Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS v
3. List of Figures vi
4. Timeline ix
5. Glossary xiii
6. Sources xxv
7. Preface xxxi
8. 1 Italians in the East (Levante) and the Making of Modern Europe 1
9. 2 After Caesar: The Roman Empire and its Arabian Frontiers 23
10. 3 The Formation of the Papal State during the Early Caliphates 37
11. 4 A New Turn to Carthage (Tunisia) and the Start of the Crusades 52
12. 5 Pisan Trade Hubs from Seville to Crusader Syria 72
13. 6 Genoese Commerce across the Habsburg–Ottoman Mediterranean 96
14. 7 The Venetian Republic Turns Global 122
15. 8 Florentine Commerce and the Renaissance 139
16. 9 Livornans in North Africa during Italian Unification 161
17. 10 Italian Citizens between Rome and the East (Levante) 187
18. 11 The Last Levantines (Gli Levantini) 203
19. Epilogue: Memories of the Levant in Exile 219
20. Notes 221
21. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 242
22. Index 244