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Reconstructing volatile evolution in melts using zircon-hosted apatite inclusions: Implications for the use of apatite as a fertility indicator

  • Qiang Li , Xiang Sun EMAIL logo , Jun Deng EMAIL logo , Yunzhao Ge , Xiaobo Si , Xu Zheng and Pete Hollings
Published/Copyright: September 11, 2025
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Abstract

Porphyry Cu deposits are genetically associated with oxidized, hydrous, and volatile-rich (e.g., Cl, S) magmas. Magmatic volatiles play a crucial role in the fertility of magmas associated with porphyry Cu mineralization. A continuous, volatile record from volatile undersaturation to fluid saturation in the magma reservoir is significant for understanding the genesis of porphyry Cu deposits. Apatite serves as a reliable recorder of the magmatic-hydrothermal history in porphyry Cu systems, with its volatile evolution providing an effective method for identifying the occurrence of volatile saturation. In this study, we measure the compositions of apatites occurring as inclusions in various minerals, including zircons, in both fresh and altered pre-mineralization monzogranite and inter-mineralization monzogranite porphyry from the Zhunuo porphyry Cu deposit in the Gangdese belt, southern Tibet. Cathodoluminescence and composition reveal significant differences between unaltered and hydrothermally altered apatites. Primary magmatic apatites exhibit homogeneous yellow to brown luminescence, whereas hydrothermally altered apatites display a wide range of distinctive luminescence colors (e.g., dull yellow-green, green, and gray). Furthermore, primary magmatic apatites show a significantly higher Mn/Fe ratio (>1.5) and rare earth element (REE) plus Y contents (>4500 ppm) compared to hydrothermally altered apatites (Mn/Fe < 1.5, REE+Y < 4500 ppm). Zircon-hosted apatite inclusions demonstrate decreasing XCl/XOH ratios (∼1.0–0.2) with increasing XF/XOH (2–11) and XF/XCl (4–48) ratios, indicating volatile exsolution during or prior to zircon crystallization in the magma chamber. Phenocryst-hosted apatite inclusions and ground-mass apatite crystals have comparable volatile compositions, characterized by higher XF/XOH (5–25) and XF/XCl (15–75) but lower XCl/XOH (mostly <0.3) compared to zircon-hosted apatites. We infer that the phenocryst-hosted apatite inclusions may have formed during/after fluid exsolution or may not escape re-equilibration with the residual melt due to the less robust nature of their silicate hosts. The calculated melt Cl contents, derived from low-XF/XCl zircon-hosted apatites in the monzogranite porphyry are 0.17 ± 0.06 wt%, overlapping with those of the monzogranite (0.12 ± 0.04 wt%). The relatively high Cl contents of primary ore-forming magmas likely facilitate the effective extraction of Cu from the melt into the hydrothermal fluid. Our study highlights that apatite-in-zircon is more valuable than non-zircon-hosted apatite grains for reconstructing melt volatile evolution and could be a better Cu-fertility indicator for porphyry Cu mineralization than other forms of apatite.

Acknowledgments and Funding

We are grateful for the constructive comments and suggestions from Andrew Miles and Chetan Nathwani. We thank associate editor Danie E. Harlov for handling the manuscript. This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92162215), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2022YFC2903302), and the 111 Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (BP0719021).

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Received: 2024-08-02
Accepted: 2025-01-09
Published Online: 2025-09-11
Published in Print: 2025-09-25

© 2025 Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Revisiting the importance of clay minerals in rock varnish
  3. Formation and transformation of clay minerals in Mars-analog rock varnish
  4. Reconstructing volatile evolution in melts using zircon-hosted apatite inclusions: Implications for the use of apatite as a fertility indicator
  5. Vesuvianite as a key tool for the reconstruction of skarn formation conditions: An example from the Sauce Chico Complex, Argentina
  6. Germanium oxidation state and substitution mechanism in Ge-rich sphalerite from MVT deposits: Constraints from X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and geometric optimization
  7. Enrichment mechanism of heavy rare earth elements in magmatic-hydrothermal titanite: Insights from SXAS/XPS experiments and first-principles calculations and implications for regolith-hosted HREE deposits
  8. Thorite: An oddity in phase stability among the zircon-structured orthosilicates at high pressures
  9. High P-T single-crystal elasticity of zircon by Brillouin spectroscopy
  10. Berndlehmannite: A new V-bearing sulfide mineral from the black-shale-hosted Zhongcun vanadium deposit, South China
  11. In situ Raman spectroscopic investigation on the phase transition of grunerite at high pressures
  12. Silicate liquid immiscibility in the Chang’e 5 lunar mare magmas: Constraints on the petrogenesis of lunar granitic rocks
  13. The high-pressure, vacancy-stabilized component in clinopyroxenes
  14. Lianbinite, (NH4)(C2H3O3)(C2H4O3), a new glycolate mineral from the Santa Catalina Mountains, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
  15. Mariakrite, [Ca4Al2(OH)12(H2O)4][Fe2S4]: A new mineral and the first layered double hydroxide intercalated with dithioferrate (iron disulfide) chains
  16. New Mineral Names
  17. Book Review
  18. Book Review: Rings of Fire: How an Unlikely Team of Scientists, Ex-Cons, Women, and Native Americans helped win World War II
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