127 CONCLUSION

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS v
3. THE CONTRIBUTORS xv
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xlviii
5. TABLES AND FIGURES xlix
6. PREFACE li
7. 1 INTRODUCTION 1
8. PART 1 ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY IN GENERAL
9. 2 SIX MAXIMS FOR INFORMED ENERGY ANALYSIS AND POLICY 5
10. 3 ENDING SUBSIDIES FOR FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION IN A WORLD OF UNBURNABLE CARBON 12
11. 4 WERE NORTH SEA OIL AND GAS ‘FIELD ALLOWANCES’ SUBSIDIES – AND DOES IT MATTER? 17
12. 5 RENEWABLE ENERGY DISPUTES 23
13. 6 USING A LEGACY FRAME TO DELIVER ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT POLICIES 29
14. 7 THE EMERGENCE OF EU ENERGY LAW 33
15. 8 HOW TO IMPROVE REGULATION 40
16. 9 DELIVERING ENERGY NETWORKS SECURITY: ECONOMICS, REGULATION AND POLICY 45
17. 10 THE ROLE OF MARKETING IN DELIVERING ENERGY LAW AND POLICY 50
18. PART 2 ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY IN THE UNITED STATES
19. 11 A BRIEF HISTORY OF US ENERGY POLICY 57
20. 12 APPLYING INNOVATION POLICY TO THE US ENERGY/CLIMATE CHALLENGE 61
21. 13 NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES AS AN ENERGY POLICY VEHICLE: THE UNITED STATES’ EXPERIENCE 68
22. 14 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY IN THE US: THE ROLE OF TAXES 73
23. 15 DELIVERING THE WIND: DECONSTRUCTING RENEWABLE ENERGY SUCCESS IN TEXAS 79
24. 16 SOLAR RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES 84
25. 17 THE US–CHINA CLIMATE AGREEMENT: A NEW DIRECTION 88
26. 18 GOING GREEN: THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND ENERGY SECURITY 92
27. 19 US CONJUNCTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT 97
28. PART 3 ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
29. 20 DELIVERING NEW POLITY: PAVING THE WAY FOR THE EUROPEAN ENERGY UNION 103
30. 21 ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT IN THE EU ENERGY SECTOR 107
31. 22 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY IN THE EU: SOME THOUGHTS ON THE ROLE OF CONSUMERS 111
32. 23 THE GROWING IMPACT OF FREE MOVEMENT PROVISIONS IN THE EU ENERGY MARKET 116
33. 24 ENERGY, EXTERNALITIES AND THE NEED TO REVISIT DEUTSCHE BAHN: A PROPOSAL TO REVERSE THE EUROPEAN STANCE ON EU STATE AID LAW AND INTERNATIONAL AVIATION 121
34. 25 RES: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN POLICY 125
35. 26 ENERGIEWENDE IN GERMANY: THE DAWN OF A NEW ENERGY ERA 129
36. 27 WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE POLICY? A CASE FOR THE ENERGIEWENDE 135
37. 28 THE FINNISH ENERGY POLICY: FULFILLING THE EU ENERGY AND CLIMATE TARGETS WITH NUCLEAR AND RENEWABLES 141
38. 29 THE EU–RUSSIA RELATIONSHIP AND THE EU ENERGY UNION: FROM DEPENDENCE AND VULNERABILITY TOWARDS COMPETITION AND A FREE FLOW 145
39. PART 4 ELECTRICITY POLICY DELIVERY
40. 30 THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY IN ENERGY INVESTMENTS AND REGULATION 153
41. 31 ENERGY SECURITY IN AN UNPREDICTABLE WORLD: MAKING THE CASE AGAINST STATE AID LIMITATIONS IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION 159
42. 32 DELIVERING A LOW-CARBON ELECTRICITY SYSTEM IN A LIBERALISED MARKET 163
43. 33 A PROPOSAL FOR REFORMING AN ELECTRICITY MARKET FOR A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY 171
44. 34 THE ROLE OF THE DEMAND SIDE IN ELECTRICITY 174
45. 35 REPLACING FOSSIL FUEL GENERATION WITH RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY: IS MARKET INTEGRATION OR MARKET CIRCUMVENTION THE WAY FORWARD? 179
46. 36 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN EUROPE: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE 184
47. 37 THE EXTERNAL DIMENSION OF CROSSBORDER ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION PLANNING IN THE EU 191
48. 38 INTEGRATING VEHICLES AND THE ELECTRICITY GRID TO STORE AND USE RENEWABLE ENERGY 197
49. 39 A STITCH IN TIME: COULD IRELAND’S FORTHCOMING WHITE PAPER BREATHE NEW LIFE INTO ITS BRAVE BUT FALTERING RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY POLICY? 202
50. 40 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HUNGARIAN ELECTRICITY REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 208
51. PART 5 NUCLEAR ENERGY
52. 41 DELIVERING THE REVIVAL OF NUCLEAR POWER 215
53. 42 ENERGY POLICY: THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER 219
54. 43 FINANCING NEW NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS 223
55. 44 UK NUCLEAR NEW-BUILD PLANS IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE 228
