Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are considered a potential threat to mental health. Inflammation predominantly plays a role in the pathophysiology of NPDs. Dietary patterns are widely postulated to be involved in the physiological response to inflammation. This review aims to discuss the literature on how dietary inflammatory index (DII) is related to inflammation and, consequently, NPDs. After comprehensive scrutiny in different databases, the articles that investigated the relation of DII score and various NPDs and psychological circumstances were included. The association between dietary patterns and mental disorders comprising depression, anxiety, and stress proved the role of a proinflammatory diet in these conditions’ exacerbation. Aging is another condition closely associated with DII. The impact of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory diet on sleep quality indicated related disorders like sleep latency and day dysfunctions among the different populations are in relation with the high DII score. The potential effects of genetic backgrounds, dietary patterns, and the gut microbiome on DII are discussed as well. To plan preventive or therapeutic interventions considering the DII, these factors, especially genetic variations, should be considered as there is a growing body of literature indicating the role of personalized medicine in different NPDs. To the best of our knowledge, there is a limited number of RCTs on this subject, so future research should evaluate the causality via RCTs and look for therapeutic interventions with an eye on personalized medicine using information about DII in NPDs.
-
Author contributions: M.G.N., A.H., M.S., and N.S. conceptualized the study and prepared the original draft. M.M. conceptualized the study, designed figures, and edited the manuscript. A.S. administered the project, conceptualized the study, and revised the manuscript. N.R. conceptualized the study, appraised the manuscript, and supervised the project.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
References
Abdoli, A. (2018). High fat intake, inflammation and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr. Immunol. Rev. 14: 56–59, https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180410141421.Search in Google Scholar
Abdollahpour, I., Jakimovski, D., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., Vahid, F., Nedjat, S., Mansournia, M.A., and Weinstock-Guttman, B. (2020). Dietary inflammatory index and risk of multiple sclerosis: findings from a large population-based incident case-control study. Clin. Nutr. 39: 3402–3407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Adan, R.A., van der Beek, E.M., Buitelaar, J.K., Cryan, J.F., Hebebrand, J., Higgs, S., Schellekens, H., and Dickson, S.L. (2019). Nutritional psychiatry: towards improving mental health by what you eat. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 29: 1321–1332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.10.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ahn, H., Weaver, M., Lyon, D., Choi, E., and Fillingim, R.B. (2017). Depression and pain in asian and white Americans with knee osteoarthritis. J. Pain 18: 1229–1236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2017.05.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Akbaraly, T.N., Kerleau, C., Wyart, M., Chevallier, N., Ndiaye, L., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., and Kivimäki, M. (2016). Dietary inflammatory index and recurrence of depressive symptoms: results from the Whitehall II Study. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 4: 1125–1134, https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702616645777.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Alam, I., Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., Pawelec, G., and Larbi, A. (2018). Relationships between the inflammatory potential of the diet, aging and anthropometric measurements in a cross-sectional study in Pakistan. Nutr. Healthy Aging 4: 335–343, https://doi.org/10.3233/nha-180042.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Alam, M.B., Chowdhury, N.S., Sohrab, M.H., Rana, M.S., Hasan, C.M., and Lee, S.H. (2020). Cerevisterol alleviates inflammation via suppression of MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascade. Biomolecules 10: 199, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020199.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Alfreeh, L., Abulmeaty, M., Abudawood, M., Aljaser, F., Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., Almuammar, M., Al-Sheikh, Y., and Aljuraiban, G.S. (2020). Association between the inflammatory potential of diet and stress among female college students. Nutrients 12: 2389, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082389.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Anjom-Shoae, J., Keshteli, A.H., Afshar, H., Esmaillzadeh, A., and Adibi, P. (2020). Association between dietary insulin index and load and psychological disorders. Br. J. Nutr. 123: 161–171, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519002575.Search in Google Scholar
Azarmanesh, D., Bertone-Johnson, E., Pearlman, J., Liu, Z., and Carbone, E. (2020). Does inflammation mediate the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and depression? National health and nutrition examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 4: 1376, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_004.Search in Google Scholar
