How to smell without a verb “to smell” in Fon
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Renée Lambert-Brétière
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the constructions used in Fon, a Kwa language spoken in Benin, to express olfaction. There is no verb meaning expressly ‘to smell’ in this language, and the lexicon dedicated to this sensory modality is rather poor, even if a few ideophones are found to specifically qualify olfactory perceptions. It is then worth exploring the ways in which Fon speakers talk about odors and smell. A first strategy found in phenomenon-based constructions is to use a variety of support verbs conceptualizing the emission of the odor. The choice of verb varies according to the quality of the odor (e.g. positive / negative). A second strategy found in experiencer-based constructions is to use a neutral perception verb that is also found with other sensory modes like hearing, and by extension, knowing. Moreover, two serial verb constructions, one phenomenon-oriented and one activity-oriented, are employed to talk about smell. Another particularity of olfactory expressions in Fon is that they are used to convey abstract emotions. I show that odors are conceived as a reflection of their carrier’s identity. The acceptance, rejection, or concealment of odors reveal love, hate, or shame, respectively. Overall, this chapter shows that even if the linguistic domain of smell is not expanded, the Fon language has developed strategies to circumvent the gap.
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the constructions used in Fon, a Kwa language spoken in Benin, to express olfaction. There is no verb meaning expressly ‘to smell’ in this language, and the lexicon dedicated to this sensory modality is rather poor, even if a few ideophones are found to specifically qualify olfactory perceptions. It is then worth exploring the ways in which Fon speakers talk about odors and smell. A first strategy found in phenomenon-based constructions is to use a variety of support verbs conceptualizing the emission of the odor. The choice of verb varies according to the quality of the odor (e.g. positive / negative). A second strategy found in experiencer-based constructions is to use a neutral perception verb that is also found with other sensory modes like hearing, and by extension, knowing. Moreover, two serial verb constructions, one phenomenon-oriented and one activity-oriented, are employed to talk about smell. Another particularity of olfactory expressions in Fon is that they are used to convey abstract emotions. I show that odors are conceived as a reflection of their carrier’s identity. The acceptance, rejection, or concealment of odors reveal love, hate, or shame, respectively. Overall, this chapter shows that even if the linguistic domain of smell is not expanded, the Fon language has developed strategies to circumvent the gap.
Chapters in this book
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Preface and acknowledgments vii
- List of contributors ix
- Rendering what the nose perceives 1
- Why is smell special? 35
- The domain of olfaction in Basque 73
- On olfactory terminology in Georgian and other Kartvelian languages 113
- Let me count the ways it stinks 137
- Olfactory, gustatory and tactile perception in Beja (North-Cushitic) 175
- How to smell without a verb “to smell” in Fon 199
- How to talk about smell in Japanese 221
- An overview of olfactory expressions in Formosan languages 251
- Olfactory words in northern Vanuatu 277
- Alternating smell in Modern Hebrew 305
- Syntactic patterns for Romanian olfactive verbs 343
- Smelling over time 369
- To what extent can source-based olfactory verbs be classified as copulas? 403
- Typology of metaphors with the olfactory target domain in the Polish perfumery discourse 449
- Languages index 475
- Subjects index 477
Chapters in this book
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Preface and acknowledgments vii
- List of contributors ix
- Rendering what the nose perceives 1
- Why is smell special? 35
- The domain of olfaction in Basque 73
- On olfactory terminology in Georgian and other Kartvelian languages 113
- Let me count the ways it stinks 137
- Olfactory, gustatory and tactile perception in Beja (North-Cushitic) 175
- How to smell without a verb “to smell” in Fon 199
- How to talk about smell in Japanese 221
- An overview of olfactory expressions in Formosan languages 251
- Olfactory words in northern Vanuatu 277
- Alternating smell in Modern Hebrew 305
- Syntactic patterns for Romanian olfactive verbs 343
- Smelling over time 369
- To what extent can source-based olfactory verbs be classified as copulas? 403
- Typology of metaphors with the olfactory target domain in the Polish perfumery discourse 449
- Languages index 475
- Subjects index 477