56. 45 DELIVERING UK NUCLEAR POWER IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN ENERGY POLICY: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD 236
57. 46 NUCLEAR LIABILITY: CURRENT ISSUES AND WORK IN PROGRESS FOR THE FUTURE 242
58. 47 THE PRESENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR THIRD-PARTY LIABILITY AND NUCLEAR INSURANCE 251
59. 48 SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: THE FUTURE OR THE SWANSONG OF THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY? 256
60. PART 6 RENEWABLE ENERGY
61. 49 COHERENT PROMOTION OF RENEWABLES UNDER A CARBON EMISSIONS CAP 265
62. 50 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES CHANGE CARBON EMISSIONS EVEN UNDER EMISSIONS TRADING 268
63. 51 THE RENEWABLE TRAJECTORY: AVOIDING THE TEMPTATION OF CHEAP OIL 273
64. 52 IMPACT OF RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS ON IN-STATE RENEWABLE DEPLOYMENT IN THE US 278
65. 53 RENEWABLE SUPPORT POLICIES IN EUROPE: EVALUATION OF THE PUSH–PULL FRAMEWORK FOR WIND AND PV IN THE EU 283
66. 54 A VIEW FROM THE GLOBAL WIND INDUSTRY 288
67. 55 THE NEW CONCEPT OF COMPETITIVE BIDDING ON PHOTOVOLTAIC IN THE GERMAN RENEWABLE ENERGY ACT 2014 292
68. 56 LEGAL CERTAINTY FOR GREEN ENERGY PROJECTS: SURE, BUT AT WHAT PRICE? 298
69. 57 THE FUTURE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER IN THE UNITED STATES: THINKING SMALL 302
70. 58 HYDROPOWER: FROM PAST TO FUTURE UNCERTAINTIES 307
71. 59 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MARINE AREAS AND COASTAL ZONE: THE NORWEGIAN MODEL 312
72. 60 THE GEOPOLITICS OF CLEAN ENERGY: RE-ENGAGING WITH RUSSIA THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY COOPERATION 317
73. PART 7 FOSSIL FUELS
74. 61 TALKING ABOUT SHALE IN ANY LANGUAGE 325
75. 62 THE SHALE REVOLUTION, FRACKING AND REGULATORY ACTIVITY IN THE US: A POLICY DIVIDED 329
76. 63 FRACTURED SYSTEMS: A MULTIPLE POLICY PROPOSAL FOR PROMOTING SAFE SHALE GAS DELIVERY IN THE UNITED STATES 333
77. 64 PREPARING PENNSYLVANIA FOR A POST-SHALE FUTURE 338
78. 65 THE DECLINE OF COAL AND THE ECONOMIC TOLL ON THE APPALACHIAN REGION 344
79. 66 THE EU NETWORK CODES AND PROSPECTS OF CROSS-BORDER NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECTS 349
80. 67 BUILDING THE ENERGY UNION: THE PROBLEM OF CROSS-BORDER GAS PIPELINE INTERCONNECTIONS IN BALTIC, CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE 354
81. 68 EMINENT DOMAIN AUTHORITY FOR UPSTREAM GAS INFRASTRUCTURE: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH 359
82. 69 PETROLEUM LICENSING ON THE UKCS FIFTY YEARS ON: PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS AND MORE PROBLEMS? 365
83. 70 GREENLAND OFFSHORE PETROLEUM REGULATION TOWARDS ‘THE BLUE ARCTIC’ 370
84. PART 8 ENERGY JUSTICE
85. 71 ENERGY JUSTICE: THE YIN AND YANG APPROACH 377
86. 72 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY JUSTICE: TWO AGENDAS COMBINED 381
87. 73 ASSESSING THE JUSTICE IMPLICATIONS OF ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARCTIC 385
88. PART 9 ENERGY POVERTY AND HEALTH
89. 74 ENERGY POVERTY AND AFFORDABLE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (ASETS) 391
90. 75 CHALLENGING ENERGY POVERTY POLICIES: INSIGHTS FROM SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE 395
91. 76 POLICY CHANGES FOR FUTUREPROOFING HOUSING STOCK 400
92. 77 CHALLENGES FOR HEALTH SERVICES IN IDENTIFYING WHICH GROUPS ARE MOST VULNERABLE TO HEALTH IMPACTS OF COLD HOMES 405
93. 78 ENERGY, LIFE, METABOLISM AND THE FOOD CHAIN 412
94. PART 10 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND
95. 79 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY DEMAND 419
96. 80 ENERGY DEMAND REDUCTION POLICY 424
97. 81 DEMAND RESPONSE IN WHOLESALE MARKETS 429
98. 82 PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF DELIVERING INFORMATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY 437
99. 83 DEVELOPING BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS: THREE LESSONS LEARNED FOR DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY 442
100. 84 POLICY MIXES IN STIMULATING ENERGY TRANSITIONS: THE CASE OF UK ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY 448
101. 85 THE JOURNEY OF SMART METERING IN GREAT BRITAIN: A REVISIT 452
102. 86 RETHINKING HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION STRATEGIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF DEMAND AND EXPECTATIONS 457
103. 87 FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR ENERGYEFFICIENT APPLIANCES 460
104. PART 11 ENERGY SECURITY
105. 88 ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY POLICY INCOHERENCE 467