Bailey, B.W., Allen, M.D., LeCheminant, J.D., Tucker, L.A., Errico, W.K., Christensen, W.F., and Hill, M.D. (2014). Objectively measured sleep patterns in young adult women and the relationship to adiposity. Am. J. Health Promot. 29: 46–54, https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.121012-quan-500.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bartekova, M., Radosinska, J., Jelemensky, M., and Dhalla, N.S. (2018). Role of cytokines and inflammation in heart function during health and disease. Heart Fail. Rev. 23: 733–758, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-018-9716-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bauer, M.E. and Teixeira, A.L. (2019). Inflammation in psychiatric disorders: what comes first? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1437: 57–67, https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13712.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bergmans, R.S. and Malecki, K.M. (2017). The association of dietary inflammatory potential with depression and mental well-being among US adults. Prev. Med. 99: 313–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.03.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Berk, M., Williams, L.J., Jacka, F.N., O’Neil, A., Pasco, J.A., Moylan, S., Allen, N.B., Stuart, A.L., Hayley, A.C., Byrne, M.L., et al.. (2013). So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med. 11: 200, https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-200.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Beurel, E., Toups, M., and Nemeroff, C.B. (2020). The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: double trouble. Neuron 107: 234–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Bilbo, S.D., Smith, S.H., and Schwarz, J.M. (2012). A lifespan approach to neuroinflammatory and cognitive disorders: a critical role for glia. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 7: 24–41, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-011-9299-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Black, C. and Miller, B.J. (2015). Meta-analysis of cytokines and chemokines in suicidality: distinguishing suicidal versus nonsuicidal patients. Biol. Psychiatr. 78: 28–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bok, E., Jo, M., Lee, S., Lee, B.R., Kim, J., and Kim, H.J. (2019). Dietary restriction and neuroinflammation: a potential mechanistic link. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20: 464, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030464.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Bremner, J.D., Moazzami, K., Wittbrodt, M.T., Nye, J.A., Lima, B.B., Gillespie, C.F., Rapaport, M.H., Pearce, B.D., Shah, A.J., and Vaccarino, V. (2020). Diet, stress and mental health. Nutrients 12: 2428, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082428.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Bukhari, S.H.F., Clark, O.E., and Williamson, L.L. (2018). Maternal high fructose diet and neonatal immune challenge alter offspring anxiety-like behavior and inflammation across the lifespan. Life Sci. 197: 114–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Calder, P.C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K., Esposito, K., Jönsson, L.S., Kolb, H., Lansink, M. (2011). Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br. J. Nutr. 106: S1–S78, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511005460.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Calle, M.C. and Andersen, C.J. (2019). Assessment of dietary patterns represents a potential, yet variable, measure of inflammatory status: a review and update. Dis. Markers 2019: 3102870.10.1155/2019/3102870Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Canever, L., Alves, C., Mastella, G., Damázio, L., Polla, J., Citadin, S., De Luca, L., Barcellos, A., Garcez, M., Quevedo, J. (2018). The evaluation of folic acid-deficient or folic acid-supplemented diet in the gestational phase of female rats and in their adult offspring subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia. Mol. Neurobiol. 55: 2301–2319, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0493-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Carvalho, K., Ronca, D.B., Michels, N., Huybrechts, I., Cuenca-Garcia, M., Marcos, A., Molnár, D., Dallongeville, J., Manios, Y., Schaan, B.D. (2018). Does the Mediterranean diet protect against stress-induced inflammatory activation in European adolescents? The HELENA study. Nutrients 10: 1770, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111770.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Casas, R. and Estruch, R. (2016). Dietary patterns, foods, nutrients and chronic inflammatory disorders. Immunome Res. 12: 1, https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.10000122.Search in Google Scholar
Cavicchia, P.P., Steck, S.E., Hurley, T.G., Hussey, J.R., Ma, Y., Ockene, I.S., and Hébert, J.R. (2009). A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. J. Nutr. 139: 2365–2372, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.114025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chamberlain, S.R., Cavanagh, J., de Boer, P., Mondelli, V., Jones, D.N.C., Drevets, W.C., Cowen, P.J., Harrison, N.A., Pointon, L., Pariante, C.M., et al.. (2019). Treatment-resistant depression and peripheral C-reactive protein. Br J Psychiatry 214: 11–19, https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.66.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chen, L., Deng, H., Cui, H., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Li, Y., Wang, X., and Zhao, L. (2018). Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 9: 7204, https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23208.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Cho, Y., Lee, J., Oh, J.H., Chang, H.J., Sohn, D.K., Shin, A., and Kim, J. (2018). Inflammatory dietary pattern, IL-17F genetic variant, and the risk of colorectal cancer. Nutrients 10: 724, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060724.