Home Numerical simulation of the effects of NH3 and H2 on the combustion characteristics of laminar premixed ethylene/air flames
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Numerical simulation of the effects of NH3 and H2 on the combustion characteristics of laminar premixed ethylene/air flames

  • Jinfang Yao , Wenlong Dong , Yuhang Yang , Dongyang Wang and Huaqiang Chu ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: February 12, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
From the journal International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

Hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) are highly promising carbon-free fuels and can mitigate the greenhouse effect threat. The laminar combustion characteristics of ethylene (C2H4) doped with H2 and NH3 were numerically calculated at large doping proportion (0–50 %), initial temperatures (Tu = 300–400 K), and initial pressures (Pu = 0.1–1.0 MPa) by using the Chemkin/Premix Code. The equivalence ratio (Φ) ranged from 0.75 to 1.5. Laminar burning velocities (LBVs), adiabatic flame temperatures (AFTs), net heat release rates (NHRRs), temperature sensitivity analysis (TSA), mole fractions of radicals of H, O, OH and intermediates of C2H2, NO, NO2, the rate of production (ROP) and the reaction pathways were studied in this research. The results showed that H2 promoted the increase of C2H4/air LBVs, AFTs and NHRRs, while NH3 had the contrary effects. R1 (H + O2 <=> H + OH) had the largest positive sensitivity coefficient more than 0.3. Through the analysis of TSA and ROP, R146 (C2H3 + H <=> C2H2 + H2) was the main reaction to product C2H2, and C2H2 could be effectively inhibited after doping NH3. Additionally, the mole fraction of NO decreased as H2 increased but increased with the increase of NH3. The peak NO2 located much closer to the nozzle inlet after doping H2 and NH3, and R392 (NO + HO2 <=> NO2 + OH) was the main reaction linked NO and NO2. The reaction pathway showed the effect of NH3 on reducing CO2 was stronger than that of H2.

Keywords: ethylene; ammonia; hydrogen; laminar burning velocity; temperature sensitivity analysis
Corresponding author: Huaqiang Chu, School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, Anhui, P.R. China, E-mail:

Funding source: National Natural Science Foundation of China

Award Identifier / Grant number: 52176095

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the editors and referees who made important comments that helped us to improve this paper.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Jinfang Yao: Writing - original draft, validation; Wenlong Dong: writing - original draft; Yuhang Yang: data curation; Dongyang Wang: data curation, writing - review & editing; Huaqiang Chu: conceptualization, project administration, supervision.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: All authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52176095), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 2008085J25), Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province (No. KJ2020ZD29).

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

[1] P. Li, et al.., “High-performance anion exchange membrane fuel cells enabled by Nitrogen configuration optimization in graphene-coated nickel for enhanced hydrogen oxidation,” Energy Environ. Mater., vol. 7, no. 5, p. 12716, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12716.Search in Google Scholar

[2] M. Balat and M. Balat, “Political, economic and environmental impacts of biomass-based hydrogen,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 3589–3603, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.067.Search in Google Scholar

[3] P. Yang, Y. Luo, S. Jin, Z. Zi, and B. Wu, “Study on the effect of turbulent jet combustion chamber on combustion characteristics at different ammonia energy ratio and optimization of an ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engine,” J. Energy Inst., vol. 112, p. 101431, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2023.101431.Search in Google Scholar

[4] H. Chu, R. Hong, W. Dong, H. Zhang, X. Ma, and L. Chen, “Recent advances in soot formation mechanisms: oxidation and oxidation-induced fragmentation,” Fuel, vol. 371, p. 132046, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132046.Search in Google Scholar

[5] N. M. Hafiz, M. R. A. Mansor, and W. M. F. Wan Mahmood, “Simulation of the combustion process for a CI hydrogen engine in an argon-oxygen atmosphere,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, no. 24, pp. 11286–11297, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.022.Search in Google Scholar

[6] C. Lhuillier, P. Brequigny, F. Contino, and C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, “Experimental study on ammonia/hydrogen/air combustion in spark ignition engine conditions,” Fuel, vol. 269, p. 117448, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117448.Search in Google Scholar

[7] J. Li, R. Zhang, J. Pan, H. Wei, G. Shu, and L. Chen, “Ammonia and hydrogen blending effects on combustion stabilities in optical SI engines,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 280, p. 116827, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116827.Search in Google Scholar

[8] X. Hu, J. Li, J. Pan, R. Zhang, H. Wei, and G. Shu, “On combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen engines: emphasis on energy ratio and equivalence ratio,” Fuel, vol. 365, p. 131183, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131183.Search in Google Scholar

