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Quartz textures, trace elements, fluid inclusions, and in situ oxygen isotopes from Aktogai porphyry Cu deposit, Kazakhstan

  • Changhao Li , Ping Shen , Reimar Seltmann , Di Zhang , Hongdi Pan and Eleonora Seitmuratova
Published/Copyright: February 4, 2025
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 110 Issue 2

Abstract

The Paleozoic Aktogai Group in Kazakhstan ranks among the 30 largest porphyry Cu deposits globally. The Aktogai deposit is the largest one in the Aktogai Group and is characterized by intensive potassic alteration where the dominant orebody occurred. However, its mineralization processes still need to be clarified. Our investigation focused on the texture, trace elements, fluid inclusions, and in situ oxygen isotopes of the quartz from the ore-related tonalite porphyry and associated potassic alteration at Aktogai to trace the deposit’s mineralization processes. Ti-in-quartz thermobarometry, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and geological characteristics indicate that the ore-related magma at Aktogai originated from a shallow magma chamber at∼1.9 ± 0.5 kbar (∼7.2 ± 1.9 km) and intruded as the tonalite porphyry stock at ∼1.7–2.4 km. The potassic alteration and associated Cu mineralization comprise five types of veins (A1, A2, B1, B2, and C) and two types of altered rocks (biotite and K-feldspar). Among them, nine types of hydrothermal quartz were identified from early to late: (1) VQA1 in A1 veins and RQbt in biotite-altered rocks; (2)VQA2 in A2 veins and RQkfs in K-feldspar altered rocks; (3) VQB1 in B1 veins and VQB2E in B2 veins; and (4) quartz associated with Cu-Fe sulfides (VQB2L, VQBC, and VQC) in B and C veins. Titanium contents of the quartz decreased, while Al/Ti ratios increased from early to late. Fluid inclusion micro-thermometry and mineral thermometers reveal that VQ A1, RQbt, and hydrothermal biotite formed under high-temperature (∼470–560 °C) and ductile conditions. VQA2, RQkfs, VQB1, and hydrothermal K-feldspar formed during the transition stage from ductile to brittle, with temperatures of ∼350–540 °C. The rapid decrease in pressure from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure led to fluid boiling and minor involvement ofmeteoric water (∼11–14%) in the mineralizing fluid. Extensive recrystallization in VQA1 to VQB1 was associated with repeated cleavage and healing of the intrusion. With cooling, K-feldspar decomposition and hydrolysis increased. Fluid cooling and water-rock reactions resulted in the co-precipitation of Cu-Fe sulfides, white mica, chlorite, VQBC, and VQC at temperatures of ∼275–370 °C and brittle conditions. The Paleozoic Aktogai deposit exhibits formation depths and fluid evolution processes similar to Mesozoic and Cenozoic porphyry Cu deposits worldwide. The close association between Cu-Fe sulfides and later quartz formed under intermediate-temperature conditions at Aktogai implies that Cu-Fe sulfides are not precipitated under early high-temperature conditions in porphyry Cu deposits.

Keywords: Fluid evolution; emplacement depth; fluid source; Ti-in-quartz thermobarometry; Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Acknowledgments and funding

We thank Ke Huang and Xinghui Li for numerous discussions. Sincere thanks to Matthew Steele-MacInnis, Wyatt Bain, and Mitchell Bennett for their constructive comments and editing on this manuscript. This study was granted by the International Partnership Program of the International Cooperation Bureau, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 132A11KYSB20190070), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42002092), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2019M660787), and the “Tianchi Talent” Plan of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

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Received: 2023-01-09
Accepted: 2024-06-02
Published Online: 2025-02-04
Published in Print: 2025-02-25

© 2025 Mineralogical Society of America

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  5. Al3+ and H+ substitutions in TiO2 polymorphs: Structural and vibrational investigations
  6. Oriented triphylite rods in apatite from an LCT pegmatite in the Stankuvatske Li-ore deposit, Ukraine: Implications for Li mobility
  7. Quartz textures, trace elements, fluid inclusions, and in situ oxygen isotopes from Aktogai porphyry Cu deposit, Kazakhstan
  8. Cu nanoparticle geometry as the key to bicolor behavior in Oregon sunstones: An application of LSPR theory in nanomineralogy
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  11. Uramphite, (NH4)(UO2)(PO4)·3H2O, from the second world occurrence, Beshtau uranium deposit, Northern Caucasus, Russia: Crystal-structure refinement, infrared spectroscopy, and relation to uramarsite
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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-8931
Keywords for this article
Fluid evolution; emplacement depth; fluid source; Ti-in-quartz thermobarometry; Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Gender in mineral names
  2. Role of impurities in the semiconducting properties of natural pyrite: Implications for the electrochemical accumulation of visible gold and formation of hydrothermal gold deposits
  3. Unraveling clay-mineral genesis and climate change on Earth and Mars using machine learning-based VNIR spectral modeling
  4. Characteristics of the distribution of minerals among the space groups
  5. Al3+ and H+ substitutions in TiO2 polymorphs: Structural and vibrational investigations
  6. Oriented triphylite rods in apatite from an LCT pegmatite in the Stankuvatske Li-ore deposit, Ukraine: Implications for Li mobility
  7. Quartz textures, trace elements, fluid inclusions, and in situ oxygen isotopes from Aktogai porphyry Cu deposit, Kazakhstan
  8. Cu nanoparticle geometry as the key to bicolor behavior in Oregon sunstones: An application of LSPR theory in nanomineralogy
  9. Gowerite, Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·3H2O: Revisiting the crystal structure and exploring its formation context
  10. Zhonghongite, Cu29(As, Sb)12S33, a new mineral from the high-sulfidation vein of Jiama porphyry system, Tibet, China
  11. Uramphite, (NH4)(UO2)(PO4)·3H2O, from the second world occurrence, Beshtau uranium deposit, Northern Caucasus, Russia: Crystal-structure refinement, infrared spectroscopy, and relation to uramarsite
  12. A simple method to create mineral mounts in thin section for teaching optical mineralogy
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