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Cole, G.M., Ma, Q.L., and Frautschy, S.A. (2009). Omega-3 fatty acids and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 81: 213–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Cong, X., Tracy, M., Edmunds, L.S., Hosler, A.S., and Appleton, A.A. (2020). The relationship between inflammatory dietary pattern in childhood and depression in early adulthood. Brain Behav. Immun. Health 2: 100017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2019.100017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Corley, J., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., Starr, J., and Deary, I. (2019). Associations between dietary inflammatory index scores and inflammatory biomarkers among older adults in the Lothian birth cohort 1936 study. J. Nutr. Health Aging 23: 628–636, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1221-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Correa-Rodríguez, M., Casas-Barragán, A., González-Jiménez, E., Schmidt-RioValle, J., Molina, F., and Aguilar-Ferrándiz, M.E. (2020). Dietary inflammatory index scores are associated with pressure pain hypersensitivity in women with fibromyalgia. Pain Med. 21: 586–594, https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz238.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Cunningham, C., Wilcockson, D.C., Campion, S., Lunnon, K., and Perry, V.H. (2005). Central and systemic endotoxin challenges exacerbate the local inflammatory response and increase neuronal death during chronic neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 25: 9275–9284, https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2614-05.2005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
da Costa Silva, B.Y., de Carvalho Sampaio, H.A., Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., da Silva Albuquerque, L., Carioca, A.A.F., D’Almeida, J.A.C., Maia, C.S.C., and de Melo, M.L.P. (2019). Dietary Inflammatory Index and clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 73: 979–988, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0294-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
de Lorgeril, M. and Salen, P. (2006). The Mediterranean-style diet for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Publ. Health Nutr. 9: 118–123, https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2005933.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
De Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J.L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., and Mamelle, N. (1999). Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 99: 779–785, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.99.6.779.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
de Sousa Rodrigues, M.E., Bekhbat, M., Houser, M.C., Chang, J., Walker, D.I., Jones, D.P., do Nascimento, C.M.O., Barnum, C.J., and Tansey, M.G. (2017). Chronic psychological stress and high-fat high-fructose diet disrupt metabolic and inflammatory gene networks in the brain, liver, and gut and promote behavioral deficits in mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 59: 158–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.021.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Debnath, M., Venkatasubramanian, G., and Berk, M. (2015). Fetal programming of schizophrenia: select mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 49: 90–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Dibner, C., Schibler, U., and Albrecht, U. (2010). The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72: 517–549, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Dutheil, S., Ota, K.T., Wohleb, E.S., Rasmussen, K., and Duman, R.S. (2016). High-fat diet induced anxiety and anhedonia: impact on brain homeostasis and inflammation. Neuropsychopharmacology 41: 1874–1887, https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.357.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ebrahim, I.O., Shapiro, C.M., Williams, A.J., and Fenwick, P.B. (2013). Alcohol and sleep I: effects on normal sleep. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 37: 539–549, https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Evidence, W.H.O.M.H., Team, R., Health, W.H.O.D.o. M., Abuse, S., and Project, D.C.P. (2006). Disease control priorities related to mental, neurological, developmental and substance abuse disorders. World Health Organization, Geneva.Search in Google Scholar
Felger, J.C. (2018). Imaging the role of inflammation in mood and anxiety-related disorders. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 16: 533–558, https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x15666171123201142.Search in Google Scholar
Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Baker, J.H., Vgontzas, A.N., Gaines, J., Liao, D., and Bixler, E.O. (2017). Insomnia symptoms with objective short sleep duration are associated with systemic inflammation in adolescents. Brain Behav. Immun. 61: 110–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Firth, J., Veronese, N., Cotter, J., Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., Ee, C., Smith, L., Stubbs, B., Jackson, S.E., and Sarris, J. (2019). What is the role of dietary inflammation in severe mental illness? A review of observational and experimental findings. Front. Psychiatr. 10: 350, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00350.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Foley, C., Corvin, A., and Nakagome, S. (2017). Genetics of schizophrenia: ready to translate? Curr. Psychiatr. Rep. 19: 61, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0807-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Frith, E., Shivappa, N., Mann, J.R., Hébert, J.R., Wirth, M.D., and Loprinzi, P.D. (2018). Dietary inflammatory index and memory function: population-based national sample of elderly Americans. Br. J. Nutr. 119: 552–558, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003804.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ghazizadeh, H., Yaghooti-Khorasani, M., Asadi, Z., Zare-Feyzabadi, R., Saeidi, F., Shabani, N., Safari-Ghalezou, M., Yadegari, M., Nosrati-Tirkani, A., Shivappa, N., et al.. (2020). Association between dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and depression and anxiety in the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) study population. BMC Psychiatr. 20: 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02663-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ghodoosi, N., Arghavani, H., Mirzababaei, A., Yekaninejad, M.S., Keshavarz, S.A., and Imani, H. (2020). The relationship between energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) with quality of life and inflammatory markers among overweight and obese Iranian women. Available at: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-47521/latest.pdf.10.21203/rs.3.rs-47452/v1Search in Google Scholar