[9] H. Chu, S. Feng, R. Hong, X. Ma, F. Qiao, and L. Chen, “Effects of ammonia addition on soot formation in hydrocarbon fuels combustion: challenges and prospects,” Fuel, vol. 360, p. 130569, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130569.Search in Google Scholar

[10] B. Jin, Y. Deng, G. Li, and H. Li, “Experimental and numerical study of the laminar burning velocity of NH3/H2/air premixed flames at elevated pressure and temperature,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 85, pp. 36046–36057, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.08.198.Search in Google Scholar

[11] H. Li, H. Xiao, and J. Sun, “Laminar burning velocity, Markstein length, and cellular instability of spherically propagating NH3/H2/air premixed flames at moderate pressures,” Combust. Flame, vol. 241, p. 112079, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112079.Search in Google Scholar

[12] X. Han, et al.., “Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/air, NH3/H2/air, NH3/CO/air and NH3/CH4/air premixed flames,” Combust. Flame, vol. 206, pp. 214–226, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.05.003.Search in Google Scholar

[13] C. Chen, et al.., “Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocity enhancement by ozone additive in NH3+O2+N2 and NH3+CH4/C2H6/C3H8+air flames,” P. Combust. Inst., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 4237–4246, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.025.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Q. Zhou, et al.., “Investigation of the ammonia-methane-air laminar burning characteristics at high temperatures and pressures,” Fuel, vol. 365, p. 130987, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.130987.Search in Google Scholar

[15] H. Xiao, A. Valera-Medina, and P. J. Bowen, “Study on premixed combustion characteristics of co-firing ammonia/methane fuels,” Energy, vol. 140, pp. 125–135, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.077.Search in Google Scholar

[16] L. Xu, Y. Chang, M. Treacy, Y. Zhou, M. Jia, and X. Bai, “A skeletal chemical kinetic mechanism for ammonia/n-heptane combustion,” Fuel, vol. 331, p. 125830, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125830.Search in Google Scholar

[17] F. Ren, H. Chu, L. Xiang, W. Han, and M. Gu, “Effect of hydrogen addition on the laminar premixed combustion characteristics the main components of natural gas,” J. Energy Inst., vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 1178–1190, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2018.05.011.Search in Google Scholar

[18] M. Mitu, D Razus, and V. Schroeder, “Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-blended methane-air and natural gas-air mixtures, calculated from the early stage of p(t) records in a spherical vessel,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 22, p. 7556, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227556.Search in Google Scholar

[19] W. Dong, J. Hu, L. Xiang, H. Chu, and Z. Li, “Numerical Investigation on combustion characteristics of laminar premixed n-heptane/hydrogen/air flames at elevated pressure,” Energy Fuel., vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 14768–14775, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02318.Search in Google Scholar

[20] V. Giurcan, C. Movileanu, M. Mitu, and D. Razus, “The impact of H2-enrichment on flame structure and combustion characteristic properties of premixed hydrocarbon-air flame,” Fuel, vol. 376, p. 132674, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132674.Search in Google Scholar

[21] C. Movileanu, et al.., “Hydrogen influence on confined explosion characteristics of hydrocarbon-air mixtures at sub-atmospheric pressures,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 67, no. 20, pp. 150–158, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.128.Search in Google Scholar

[22] O. G. Penyazkov, K. L. Sevrouk, V. Tangirala, and N. Joshi, “High-pressure ethylene oxidation behind reflected shock waves,” P. Combust. Inst., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 2421–2428, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.194.Search in Google Scholar

[23] M. L. Lavadera, C. Brackmann, and A. A. Konnov, “Experimental and modeling study of laminar burning velocities and nitric oxide formation in premixed ethylene/air flames,” P. Combust. Inst., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 395–404, 2021.10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.062Search in Google Scholar

[24] S. Feng, et al.., “Effect of NH3 addition on soot morphology and nanostructure evolution in laminar ethylene diffusion flame,” Fuel, vol. 350, p. 128845, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128845.Search in Google Scholar

[25] D. Wang, J. Yao, R. Hong, W. Dong, B. Qiu, and H. Chu, “Effects of pressure and CO2 dilution on soot formation in coflow ethylene/air laminar diffusion flames by numerical simulation,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 107, p. 109422, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2024.109422.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Y. Wang, X. Liu, M. Gu, and X. An, “Numerical Simulation of the effects of hydrogen addition to fuel on the structure and soot formation of a laminar axisymmetric coflow C2H4/(O2-CO2) diffusion flame,” Combust. Sci. Technol., vol. 191, no. 10, pp. 1743–1768, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2018.1532413.Search in Google Scholar

