Corrosion analysis of stainless steel exposed to Karanja oil biodiesel: a comparative study with commercial diesel fuel, surface morphology analysis, and long-term immersion effects in alternative fuels

Maninder Singh; Mukhtiar Singh; Mandeep Singh Rayat; Ajay Sharma; Harjit Singh; Rajeev Kumar; Shubham Sharma; V.K. Bupesh Raja; Abinash Mahapatro; Parveen Kumar; Renu Dhiman; Deepak Gupta; Ehab El Sayed Massoud

doi:10.1515/ijcre-2024-0205

Article

Corrosion analysis of stainless steel exposed to Karanja oil biodiesel: a comparative study with commercial diesel fuel, surface morphology analysis, and long-term immersion effects in alternative fuels

Maninder Singh , Mukhtiar Singh , Mandeep Singh Rayat , Ajay Sharma , Harjit Singh , Rajeev Kumar , Shubham Sharma , V.K. Bupesh Raja , Abinash Mahapatro , Parveen Kumar , Renu Dhiman , Deepak Gupta and Ehab El Sayed Massoud

Published/Copyright: March 11, 2025

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Submit Manuscript Author Information

From the journal International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

The ever-growing energy demand necessitates the deployment of renewable alternatives as fossil fuel reserves diminish. The biodiesel generated from these non-edible feedstocks, such as Karanja, and Jatropha oils, offers an environmental alternative without affecting food security. Transesterification process (using methanol as solvent and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst) was used to prepare biodiesel. The stainless steel, mild steel, and cast iron materials were immersed in Karanja oil biodiesel blends (B80 and B90) and commercial diesel for 1872 h at 37 °C to critically examine the corrosion behavior with their comparison analysis. It was unveiled that biodiesel is more prone to corrosion than diesel fuel under comparable identical conditions. The corrosion rates determined by weight loss measurements in biodiesel were found to range from 0.0173 mm/year to 0.0194 mm/year for stainless steel, 0.03076 mm/year to 0.03232 mm/year for mild steel, and from 0.0505 mm/year to 0.0528 mm/year for cast iron, as compared to 0.009 mm/year for stainless steel, 0.015 mm/year for mild steel, and 0.017 mm/year respectively for cast iron in diesel. The intense severe melting of biodiesel as compared to diesel samples can be determined by employing the SEM analysis at 200X and 400X magnification scales. Hence, this study has underscored the significance of selecting the appropriate corrosion resistant materials that are suitable for the continued prolonged storage and utilization or application biodiesel.

Keywords: Karanja oil; trans-esterification; corrosion; stainless steel

Corresponding authors: Rajeev Kumar, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144001, India, E-mail: Rajeev.14584@lpu.co.in; and Shubham Sharma, Department of Technical Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India; and Jadara University Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan, E-mail: shubhamsharma914819149vdvn@gmail.com

Research ethics: Not applicable.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
Author contributions: Conceptualization, Maninder Singh (MS), Mukhtiar Singh (MS), HS, MSR, AS, RK, SS; formal analysis, Maninder Singh (MS), Mukhtiar Singh (MS), HS, MSR, AS, RK, SS; investigation, Maninder Singh (MS), Mukhtiar Singh (MS), HS, MSR, AS, RK, SS; writing – original draft preparation, Maninder Singh (MS), Mukhtiar Singh (MS), HS, MSR, AS, RK, SS; writing – review and editing, SS, VNR, PK, RD, RS, AK; supervision, SS, VNR, PK, RD, RS, AK; project administration, SS, VNR, PK, RD, RS, AK; funding acquisition, SS, VNR, PK, RD, RS, AK. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: Not applicable.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Research funding: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under grant number RGP2/28/44.
Data availability: All the data and related findings that has been used throughout this manuscript are available from the co-authors, Maninder Singh and Rajeev Kumar. Both are responsible for providing the findings and datasets that has been used in this work.

References

[1] P. T. Vasudevan and M. Briggs, “Biodiesel production – current state of the art and challenges,” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 421–430, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0312-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] D. Chandran, “Compatibility of diesel engine materials with biodiesel fuel,” Renewable energy, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 89–99, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.040.Search in Google Scholar

[3] T. Mizik and G. Gyarmati, “Economic and sustainability of biodiesel production – a systematic literature review,” Clean Technol., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19–36, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3010002.Search in Google Scholar

[4] M. Takase, et al.., “An expatiate review of neem, jatropha, rubber and karanja as multipurpose non-edible biodiesel resources and comparison of their fuel, engine and emission properties,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 43, pp. 495–520, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.049.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Z. Zhang, et al.., “Utilization of hydrogen-diesel blends for the improvements of a dual-fuel engine based on the improved Taguchi methodology,” Energy, vol. 292, p. 130474, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130474.Search in Google Scholar

[6] P. Adewale, M.-J. Dumont, and M. Ngadi, “Recent trends of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes and associated production techniques,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 45, pp. 574–588, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.039.Search in Google Scholar

