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Bradleyite, Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), inclusion in diamond: Structure and significance

  • Felix V. Kaminsky ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Enrico Mugnaioli and Sofia Lorenzon
Published/Copyright: December 4, 2025
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 110 Issue 12

Abstract

Bradleyite, a sodium phosphate-magnesium carbonate, Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), occurs in sedimentary salt rocks and in igneous, carbonatitic, and kimberlitic rocks. In this paper, we present the characteristics of a bradleyite sample found in a new geological environment as an inclusion in a diamond from the Córigo Sorriso placer deposit in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, where other unusual mineral inclusions in diamond were earlier identified. Bradleyite is part of a polymineral inclusion, comprising a porous aggregate of grains <150 nm in size, hosted within a dolomite crystal. The studied bradleyite is characterized by the highest MgO+FeO concentrations and the lowest Na content among bradleyites from other localities. It demonstrates significant variability in composition, particularly Na (28.75–37.84 mass % Na2O). Nitrogen was also detected by EDS analysis. We report for the first time the ab initio crystal structure of natural bradleyite. It has monoclinic symmetry, with cell parameters a = 8.684 Å, b = 6.804 Å, c = 5.074 Å, and β = 90.34°. The structure was solved ab initio and refined using dynamical scattering theory in space group P21/m, confirming the model obtained from powder XRD analysis of synthetic analogs. The final structure model converged to a formula Na3(Mg0.86Fe0.14)(PO4)(CO3), Z = 2. Bradleyite is a polygenetic mineral. In continental salt deposits, it forms under atmospheric pressure during sedimentation. In deep-formed igneous rocks, such as kimberlites and carbonatites, bradleyite occurs as a product of late-stage crystallization of carbonatitic melt and as a primary-crystallized phase in deep-seated minerals, such as olivine, ilmenite, chrome spinel, and magnetite. Our findings demonstrate its stability in diamond and diamond-forming environments and that it may be considered a product of crystallization from a primary melt inclusion.

Keywords: Bradleyite; phosphate-magnesium carbonate; diamond; inclusion; dolomite; Juina area

Acknowledgments and Funding

The authors are thankful to the Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP) for the access to the HR-TEM lab, Anja Schreiber for preparing FIB foils, and Richard Wirth for the initial study of the foils (both from Deutsche GeoForschungsZentrum, GFZ in Potsdam), Anton Chakhmouradian, Andrea Giuliani, Vadim Kamenetsky for their information about their analytical studies of bradleyite. We also thank the Associate Editor Oliver Tschauner and two anonymous reviewers for their careful and constructive comments, which helped to improve the manuscript. This work was carried out at the expense of budgetary financing of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GEOHI RAS).

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Received: 2024-12-01
Accepted: 2025-04-11
Published Online: 2025-12-04
Published in Print: 2025-12-17

© 2025 Mineralogical Society of America

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  5. Accurate XANES determination of microscale Fe redox state in clinopyroxene: A multivariate approach with polarization-dependent Fe K-edge XAFS
  6. Apatite geochemistry records crustal anatexis: A case study of metapelites and granitic gneisses from the Cona area in the eastern Himalaya
  7. Formation and transformation of clay minerals influenced by biological weathering in a red soil profile in Yangtze River, China
  8. Mineralogy and precipitation controls on saprolite lithium isotopes during intensive weathering of basalt
  9. Texture and geochemistry of multi-stage hydrothermal scheelite in the Dongyuan porphyry-type W-Mo deposit, South China: Implications for the ore-forming process and fluid metasomatism
  10. Anoxic and iron-rich seawater conditions facilitated reverse weathering: Evidence from the Mesoproterozoic siliceous rocks
  11. The effect of H2O on the crystallization of orthopyroxene in a high-Mg andesitic melt
  12. Bradleyite, Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), inclusion in diamond: Structure and significance
  13. Revision of Y3+ ionic radii in common minerals based on trace element partitioning
  14. Aqueous fluid drives rhenium depletion in the continental crust
  15. Letter
  16. Synthesis and crystal structure of V-rich tourmaline
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2024-9704
Keywords for this article
Bradleyite; phosphate-magnesium carbonate; diamond; inclusion; dolomite; Juina area

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Ertlite, NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup
  2. Synthesis of zircon-hafnon to determine oxygen isotope matrix effects in secondary ionization mass spectrometry
  3. Using multimodal X-ray computed tomography to advance 3D petrography: A non-destructive investigation of olivine inside a carbonaceous chondrite
  4. Pre-eruptive characteristics of “suspect” silicic magmas in Carlin-type Au-forming systems
  5. Accurate XANES determination of microscale Fe redox state in clinopyroxene: A multivariate approach with polarization-dependent Fe K-edge XAFS
  6. Apatite geochemistry records crustal anatexis: A case study of metapelites and granitic gneisses from the Cona area in the eastern Himalaya
  7. Formation and transformation of clay minerals influenced by biological weathering in a red soil profile in Yangtze River, China
  8. Mineralogy and precipitation controls on saprolite lithium isotopes during intensive weathering of basalt
  9. Texture and geochemistry of multi-stage hydrothermal scheelite in the Dongyuan porphyry-type W-Mo deposit, South China: Implications for the ore-forming process and fluid metasomatism
  10. Anoxic and iron-rich seawater conditions facilitated reverse weathering: Evidence from the Mesoproterozoic siliceous rocks
  11. The effect of H2O on the crystallization of orthopyroxene in a high-Mg andesitic melt
  12. Bradleyite, Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), inclusion in diamond: Structure and significance
  13. Revision of Y3+ ionic radii in common minerals based on trace element partitioning
  14. Aqueous fluid drives rhenium depletion in the continental crust
  15. Letter
  16. Synthesis and crystal structure of V-rich tourmaline
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