[27] T. Jin, W. Dong, B. Qiu, C. Xu, Y. Liu, and H. Chu, “Effect of ammonia on laminar combustion characteristics of methane-air flames at elevated pressures,” ACS Omega, vol. 7, no. 18, pp. 15326–15337, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c05938.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] X. Han, Z. Wang, Y. He, Y. Zhu, and K. Cen, “Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/syngas/air premixed flames,” Combust. Flame, vol. 206, pp. 214–226, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.032.Search in Google Scholar

[29] F. N. Egolfopoulos, N. Hansen, Y. Ju, K. Kohse-Höinghaus, C. K. Law, and F. Qi, “Advances and challenges in laminar flame experiments and implications for combustion chemistry,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 36–67, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.04.004.Search in Google Scholar

[30] T. Hirasawa, C. J. Sung, A. Joshi, Z. Yang, H. Wang, and C. K. Law, “Determination of laminar flame speeds using digital particle image velocimetry: binary fuel blends of ethylene, n-butane, and toluene,” P. Combust. Inst, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1427–1434, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1540-7489(02)80175-4.Search in Google Scholar

[31] K. Kumar, G. Mittal, C. Sung, and C. K. Law, “An experimental investigation of ethylene/O2/diluent mixtures: laminar flame speeds with preheat and ignition delays at high pressures,” Combust. Flame, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 343–354, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.11.012.Search in Google Scholar

[32] O. Park, P. S. Veloo, and F. N. Egolfopoulos, “Flame studies of C2 hydrocarbons,” P. Combust. Inst, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 711–718, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.159.Search in Google Scholar

[33] M. I. Hassan, K. T. Aung, O. C. Kwon, and G. M. Faeth, “Properties of laminar premixed hydrocarbon/air flames at various pressures,” J. Propul. Power, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 479–488, 1998, https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5304.Search in Google Scholar

[34] G. Jomaas, X. L. Zheng, D. L. Zhu, and C. K. Law, “Experimental determination of counterflow ignition temperatures and laminar flame speeds of C2-C3 hydrocarbons at atmospheric and elevated pressures,” P. Combust. Inst, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 193–200, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.228.Search in Google Scholar

[35] S. Ravi, T. G. Sikes, A. Morones, C. L. Keesee, and E. L. Petersen, “Comparative study on the laminar flame speed enhancement of methane with ethane and ethylene addition,” P. Combust. Inst, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 679–686, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.130.Search in Google Scholar

[36] L. van Treek, N. Roth, L. Seidel, and F. Mauss, “Measurements of the laminar burning velocities of rich ethylene/air mixtures,” Fuel, vol. 275, p. 117938, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117938.Search in Google Scholar

[37] S. Adusumilli and J. Seitzman, “Laminar flame speed measurements of ethylene at high preheat temperatures and for diluted oxidizers,” Combust. Flame, vol. 233, p. 111564, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111564.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Chemical mechanism: combustion research group at UC San Diego n.d. https://web.eng.ucsd.edu/mae/groups/combustion/mechanism.html [accessed: Jun 15, 2024].Search in Google Scholar

[39] S. G. Davis, A. V. Joshi Av, H. Wang, and F. Egolfopoulos, “An optimized kinetic model of H2/CO combustion,” P. Combust. Inst., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1283–1292, 2005.10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.252Search in Google Scholar

[40] J. Pareja, H. J. Burbano, and Y. Ogami, “Measurements of the laminar burning velocity of hydrogen–air premixed flames,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1812–1818, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.12.031.Search in Google Scholar

[41] S. D. Tse, D. L. Zhu, and C. K. Law, “Morphology and burning rates of expanding spherical flames in H2/O2/inert mixtures up to 60 atmospheres,” P. Combust. Inst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1793–1800, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(00)80581-0.Search in Google Scholar

[42] O. C. Kwon and G. M. Faeth, “Flame/stretch interactions of premixed hydrogen-fueled flames: measurements and predictions,” Combust. Flame, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 590–610, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(00)00229-7.Search in Google Scholar

[43] K. T. Aung, M. I. Hassan, and G. M. Faeth, “Effects of pressure and nitrogen dilution on flame/stretch interactions of laminar premixed H2/O2/N2 flames,” Combust. Flame, vol. 112, nos. 1–2, pp. 1–15, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(97)81753-1.Search in Google Scholar

