4. Why Metrics Became So Popular

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents xiii
3. Preface to the Paperback xvii
4. Introduction 1
5. I. THE ARGUMENT
6. 1. The Argument in a Nutshell 17
7. 2. Recurring Flaws 23
8. II. THE BACKGROUND
9. 3. The Origins of Measuring and Paying for Performance 29
10. 4. Why Metrics Became So Popular 39
11. 5. Principals, Agents, and Motivation 49
12. 6. Philosophical Critiques 59
13. III. THE MISMEASURE OF ALL THINGS? Case Studies
14. 7. Colleges and Universities 67
15. 8. Schools 89
16. 9. Medicine 103
17. 10. Policing 125
18. 11. The Military 131
19. 12. Business and Finance 137
20. 13. Philanthropy and Foreign Aid 153
21. EXCURSUS
22. 14. When Transparency Is the Enemy of Performance: Politics, Diplomacy, Intelligence, and Marriage 159
23. IV. CONCLUSIONS
24. 15. Unintended but Predictable Negative Consequences 169
25. 16. When and How to Use Metrics: A Checklist 175
26. Acknowledgments 185
27. Notes 189
28. Index 213