, and Community Organization 264
45. III.3 Predation and Community Organization 274
46. III.4 Facilitation and the Organization of Plant Communities 282
47. III.5 Indirect Effects in Communities and Ecosystems: The Role of Trophic and Nontrophic Interactions 289
48. III.6 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Regulation of Communities 296
49. III.7 The Structure and Stability of Food Webs 305
50. III.8 Spatial and Metacommunity Dynamics in Biodiversity 312
51. III.9 Ecosystem Productivity and Carbon Flows: Patterns across Ecosystems 320
52. III.10 Nutrient Cycling and Biogeochemistry 330
53. III.11 Terrestrial Carbon and Biogeochemical Cycles 340
54. III.12 Freshwater Carbon and Biogeochemical Cycles 347
55. III.13 The Marine Carbon Cycle 358
56. III.14 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning 367
57. III.15 Ecological Stoichiometry 376
58. III.16 Macroecological Perspectives on Communities and Ecosystems 386
59. III.17 Alternative Stable States and Regime Shifts in Ecosystems 395
60. III.18 Responses of Communities and Ecosystems to Global Changes 407
61. III.19 Evolution of Communities and Ecosystems 414
62. Part IV. Landscapes and the Biosphere
63. Introduction 423
64. IV.1 Landscape Dynamics 425
65. IV.2 Landscape Pattern and Biodiversity 431
66. IV.3 Ecological Dynamics in Fragmented Landscapes 438
67. IV.4 Biodiversity Patterns in Managed and Natural Landscapes 445
68. IV.5 Boundary Dynamics in Landscapes 458
69. IV.6 Spatial Patterns of Species Diversity in Terrestrial Environments 464
70. IV.7 Biosphere–Atmosphere Interactions in Landscapes 474
71. IV.8 Seascape Patterns and Dynamics of Coral Reefs 482
72. IV.9 Seascape Microbial Ecology: Habitat Structure, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Function 488
73. IV.10 Spatial Dynamics of Marine Fisheries 501
74. Part V. Conservation Biology
75. Introduction 511
76. V.1 Causes and Consequences of Species Extinctions 514
77. V.2 Population Viability Analysis 521
78. V.3 Principles of Reserve Design 529
79. V.4 Building and Implementing Systems of Conservation Areas 538
80. V.5 Marine Conservation 548
81. V.6 Conservation and Global Climate Change 557
82. V.7 Restoration Ecology 566
83. Part VI. Ecosystem Services
84. Introduction 573
85. VI.1 Ecosystem Services: Issues of Scale and Trade-Offs 579
86. VI.2 Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Ecosystem Services 584
87. VI.3 Beyond Biodiversity: Other Aspects of Ecological Organization 591
88. VI.4 Human-Dominated Systems: Agroecosystems 597
89. VI.5 Forests 606
90. VI.6 Grasslands 614
91. VI.7 Marine Ecosystem Services 619
92. VI.8 Provisioning Services: A Focus on Fresh Water 625
93. VI.9 Regulating Services: A Focus on Disease Regulation 634
94. VI.10 Support Services: A Focus on Genetic Diversity 642
95. VI.11 The Economics of Ecosystem Services 652
96. VI.12 Technological Substitution and Augmentation of Ecosystem Services 659
97. VI.13 Conservation of Ecosystem Services 670
98. Part VII. Managing the Biosphere
99. Introduction 679
100. VII.1 Biological Control: Theory and Practice 683
101. VII.2 Fisheries Management 689
102. VII.3 Wildlife Management 695
103. VII.4 Managing the Global Water System 701
104. VII.5 Managing Nutrient Mobilization and Eutrophication 712
105. VII.6 Managing Infectious Diseases 718
106. VII.7 Agriculture, Land Use, and the Transformation of Planet Earth 724
107. VII.8 The Ecology, Economics, and Management of Alien Invasive Species 731
108. VII.9 Ecological Economics: Principles of Economic Policy Design for Ecosystem Management 740
109. VII.10 Governance and Institutions 748
110. VII.11 Assessments: Linking Ecology to Policy 754
111. Milestones in Ecology 761
112. Glossary 775
113. Index 793