10.2 The velaric airstream mechanism

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. List of figures and tables ix
4. To readers xiii
5. Acknowledgements xv
6. THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) xvii
7. 1 Introduction to phonetics
8. 1.1 What is phonetics? 1
9. 1.2 What this book covers 3
10. 1.3 Ways to talk about sounds 3
11. 1.4 An overview of the book 5
12. Further reading 6
13. 2 Overview of the human speech mechanism
14. 2.1 The complexity of speech sounds 7
15. 2.2 Breathing 7
16. 2.3 The larynx and voicing 9
17. 2.4 Airflow 11
18. 2.5 Place of articulation 12
19. 2.6 Manner of articulation 17
20. Summary 19
21. Exercises 19
22. Further reading 20
23. 3 Representing the sounds of speech
24. 3.1 Introduction 21
25. 3.2 Phonetic transcription 21
26. 3.3 Acoustic representations 35
27. 3.4 Acoustic representations and segments 40
28. 3.5 Representation and units in phonetics 41
29. Summary 42
30. Exercises 42
31. Further reading 44
32. 4 The larynx, voicing and phonation type
33. 4.1 Introduction 46
34. 4.2 How the larynx articulates 48
35. 4.3 How the vocal folds vibrate 50
36. 4.4 Fundamental frequency, pitch and intonation 50
37. 4.5 Phrasing and intonation 54
38. 4.6 Phonation type: an element of voice quality 59
39. Summary 64
40. Exercises 65
41. Further reading 66
42. 5 Vowels
43. 5.1 Introduction 67
44. 5.2 Reference points for vowels: cardinal vowels 67
45. 5.3 The acoustics of vowels 74
46. 5.4 Other vocalic features 75
47. 5.5 Vowels in English ‘keywords’ 76
48. 5.6 Reduced vowels 86
49. 5.7 Voiceless vowels 87
50. Summary 88
51. Exercises 88
52. Further reading 89
53. 6 Approximants
54. 6.1 Introduction 90
55. 6.2 The palatal approximant [j] 91
56. 6.3 A doubly articulated sound: the labiovelar approximant [w] 93
57. 6.4 Laterals 95
58. 6.5 ‘Rhotics’ 101
59. Summary 106
60. Exercises 107
61. Further reading 107
62. 7 Plosives
63. 7.1 Introduction 108
64. 7.2 Overview of the production of plosives 108
65. 7.3 Voicing and plosives in English 111
66. 7.4 Glottalisation 116
67. 7.5 Long closure 118
68. 7.6 Place of articulation 118
69. 7.7 Release features of plosives 122
70. 7.8 Taps 127
71. Summary 129
72. Exercises 129
73. Further reading 130
74. 8 Fricatives
75. 8.1 Introduction 132
76. 8.2 The production of fricatives 132
77. 8.3 Details of English fricatives 134
78. 8.4 Non-lexical fricatives 145
79. Summary 150
80. Exercises 151
81. Further reading 151
82. 9 Nasals
83. 9.1 The production of nasals 152
84. 9.2 Details of English nasals 154
85. 9.3 Nasalised vowels 160
86. 9.4 Syllabic nasals 162
87. Summary 166
88. Exercises 166
89. Further reading 167
90. 10 Glottalic and velaric airstreams
91. 10.1 Airstream mechanisms 168
92. 10.2 The velaric airstream mechanism 169
93. 10.3 The glottalic airstream mechanism 176
94. Summary 183
95. Exercises 184
96. Further reading 184
97. 11 Sounds and structures
98. 11.1 Introduction 185
99. 11.2 Data 186
100. 11.3 Assimilation: place of articulation across word boundaries 191
101. 11.4 Glottal stops 194
102. 11.5 Silent pauses within an utterance 197
103. 11.6 Silent pause after syntactic completion 199
104. 11.7 Examples of places with syntactic completion + pause 201
105. 11.8 Syntactically complete phrases followed immediately by more talk 204
106. Summary 205
107. Note on the data 206
108. Exercises 206
109. Further reading 207
110. 12 Conclusion 208
111. Glossary 211
112. Discussion of the exercises 219
113. Charts 227
114. Further reading 231
115. Index 237