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Comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular disease risk in children with short stature due to isolated growth hormone deficiency: a case-control study

  • Saniya Gupta , Devi Dayal ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Manoj Kumar Rohit , Atit A. Gawalkar ORCID logo , Kumar Manish Raj , Savita Verma Attri , Naresh Sachdeva and Harvinder Kaur
Published/Copyright: July 12, 2022
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
From the journal Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Volume 35 Issue 8

Abstract

Objectives

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although children with GHD are also believed to have a similar cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk beginning at an early age, the available data in children is scarce. We aimed to determine the various CVD risk parameters in children with isolated GHD (IGHD).

Methods

A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in North India comparing various auxological, biochemical, and echocardiographic parameters between 20 IGHD children aged 5–15 years and their age and sex-matched healthy controls.

Results

The mean age of children with IGHD and controls was similar (10.5 ± 2.6 yr vs. 9.9 ± 2.7 yr, p=0.48). Children with IGHD had significantly higher waist-hip-ratio (p=0.01), total cholesterol (p=0.02), non-high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (p=0.02), serum homocysteine (p<0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.01) and pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP) (p=0.04) levels as compared to healthy controls. Left ventricular mass (LVM) and interventricular septal thickness were significantly lower (p=0.04; p=0.02) in IGHD children. Correlation analysis showed that pro-BNP and CRP levels had negative correlation (p<0.001, r=−0.70; and p=0.04, r=−0.44, respectively) and LVM had a positive correlation (p=0.02, r=0.53) with height SDS among IGHD children.

Conclusions

Children with IGHD showed abnormalities in several biochemical and cardiac parameters that may be associated with an increased CVD risk in later life. More extensive studies, including younger children with IGHD, are needed to determine the lower ages at which the CVD risk is detectable.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease; children; isolated growth hormone deficiency; lipid abnormalities; risk assessment
Corresponding author: Devi Dayal, Professor, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Chandigarh 160012, India, Phone: +91-172-2755657 (O) +91-172-2772777 (R), Fax: +91-172-2744401; 2745078, E-mail:

Funding source: Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

Award Identifier / Grant number: Thesis grant: PGI/MERC/2019/5379-82

  1. Research funding: This work was funded by the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (Thesis grant: PGI/MERC/2019/5379-82).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  5. Ethical approval: The Institute’s Ethics committee approved the study (INT/IEC/2019/002166).

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Received: 2021-11-18
Accepted: 2022-06-16
Published Online: 2022-07-12
Published in Print: 2022-08-26

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  2. Review Article
  3. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
  4. Original Articles
  5. A preliminary study on the relationship between environmental endocrine disruptors and precocious puberty in girls
  6. Tissue concentration of aldosterone in fetal adrenals of intrauterine death cases
  7. Complications of orthopedic treatment in patients diagnosed with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
  8. Comparison of insulin sensitivity indices for detection of double diabetes in Indian adolescents with type 1 diabetes
  9. Evaluation of the growth and nutritional status of preschool children: a pilot study in the cold area of China
  10. Arterial hypertension is associated with an increased risk of metabolic complications in pediatric patient with obesity
  11. From pregnancy to breastfeeding: adequate maternal body mass index is essential to prevent a high body mass index in your children
  12. Screening of non-syndromic early-onset child and adolescent obese patients in terms of LEP, LEPR, MC4R and POMC gene variants by next-generation sequencing
  13. The association between vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine levels, and carotid intima-media thickness in children with obesity: a cross-sectional study
  14. Comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular disease risk in children with short stature due to isolated growth hormone deficiency: a case-control study
  15. Visceral adiposity is related to insulin sensitivity and inflammation in adolescents with obesity and mild sleep disordered breathing
  16. Recurrent hypoglycemic seizure as a presenting symptom of post-TBI hypopituitarism in children: a case report, review and proposed protocol
  17. Evaluation of the etiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric central diabetes insipidus
  18. Case Reports
  19. Clinical and radiologic evaluation of a Turkish family with hypochondroplasia and a rare FGFR3 variant
  20. Rituximab therapy in ROHHAD(NET) syndrome
  21. Ectopic parathyroid hormone as a rare aetiology of hypercalcemia with rhabdomyosarcoma: a new treatment strategy with zoledronic acid and Denosumab
  22. A 2-bp deletion mutation in SMPD1 gene leading to lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase deficiency in a Chinese consanguineous pedigree
https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2021-0693
Keywords for this article
cardiovascular disease; children; isolated growth hormone deficiency; lipid abnormalities; risk assessment

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
  4. Original Articles
  5. A preliminary study on the relationship between environmental endocrine disruptors and precocious puberty in girls
  6. Tissue concentration of aldosterone in fetal adrenals of intrauterine death cases
  7. Complications of orthopedic treatment in patients diagnosed with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
  8. Comparison of insulin sensitivity indices for detection of double diabetes in Indian adolescents with type 1 diabetes
  9. Evaluation of the growth and nutritional status of preschool children: a pilot study in the cold area of China
  10. Arterial hypertension is associated with an increased risk of metabolic complications in pediatric patient with obesity
  11. From pregnancy to breastfeeding: adequate maternal body mass index is essential to prevent a high body mass index in your children
  12. Screening of non-syndromic early-onset child and adolescent obese patients in terms of LEP, LEPR, MC4R and POMC gene variants by next-generation sequencing
  13. The association between vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine levels, and carotid intima-media thickness in children with obesity: a cross-sectional study
  14. Comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular disease risk in children with short stature due to isolated growth hormone deficiency: a case-control study
  15. Visceral adiposity is related to insulin sensitivity and inflammation in adolescents with obesity and mild sleep disordered breathing
  16. Recurrent hypoglycemic seizure as a presenting symptom of post-TBI hypopituitarism in children: a case report, review and proposed protocol
  17. Evaluation of the etiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric central diabetes insipidus
  18. Case Reports
  19. Clinical and radiologic evaluation of a Turkish family with hypochondroplasia and a rare FGFR3 variant
  20. Rituximab therapy in ROHHAD(NET) syndrome
  21. Ectopic parathyroid hormone as a rare aetiology of hypercalcemia with rhabdomyosarcoma: a new treatment strategy with zoledronic acid and Denosumab
  22. A 2-bp deletion mutation in SMPD1 gene leading to lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase deficiency in a Chinese consanguineous pedigree
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