Giugliano, D., Ceriello, A., and Esposito, K. (2006). The effects of diet on inflammation: emphasis on the metabolic syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48: 677–685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.052.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Godbout, J.P. and Johnson, R.W. (2009). Age and neuroinflammation: a lifetime of psychoneuroimmune consequences. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 29: 321–337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Gomes, J.A., Silva, J.F., Marçal, A.P., Silva, G.C., Gomes, G.F., de Oliveira, A.C., Soares, V.L., Oliveira, M.C., Ferreira, A.V., and Aguiar, D.C. (2020). High-refined carbohydrate diet consumption induces neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 77: 108317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108317.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Grosso, G. (2021). Nutritional psychiatry: how diet affects brain through gut microbiota. Nutrients 13: 1282, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041282.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Haghighatdoost, F., Feizi, A., Esmaillzadeh, A., Feinle-Bisset, C., Keshteli, A.H., Roohafza, H., Afshar, H., and Adibi, P. (2019). The relationship between dietary inflammatory index and psychosomatic complaints profiles: results from SEPAHAN cross-sectional study. Biopsychosoc. Med. 13: 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-019-0169-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hanisch, U.K. (2002). Microglia as a source and target of cytokines. Glia 40: 140–155, https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.10161.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Harry, G.J. and Kraft, A.D. (2008). Neuroinflammation and microglia: considerations and approaches for neurotoxicity assessment. Expet Opin. Drug Metabol. Toxicol. 4: 1265–1277, https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.4.10.1265.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hayden, K.M., Beavers, D.P., Steck, S.E., Hebert, J.R., Tabung, F.K., Shivappa, N., Casanova, R., Manson, J.E., Padula, C.B., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., et al.. (2017). The association between an inflammatory diet and global cognitive function and incident dementia in older women: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Alzheimer’s Dementia 13: 1187–1196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hong, S., Nagayach, A., Lu, Y., Peng, H., Duong, Q.A., Pham, N.B., Vuong, C.A., and Bazan, N.G. (2021). A high fat, sugar, and salt Western diet induces motor-muscular and sensory dysfunctions and neurodegeneration in mice during aging: ameliorative action of metformin. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 27: 1458–1471, https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13726.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hu, F.B. (2002). Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13: 3–9, https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jacka, F. (2017). Nutritional psychiatry: where to next? EBioMedicine 17: 24–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.020.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jahrami, H., Faris, M.e. A.I., Ghazzawi, H.A., Saif, Z., Habib, L., Shivappa, N., and Hébert, J.R. (2019). Increased dietary inflammatory index is associated with schizophrenia: results of a case–control study from Bahrain. Nutrients 11: 1867, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081867.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jesus, M., Silva, T., Cagigal, C., Martins, V., and Silva, C. (2019). Dietary patterns: a new therapeutic approach for depression? Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 20: 123–129, https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666180925122116.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Joffe, Y.T., Collins, M., and Goedecke, J.H. (2013). The relationship between dietary fatty acids and inflammatory genes on the obese phenotype and serum lipids. Nutrients 5: 1672–1705, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5051672.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jorgensen, D., White, G.E., Sekikawa, A., and Gianaros, P. (2018). Higher dietary inflammation is associated with increased odds of depression independent of framingham risk score in the national health and nutrition examination survey. Nutr. Res. 54: 23–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2018.03.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kahn, R.S., Sommer, I., Murray, R., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Weinberg, D., Cannon, T., O’Donovan, M., Correll, C., Kane, J. (2015). Van OS, J.; et al. Schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 1: 15067, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.67.