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Synthesis and characterization of pure BiVO4 and zirconium-doped BiVO4 nanoparticles for supercapacitor and photocatalytic performance

  • Premkumar Nallamuthu , Thiruramanathan Pandirengan , Vijayakumar Subbukalai , Kumara Vadivel Manoharan , Ponraj Thangaraj , Ramalingam Ammapatti EMAIL logo and Naina Mohammed Samu Shahabuddin ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 22, 2025
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
From the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie

Abstract

This study presents the wet-chemical synthesis and characterization of Zr-doped BiVO4 ((Zr)x-(BiVO4)1-x, where x = wt.0 %, wt.2 %, wt.4 %, wt.6 %) nanoparticles, showcasing dual functionality in boosting supercapacitor applications and photocatalytic efficiency. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified zirconium incorporation into the BiVO4 lattice without altering its monoclinic crystal structure. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis revealed significant morphological alterations with varying zirconium concentrations, emphasizing variations in particle shape and size. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) validated the stoichiometric composition and confirmed the precise integration of zirconium into the BiVO4 lattice. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed vibrational modes and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) revealed active sites and oxidation states driving the dual functionality nanomaterials. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) indicated that the band gap values decrease with an increase in dopant concentration. Raman spectra showed a characteristic peak at 827 cm−1, confirming the successful formation of BiVO4. The Zr-doped electrode achieved a specific capacity of 47 C g−1, surpassing among all other electrodes. Optimal wt.6 % Zr doping achieved 91.14 % methylene blue removal within 120 min of light exposure. Pseudo-first-order kinetics and reusability tests further confirmed that Zr incorporation enhances long-term stability and photocorrosion resistance through synergistic effects.

Keywords: bismuth vanadate; zirconium doping; supercapacitor performance; photocatalytic activity
Corresponding author: Ramalingam Ammapatti and Naina Mohammed Samu Shahabuddin, Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Udumalpet, 642 126, Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: (Ramalingam A), (Naina Mohammed S.S.)

Acknowledgement

The authors express the gratitude to the Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Udumalpet – 642 126, Tamilnadu, India.

  1. Research ethics: The research article prepared is original work.

  2. Informed consent: Yes, with complete agreement with co-authors.

  3. Author contributions: N. Premkumar - Conceptualization, Experiments, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation and Visualization. P. Thiruramanathan - Draft editing, Revision, Formal Analysis, Visualization, Software and Data Curation. S. Vijayakumar - Formal Analysis, Draft editing and Resources. M. Kumara Vadivel - Draft editing, Revision, Formal Analysis, Visualization, Software and Data Curation. T. Ponraj - Software and Draft editing. A. Ramalingam - Writing, Editing, Resources and SupervisionS.S. Naina Mohammed - Conceptualization, Experiments, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Draft editing.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: No.

  6. Research funding: No.

  7. Data availability: Data will be made available on request.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2025-0100).

Received: 2025-06-24
Accepted: 2025-09-08
Published Online: 2025-10-22

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2025-0100
Keywords for this article
bismuth vanadate; zirconium doping; supercapacitor performance; photocatalytic activity
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