[7] G. Corro, N. Sánchez, U. Pal, and F. Bañuelos, “Biodiesel production from waste frying oil using waste animal bone and solar heat,” Waste Manage., vol. 47, pp. 105–113, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.00.Search in Google Scholar

[8] T. K. Jose and K. Anand, “Effects of biodiesel composition on its long term storage stability,” Fuel, vol. 177, pp. 190–196, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.03.007.Search in Google Scholar

[9] P. Bennett, “Rust: an age old problem,” Mater. Today, vol. 30, pp. 103–104, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.09.019.Search in Google Scholar

[10] S. M. Alves, F. K. Dutra-Pereira, and T. D. C. Bicudo, “Influence of stainless steel corrosion on biodiesel oxidative stability during storage,” Fuel, vol. 249, pp. 73–79, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.097.Search in Google Scholar

[11] F. V. Adams, A. T. Bankole, O. P. Sylvester, A. O. Apata, I. V. Joseph, and O. M. Ama, “Corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel in locally prepared biodiesel media,” in Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering WCE. II, London, WCE, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[12] L. N. Komariah, S. Arita, B. E. Prianda, and T. K. Dewi, “Technical assessment of biodiesel storage tank; a corrosion case study,” J. King Saud Univ.-Eng. Sci., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 232–237, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.03.016.Search in Google Scholar

[13] M. A. Fazal, A. Haseeb, and H. Masjuki, “Effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel upon exposure to palm biodiesel,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 3328–3334, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.028.Search in Google Scholar

[14] K. V. Chew, A. S. M. A. Haseeb, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Fazal, and M. Gupta, “Corrosion of magnesium and aluminum in palm biodiesel: a comparative evaluation,” Energy, vol. 57, pp. 478–483, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.067.Search in Google Scholar

[15] D. Jin, X. Zhou, P. Wu, L. Jiang, and H. Ge, “Corrosion behavior of ASTM 1045 mild steel in palm biodiesel,” Renewable Energy, vol. 81, pp. 457–463, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.022.Search in Google Scholar

[16] A. E. Sterpu, B. G. Simedrea, T. V. Chis, and O. V. Săpunaru, “Corrosion effect of biodiesel-diesel blend on different metals/alloy as automotive components materials,” Fuels, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–32, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010002.Search in Google Scholar

[17] B. Singh, J. Korstad, and Y. C. Sharma, “A critical review on corrosion of compression ignition (CI) engine parts by biodiesel and biodiesel blends and its inhibition,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 3401–3408, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.042.Search in Google Scholar

[18] A. S. Román, C. M. Méndez, and A. E. Ares, “Corrosion resistance of stainless steels in biodiesel,” in Shape Casting: 6th International Symposium, Hoboken, NJ, USA, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016, pp. 109–116.10.1007/978-3-319-48166-1_14Search in Google Scholar

[19] S. M. Alves, F. K. Dutra-Pereira, and T. D. C. Bicudo, “Influence of stainless steel corrosion on biodiesel oxidative stability during storage,” Fuel, vol. 249, pp. 73–79, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.097.Search in Google Scholar

[20] N. Kumar, “Oxidative stability of biodiesel: causes, effects and prevention,” Fuel, vol. 190, no. 15 February 2017, pp. 328–350, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.001.Search in Google Scholar

[21] L. M. Baena, F. Vásquez, and J. A. Calderón, “Corrosion assessment of metals in bioethanol-gasoline blends using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 07585, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07585.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] C.L. Kugelmeier, M.R. Monteiro, R. da Silva, S.E. Kuri, V.L. Sordi, and C.A. Della Rovere, “Corrosion behavior of carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum and copper upon exposure to biodiesel blended with petrodiesel,” Energy, vol. 226, p. 120344, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120344.Search in Google Scholar

[23] F. Sundus, M. Fazal, and H. Masjuki, “Tribology with biodiesel: a study on enhancing biodiesel stability and its fuel properties,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 70, pp. 399–412, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.217.Search in Google Scholar

[24] J. Goellner, A. Burkert, A. Heyn, E. Boese, O. Ezers’ ka, and J. Hickling, “State-of-the-art of corrosion testing by using electrochemical noise measurements,” Mater. Sci., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 509–519, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013222525386.10.1023/A:1013222525386Search in Google Scholar

[25] S Kanchan, et al.., “Developing a model for waste plastic biofuels in CRDi diesel engines using FTIR, GCMS, and WASPAS synchronisations for engine analysis,” Energy Explor. Exploit., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1177/01445987231216762.Search in Google Scholar

Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0205).

Received: 2024-10-03

Accepted: 2025-01-31

Published Online: 2025-03-11

You are currently not able to access this content.

Supplementary Material

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0205

Keywords for this article

Karanja oil; trans-esterification; corrosion; stainless steel