106. 89 DESIGNING INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENERGY GOVERNANCE FOR EU ENERGY SECURITY 472
107. 90 NATO AND EUROPEAN ENERGY SECURITY 477
108. 91 GENEALOGY OF THE CURRENT GAS SECURITY SITUATION IN THE EU–UKRAINE–RUSSIA ENERGY TRIANGLE AND THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 482
109. PART 12 COUNTRY-SPECIFIC AND INTERNATIONAL ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY
110. 92 GERMAN ENERGY LAW 489
111. 93 DELIVERING ENERGY LAW AND POLICY IN MALTA 495
112. 94 DELIVERING ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES IN ROMANIA 502
113. 95 ENERGY LAW IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: ‘UNBUNDLING’ ČEZ 507
114. 96 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY REFORM IN UKRAINE: LEGAL ISSUES IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 511
115. 97 A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT: THE ‘MISSING LINK’ IN OPTIMISING POLICY DELIVERY IN THE UK? 515
116. 98 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY: IS THERE NEED FOR KEY CHANGES IN THE NEXT UK PARLIAMENTARY PERIOD? 520
117. 99 ENERGY AND THE STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST 527
118. 100 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY IN ARGENTINA 533
119. 101 THE ARCTIC: SOURCE OF ENERGY? SOURCE OF CONFLICT? SOURCE OF POLICY INNOVATION 537
120. PART 13 CITIES, COMMUNITY ENERGY AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
121. 102 DELIVERING ENERGY (OFTEN) REQUIRES PUBLIC CONSENT 545
122. 103 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT AND LOW CARBON ENERGY TRANSITIONS: RATIONALES AND CHALLENGES 549
123. 104 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY IN IRELAND: PROTEST, DISSENT AND THE RULE OF LAW 554
124. 105 NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY, LOCALLY DELIVERED: THE ROLE OF CITIES 559
125. 106 COMMUNITY ENERGY IN THE UK 562
126. 107 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES: BACK TO THE FUTURE AND MORE 566
127. 108 PROMOTING COST-EFFECTIVE DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: LESSONS FROM THE UNITED STATES 570
128. PART 14 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
129. 109 ENERGY AND CLIMATE POLICY: SYNERGIES, CONFLICTS AND CO-BENEFITS 581
130. 110 THE MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEM OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: OPPORTUNITIES FOR MORE AMBITIOUS CLIMATE STRATEGIES 587
131. 111 THE WHAT, HOW AND WHERE OF CLIMATE LAW 592
132. 112 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND CLIMATE CHANGE 596
133. 113 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES: THE ROLE OF LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP 601
134. 114 OVERVIEW OF THE EU CLIMATE POLICY BASED ON THE 2030 FRAMEWORK 605
135. 115 CLIMATE POLICY INSTRUMENTATION IN SPAIN 610
136. 116 PLANNING CONSENT AND THE LAW OF NUISANCE 619
137. 117 MULTI-STATE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT LISTINGS: THE IMPACT TO ENERGY AND NEW CONSERVATION APPROACHES IN THE UNITED STATES 624
138. 118 DELIVERING ENERGY TO THE DRYLANDS: OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE UN CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD) TO PROVIDE ENERGY, WATER AND MORE 630
139. PART 15 NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND ENERGY INITIATIVES
140. 119 DELIVERING NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: THE MILITARY AS CONSUMER AND INNOVATOR 639
141. 120 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY FOR PLANET OCEAN BY INVESTING IN OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION INFRASTRUCTURE 643
142. 121 THE NECESSITY OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR THE SUCCESSFUL DEPLOYMENT OF CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE 647
143. 122 TOO LITTLE AND TOO LATE? AN EVALUATION OF THE REGULATION OF CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE AS AN INTEGRAL ELEMENT OF A FUTURE LOW-CARBON ENERGY SYSTEM 651
144. 123 CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE READINESS ASSESSMENT: A PREMATURE REGULATORY REQUIREMENT? 658
145. 124 VALUE OF ENERGY STORAGE: THE REQUIRED MARKET AND POLICY SUPPORTS 664
146. 125 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS: A RISKY INVESTMENT TO PROVIDE THE REQUIRED FLEXIBILITY FOR FUTURE SMART GRIDS 669
147. 126 AN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND BRAZIL FOR THE PROMOTION OF SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS 674
148. 127 CONCLUSION 679
149. INDEX 681