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Khan, S., Wirth, M.D., Ortaglia, A., Alvarado, C.R., Shivappa, N., Hurley, T.G., and Hebert, J.R. (2018). Design, development and construct validation of the children’s dietary inflammatory index. Nutrients 10: 993, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080993.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kheirouri, S. and Alizadeh, M. (2019). Dietary inflammatory potential and the risk of incident depression in adults: a systematic review. Adv. Nutr. 10: 9–18, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy100.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Belury, M.A., Andridge, R., Malarkey, W.B., and Glaser, R. (2011). Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav. Immun. 25: 1725–1734, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.229.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kim, Y.S. and Joh, T.H. (2006). Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Exp. Mol. Med. 38: 333–347, https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2006.40.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lamers, F., Milaneschi, Y., de Jonge, P., Giltay, E.J., and Penninx, B. (2018). Metabolic and inflammatory markers: associations with individual depressive symptoms. Psychol. Med. 48: 1102–1110, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717002483.Search in Google Scholar
Langa, F. and Leibrockc, K.M.C.B. (2019). Brain function and neuropsychiatric disease. Neurosignals 27: 40–49.10.33594/000000182Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lankinen, M.A., Fauland, A., Shimizu, B.i., Ågren, J., Wheelock, C.E., Laakso, M., Schwab, U., and Pihlajamäki, J. (2019). Inflammatory response to dietary linoleic acid depends on FADS1 genotype. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 109: 165–175, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy287.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lemus, H.N., Warrington, A.E., and Rodriguez, M. (2018). Multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of disease and strategies for myelin and axonal repair. Neurol. Clin. 36: 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2017.08.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Levinta, A., Mukovozov, I., and Tsoutsoulas, C. (2018). Use of a gluten-free diet in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Adv. Nutr. 9: 824–832, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy056.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Loughman, A., Staudacher, H.M., Rocks, T., Ruusunen, A., Marx, W., A, O.A.N., and Jacka, F.N. (2021). Diet and mental health. Mod. Trends Psychiatry 32: 100–112, https://doi.org/10.1159/000510422.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Maes, M. (2009). Inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways underpinning chronic fatigue, somatization and psychosomatic symptoms. Curr. Opin. Psychiatr. 22: 75–83, https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e32831a4728.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Marx, W., Moseley, G., Berk, M., and Jacka, F. (2017). Nutritional psychiatry: the present state of the evidence. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 76: 427–436, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665117002026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Masaad, A.A., Yusuf, A.M., Shakir, A.Z., Khan, M.S., Khaleel, S., Ismail, L.C., Mo’ez Al-Islam, E.F., Jahrami, H.A., Shivappa, N., and Hebert, J.R. (2021). Sleep quality and Dietary Inflammatory Index among university students: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Breath. 25: 2221–2229.10.1007/s11325-020-02169-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
McGrattan, A.M., McGuinness, B., McKinley, M.C., Kee, F., Passmore, P., Woodside, J.V., and McEvoy, C.T. (2019). Diet and inflammation in cognitive ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Nutr. Rep. 8: 53–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-019-0271-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Merra, G., Noce, A., Marrone, G., Cintoni, M., Tarsitano, M.G., Capacci, A., and De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Influence of mediterranean diet on human gut microbiota. Nutrients 13: 7, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Molendijk, M., Molero, P., Sánchez-Pedreño, F.O., Van der Does, W., and Martínez-González, M.A. (2018). Diet quality and depression risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Affect. Disord. 226: 346–354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.022.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Moludi, J., Moradinazar, M., Hamzeh, B., Najafi, F., Soleimani, D., and Pasdar, Y. (2020). Depression relationship with dietary patterns and dietary inflammatory index in women: result from ravansar cohort study. Neuropsychiatric Dis. Treat. 16: 1595, https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s255912.Search in Google Scholar
Mongan, D., Ramesar, M., Föcking, M., Cannon, M., and Cotter, D. (2020). Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia: a review of the evidence, proposed mechanisms and implications for treatment. Early Interv. Psychiatry 14: 385–397, https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12859.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Moradi, S., Hadi, A., Mohammadi, H., Asbaghi, O., Zobeiri, M., Marx, W., and Entezari, M.H. (2021). Dietary inflammatory index and the risk of frailty among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res. Aging 43: 323–331, https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027520948176.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Müller, N. (2018). Inflammation in schizophrenia: pathogenetic aspects and therapeutic considerations. Schizophr. Bull. 44: 973–982, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Nakao, M., Takeuchi, T., and Fricchione, G. (2014). Definition of psychosomatic medicine and the applicability of DSM-IV-TR to outpatients visiting a Japanese psychosomatic clinic. Psychother. Psychosom. 