[44] D. D. S. Liu and R. MacFarlane, “Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-air steam flames,” Combust. Flame, vol. 49, nos. 1–3, pp. 59–71, 1983, https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(83)90151-7.Search in Google Scholar

[45] C. K. Wu and C. K. Law, “On the determination of laminar flame speeds from stretched flames,” Symp. Int. Combust, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1941–1949, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(85)80693-7.Search in Google Scholar

[46] M. A. Mueller, T. J. Kim, R. A. Yetter, and F. L. Dryer, “Flow reactor studies and kinetic modeling of the H2/O2 reaction,” Int. J. Chem. Kinet., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 113–125, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4601(1999)31:2<113::aid-kin5>3.3.co;2-s.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4601(1999)31:2<113::AID-KIN5>3.3.CO;2-SSearch in Google Scholar

[47] M. Ó Conaire, H. J. Curran, J. M. Simmie, W. J. Pitz, and C. K. Westbrook, “A comprehensive modeling study of hydrogen oxidation,” Int. J. Chem. Kinet., vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 603–622, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1002/kin.20036.Search in Google Scholar

[48] X. Han, Z. Wang, Y. He, Y. Liu, Y. Zhu, and A. A. Konnov, “The temperature dependence of the laminar burning velocity and superadiabatic flame temperature phenomenon for NH3/air flames,” Combust. Flame, vol. 217, pp. 314–320, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.04.013.Search in Google Scholar

[49] L. Xiao and H. Li, “Experimental and kinetic modeling study of the laminar burning velocity of NH3/DME/air premixed flames,” Combust. Flame, vol. 245, p. 112372, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112372.Search in Google Scholar

[50] K. Takizawa, A. Takahashi, K. Tokuhashi, S. Kondo, and A. Sekiya, “Burning velocity measurements of nitrogen-containing compounds,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 155, nos. 1–2, pp. 144–152, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.089.Search in Google Scholar

[51] P. D. Ronney, “Effect of chemistry and transport properties on near-limit flames at microgravity,” Combust. Sci. Technol., vol. 59, nos. 1–3, pp. 123–141, 1988, https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208808947092.Search in Google Scholar

[52] U. J. Pfahl, M. C. Ross, J. E. Shepherd, K. O. Pasamehmetoglu, and C. Unal, “Flammability limits, ignition energy, and flame speeds in H2-CH4-NH3-N2O-O2-N2 mixtures,” Combust. Flame, vol. 123, nos. 1–2, pp. 140–158, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(00)00152-8.Search in Google Scholar

[53] B. Mei, et al.., “Experimental and kinetic modeling investigation on the laminar flame propagation of ammonia under oxygen enrichment and elevated pressure conditions,” Combust. Flame, vol. 210, pp. 236–246, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.033.Search in Google Scholar

[54] A. Hayakawa, T. Goto, R. Mimoto, Y. Arakawa, T. Kudo, and H. Kobayashi, “Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/air premixed flames at various pressures,” Fuel, vol. 159, pp. 98–106, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.070.Search in Google Scholar

[55] E. C. Okafor, et al.., “Experimental and numerical study of the laminar burning velocity of CH4-NH3-air premixed flames,” Combust. Flame, vol. 189, pp. 185–198, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.09.002.Search in Google Scholar

[56] J. Otomo, M. Koshi, T. Mitsumori, H. Iwasaki, and K. Yamada, “Chemical kinetic modeling of ammonia oxidation with improved reaction mechanism for ammonia/air and ammonia/hydrogen/air combustion,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 3004–3014, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.066.Search in Google Scholar

[57] J. H. Lee, J. H. Kim, J. H. Park, and O. C. Kwon, “Studies on properties of laminar premixed hydrogen-added ammonia/air flames for hydrogen production,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1054–1064, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.071.Search in Google Scholar

[58] Z. Chen and Y. Jiang, “Numerical analysis on the combustion characteristics of NH3/H2/air flames with elevated initial pressure and temperature,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 79, pp. 39563–39576, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.162.Search in Google Scholar

[59] J. Li, H. Huang, N. Kobayashi, Z. He, and Y. Nagi, “Study on using hydrogen and ammonia as fuels: combustion characteristics and NOx formation,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1214–1223, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3141.Search in Google Scholar

[60] K. P. Shrestha, L. Seidel, T. Zeuch, and F. Mauss, “Detailed kinetic mechanism for the oxidation of ammonia including the formation and reduction of nitrogen oxides,” Energy Fuels, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 10202–10217, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01056.Search in Google Scholar