83: 120, https://doi.org/10.1159/000354182.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nannyonga, B., Sumpter, D.J., Mugisha, J.Y., and Luboobi, L.S. (2012). The dynamics, causes and possible prevention of hepatitis E outbreaks. PLoS One 7: e41135, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041135.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Nishida, C., Uauy, R., Kumanyika, S., and Shetty, P. (2004). The joint WHO/FAO expert consultation on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: process, product and policy implications. Publ. Health Nutr. 7: 245–250, https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2003592.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Osimo, E.F., Baxter, L.J., Lewis, G., Jones, P.B., and Khandaker, G.M. (2019). Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels. Psychol. Med. 49: 1958–1970, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001454.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Pajunen, L., Korkalo, L., Koivuniemi, E., Houttu, N., Pellonperä, O., Mokkala, K., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., Vahlberg, T., Tertti, K., et al.. (2022). A healthy dietary pattern with a low inflammatory potential reduces the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Nutr. 61: 1477–1490.10.1007/s00394-021-02749-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Perugi, G., De Rossi, P., Fagiolini, A., Girardi, P., Maina, G., Sani, G., and Serretti, A. (2019). Personalized and precision medicine as informants for treatment management of bipolar disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 34: 189–205, https://doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000260.Search in Google Scholar
Petschner, P., Gonda, X., Baksa, D., Eszlari, N., Trivaks, M., Juhasz, G., and Bagdy, G. (2018). Genes linking mitochondrial function, cognitive impairment and depression are associated with endophenotypes serving precision medicine. Neuroscience 370: 207–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.049.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Phillips, C.M., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., and Perry, I.J. (2018). Dietary inflammatory index and mental health: a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship with depressive symptoms, anxiety and well-being in adults. Clin. Nutr. 37: 1485–1491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Radd-Vagenas, S., Duffy, S.L., Naismith, S.L., Brew, B.J., Flood, V.M., and Fiatarone Singh, M.A. (2018). Effect of the Mediterranean diet on cognition and brain morphology and function: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 107: 389–404, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqx070.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rahimian, R., Wakid, M., O’Leary, L.A., and Mechawar, N. (2021). The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 131: 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.023.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Roncero-Ramos, I., Rangel-Zuñiga, O.A., Lopez-Moreno, J., Alcala-Diaz, J.F., Perez-Martinez, P., Jimenez-Lucena, R., Castano, J.P., Roche, H.M., Delgado-Lista, J., and Ordovas, J.M. (2018). Mediterranean diet, glucose homeostasis, and inflammasome genetic variants: the CORDIOPREV study. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 62: 1700960, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.193.Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Canela, M., Bes-Rastrollo, M., and Martínez-González, M.A. (2016). The role of dietary inflammatory index in cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and mortality. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17: 1265, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081265.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Saghafi-Asl, M., Mirmajidi, S., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Vahid, F., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., and Ebrahimzadeh Attari, V. (2021). The association of dietary patterns with dietary inflammatory index, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance, in apparently healthy individuals with obesity. Sci. Rep. 11: 7515, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86993-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Salari-Moghaddam, A., Keshteli, A.H., Afshar, H., Esmaillzadeh, A., and Adibi, P. (2019). Association between dietary inflammatory index and psychological profile in adults. Clin. Nutr. 38: 2360–2368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.10.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Saleem, M., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Eisen, R., and Lanctot, K.L. (2015). Inflammatory markers in mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. J. Alzheim. Dis. 47: 669–679, https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-150042.Search in Google Scholar
Salim, S., Chugh, G., and Asghar, M. (2012). Inflammation in anxiety. Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol. 88: 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398314-5.00001-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shin, D., Kwon, S.C., Kim, M.H., Lee, K.W., Choi, S.Y., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., and Chung, H.K. (2018). Inflammatory potential of diet is associated with cognitive function in an older adult Korean population. Nutrition 55–56: 56–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.02.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shin, D., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., and Lee, K.W. (2020). Examining regional differences of dietary inflammatory index and its association with depression and depressive symptoms in Korean Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 17: 3205, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093205.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., Behrooz, M., and Rashidkhani, B. (2016a). Dietary inflammatory index and risk of multiple sclerosis in a case-control study from Iran. Neuroepidemiology 47: 26–31, https://doi.org/10.1159/000445874.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., Neshatbini Tehrani, A., Bayzai, B., Naja, F., and Rashidkhani, B. (2018). A pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased odds of depression symptoms among iranian female adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Front. Psychiatr. 9: 400, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00400.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., and Rashidkhani, B. (2017). Association between inflammatory potential of diet and stress levels in adolescent women in Iran. Arch. Iran. Med. 20: 108–112.Search in Google Scholar
Shivappa, N., Schoenaker, D.A., Hebert, J.R., and Mishra, G.D. (2016b). Association between inflammatory potential of diet and risk of depression in middle-aged women: the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Br. J. Nutr. 116: 1077–1086, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516002853.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shivappa, N., Steck, S.E., Hurley, T.G., Hussey, J.R., and Hébert, J.R. (2014). Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Publ. Health Nutr. 17: 1689–1696, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002115.Search in Google Scholar
Shivappa, N., Wirth, M.D., Murphy, E.A., Hurley, T.G., and Hébert, J.R. (2019). Association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and urinary enterolignans and C-reactive protein from the national health and nutrition examination survey-2003–2008. Eur. J. Nutr. 58: 797–805, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1690-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Siervo, M., Shannon, O.M., Llewellyn, D.J., Stephan, B.C.M., and Fontana, L. (2021). Mediterranean diet and cognitive function: from methodology to mechanisms of action. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 176: 105–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Silva, B.Y.D.C., Sampaio, H.A.D.C., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J., Albuquerque, L.D.S., Carioca, A.A.F., D’Almeida, J.A.C., Maia, C.S.C., and De Melo, M.L.P. (2018). Interactions between dietary inflammatory index, nutritional state and multiple sclerosis clinical condition. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 26: 35–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Singh, N., Baby, D., Rajguru, J.P., Patil, P.B., Thakkannavar, S.S., and Pujari, V.B. (2019). Inflammation and cancer. Ann. Afr. Med. 18: 121, https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_56_18.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Spagolla Napoleão Tavares, R., Stuchi Maria-Engler, S., Colepicolo, P., Debonsi, H.M., Schäfer-Korting, M., Marx, U., Rigo Gaspar, L., and Zoschke, C. (2020). Skin irritation testing beyond tissue viability: fucoxanthin effects on inflammation, homeostasis, and metabolism. Pharmaceutics 12: 136, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020136.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sparkman, N.L. and Johnson, R.W. (2008). Neuroinflammation associated with aging sensitizes the brain to the effects of infection or stress. Neuroimmunomodulation 15: 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1159/000156474.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Steele, E.M., Baraldi, L.G., da Costa Louzada, M.L., Moubarac, J.C., Mozaffarian, D., and Monteiro, C.A. (2016). Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 6: e009892, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009892.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sullivan, E.L., Riper, K.M., Lockard, R., and Valleau, J.C. (2015). Maternal high-fat diet programming of the neuroendocrine system and behavior. Horm. Behav. 76: 153–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tabung, F.K., Smith-Warner, S.A., Chavarro, J.E., Fung, T.T., Hu, F.B., Willett, W.C., and Giovannucci, E.L. (2017). An empirical dietary inflammatory pattern score enhances prediction of circulating inflammatory biomarkers in adults. J. Nutr. 147: 1567–1577, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.248377.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tabung, F.K., Smith-Warner, S.A., Chavarro, J.E., Wu, K., Fuchs, C.S., Hu, F.B., Chan, A.T., Willett, W.C., and Giovannucci, E.L. (2016). Development and validation of an empirical dietary inflammatory index. J. Nutr. 146: 1560–1570, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.228718.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tabung, F.K., Steck, S.E., Zhang, J., Ma, Y., Liese, A.D., Agalliu, I., Hingle, M., Hou, L., Hurley, T.G., and Jiao, L. (2015). Construct validation of the dietary inflammatory index among postmenopausal women. Ann. Epidemiol. 25: 398–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tan, B.L. and Norhaizan, M.E. (2019). Effect of high-fat diets on oxidative stress, cellular inflammatory response and cognitive function. Nutrients 11: 2579, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112579.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Teasdale, S.B., Ward, P.B., Samaras, K., Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Tripodi, E., and Burrows, T.L. (2019). Dietary intake of people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatr. 214: 251–259, https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.20.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Theodoropoulou, S. and Gialouris, A. (2019). Lipids and mental disorders: evidence, uncertainties and perspectives. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki 30: 129–141, https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2019.302.129.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Thibaut, F. (2017). Anxiety disorders: a review of current literature. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 19: 87, https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/fthibaut.Search in Google Scholar