[61] B. Liu, E. Hu, G. Yin, and Z. Huang, “Experimental and kinetic study on laminar burning velocities of ammonia/ethylene/air premixed flames under high temperature and elevated pressure,” Combust. Flame, vol. 251, p. 112707, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2023.112707.Search in Google Scholar

[62] A. A. Konnov, “Implementation of the NCN pathway of prompt-NO formation in the detailed reaction mechanism,” Combust. Flame, vol. 156, no. 11, pp. 2093–2105, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.03.016.Search in Google Scholar

[63] J. Yu, G. Tang, and J. Yu, “Detailed combustion chemical mechanism for surrogates of representative jet fuels,” J. Energy Inst., vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 2421–2434, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2020.07.017.Search in Google Scholar

[64] Q. Li, G. Hu, S. Liao, Q. Cheng, C. Zhang, and C. Yuan, “Kinetic effects of hydrogen addition on the thermal characteristics of methane–air premixed flames,” Energy Fuels, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 4118–4129, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef500263v.Search in Google Scholar

[65] S. Song, R. K. Hanson, C. T. Bowman, and D. M. Golden, “A shock tube study of the product branching ratio of the NH2+NO reaction at high temperatures,” J. Phys. Chem. A, vol. 106, no. 40, pp. 9233–9235, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp020943d.Search in Google Scholar

[66] A. Rao, R. K. Mehra, H. Duan, and F. Ma, “Comparative study of the NOx prediction model of HCNG engine,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 34, pp. 22066–22081, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.107.Search in Google Scholar

[67] M. Z. Akram, F. Ma, M. Aziz, Y. Deng, and H. Wu, “H2 impact on combustion kinetics, soot formation, and NOx emission of hydrocarbon fuel flames,” Fuel, vol. 338, p. 127321, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.127321.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-09-03
Accepted: 2025-01-24
Published Online: 2025-02-12

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Articles
  3. Effect of modified steel slag on properties of rigid polyurethane foam
  4. Numerical simulation of the effects of NH3 and H2 on the combustion characteristics of laminar premixed ethylene/air flames
  5. Performance, characterization, and application of synthesized pervaporation membranes for desalination using response surface methodology
  6. Corrosion analysis of stainless steel exposed to Karanja oil biodiesel: a comparative study with commercial diesel fuel, surface morphology analysis, and long-term immersion effects in alternative fuels
  7. Numerical study of catalytic converter geometries and their impact on exhaust back pressure and energy conversion in engine exhaust systems using parametric simulation: insights into non-equilibrium thermodynamics
  8. Optimization of stirred animal cell bioreactor based on CFD-PBM
  9. Exploring the synergistic mechanisms of alcohol-based biofuel blends for a greener future: a comparative study of propanol, ethanol, and butanol blends in reducing emissions and enhancing engine performance for sustainable transportation fuels
  10. Zinc precipitation from ammonia leaching solutions of electric arc furnace dust by acetic acid
  11. Numerical simulation and performance study of three-dimensional variable angle baffle micromixer
  12. Energy saving strategies for plate reactors in mega methanol plants: a CFD study
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0178
Keywords for this article
ethylene; ammonia; hydrogen; laminar burning velocity; temperature sensitivity analysis

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Articles
  3. Effect of modified steel slag on properties of rigid polyurethane foam
  4. Numerical simulation of the effects of NH3 and H2 on the combustion characteristics of laminar premixed ethylene/air flames
  5. Performance, characterization, and application of synthesized pervaporation membranes for desalination using response surface methodology
  6. Corrosion analysis of stainless steel exposed to Karanja oil biodiesel: a comparative study with commercial diesel fuel, surface morphology analysis, and long-term immersion effects in alternative fuels
  7. Numerical study of catalytic converter geometries and their impact on exhaust back pressure and energy conversion in engine exhaust systems using parametric simulation: insights into non-equilibrium thermodynamics
  8. Optimization of stirred animal cell bioreactor based on CFD-PBM
  9. Exploring the synergistic mechanisms of alcohol-based biofuel blends for a greener future: a comparative study of propanol, ethanol, and butanol blends in reducing emissions and enhancing engine performance for sustainable transportation fuels
  10. Zinc precipitation from ammonia leaching solutions of electric arc furnace dust by acetic acid
  11. Numerical simulation and performance study of three-dimensional variable angle baffle micromixer
  12. Energy saving strategies for plate reactors in mega methanol plants: a CFD study
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 9.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0178/html
Scroll to top button