Tomasi, J., Lisoway, A.J., Zai, C.C., Harripaul, R., Müller, D.J., Zai, G.C.M., McCabe, R.E., Richter, M.A., Kennedy, J.L., and Tiwari, A.K. (2019). Towards precision medicine in generalized anxiety disorder: review of genetics and pharmaco(epi)genetics. J. Psychiatr. Res. 119: 33–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Uekawa, N., Nishikimi, A., Isobe, K.i., Iwakura, Y., and Maruyama, M. (2004). Involvement of IL-1 family proteins in p38 linked cellular senescence of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 575: 30–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.08.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
van Schrojenstein Lantman, M., Roth, T., Roehrs, T., and Verster, J.C. (2017). Alcohol hangover, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Vigil. 1: 37–41, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782-017-0008-7.Search in Google Scholar
Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J.A., Abdalla, S., and Aboyans, V. (2012). Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 380: 2163–2196, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61729-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Waldeyer, C., Brunner, F.J., Braetz, J., Ruebsamen, N., Zyriax, B.C., Blaum, C., Kroeger, F., Kohsiack, R., Schrage, B., and Sinning, C. (2018). Adherence to Mediterranean diet, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and severity of coronary artery disease: contemporary data from the INTERCATH cohort. Atherosclerosis 275: 256–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.877.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Chen, K., Jing, Y., He, J., Sun, H., and Hu, X. (2019). Dietary inflammatory index and depression: a meta-analysis. Publ. Health Nutr. 22: 654–660, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018002628.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Willett, W.C., Sacks, F., Trichopoulou, A., Drescher, G., Ferro-Luzzi, A., Helsing, E., and Trichopoulos, D. (1995). Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 1402S–1406S, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1402s.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wirth, M.D., Shivappa, N., Burch, J.B., Hurley, T.G., and Hébert, J.R. (2017). The dietary inflammatory index, shift work, and depression: results from NHANES. Health Psychol. 36: 760, https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000514.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wu, L., Li, S., Li, C., He, B., Lv, L., Wang, J., Wang, J., Wang, W., and Zhang, Y. (2022). The role of regulatory T cells on the activation of astrocytes in the brain of high-fat diet mice following lead exposure. Chem. Biol. Interact. 351: 109740, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109740.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yerramilli, S. and Bipeta, R. (2012). Economics of mental health: Part I-economic consequences of neglecting mental health-an Indian perspective. Andhra Pradesh J. Psychol. Med. 13: 80–86.Search in Google Scholar
Zabetian-Targhi, F., Srikanth, V.K., Smith, K.J., Beare, R., Moran, C., Wang, W., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J.R., Breslin, M., and van Weel, J.M. (2021). Associations between the dietary inflammatory index, brain volume, small vessel disease, and global cognitive function. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 121: 915–924, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.11.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, Z., Wu, Y., Zhong, C., Zhou, X., Liu, C., Li, Q., Chen, R., Gao, Q., Li, X., Zhang, H., et al.. (2021). Association between dietary inflammatory index and gestational diabetes mellitus risk in a prospective birth cohort study. Nutrition 87–88: 111193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111193.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhao, M., Tuo, H., Wang, S., and Zhao, L. (2020). The effects of dietary nutrition on sleep and sleep disorders. Mediat. Inflamm. 2020: 7.10.1155/2020/3142874Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zheng, J., Hoffman, K.L., Chen, J.S., Shivappa, N., Sood, A., Browman, G.J., Dirba, D.D., Hanash, S., Wei, P., and Hebert, J.R. (2020). Dietary inflammatory potential in relation to the gut microbiome: results from a cross-sectional study. Br. J. Nutr. 124: 931–942, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520001853.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The brain serotonin system in autism
- Dietary inflammatory index and neuropsychiatric disorders
- Role of the basal ganglia in innate and learned behavioural sequences
- Fine-tuning the circadian system with light treatment for Parkinson’s disease: an in-depth, critical review
- Pathogenesis underlying hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Peripheral inflammation is a potential etiological factor in Alzheimer’s disease
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The brain serotonin system in autism
- Dietary inflammatory index and neuropsychiatric disorders
- Role of the basal ganglia in innate and learned behavioural sequences
- Fine-tuning the circadian system with light treatment for Parkinson’s disease: an in-depth, critical review
- Pathogenesis underlying hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Peripheral inflammation is a potential etiological factor in Alzheimer’s disease