Why Peer Support Matters: Entrepreneurial Stressors, Emotional Exhaustion, and Growth Intentions of Women Entrepreneurs

References

Abendroth, A. K., and L. Den Dulk. 2011. “Support for the Work-Life Balance in Europe: The Impact of State, Workplace, and Family Support on Work-Life Balance Satisfaction.” Work, Employment & Society 25 (2): 234–56, https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017011398892.Search in Google Scholar

Ahl, H., and S. Marlow. 2019. “Exploring the False Promise of Entrepreneurship through a Postfeminist Critique.” Human Relations 74 (1): 41–68, https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726719848480.Search in Google Scholar

Ahmed, A. E., D. Ucbasaran, G. Cacciotti, and T. A. Williams. 2022. “Integrating Psychological Resilience, Stress, and Coping in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review and Research Agenda.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 46 (3): 497–538, https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211046542.Search in Google Scholar

Allen, W., and W. Curington. 2014. “The Self-Employment of Men and Women: What Are Their Motivations?” Journal of Labor Research 35: 143–61, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-014-9176-6.Search in Google Scholar

Arshi, T., Q. Kamal, P. Burns, V. Tewari, and V. Rao. 2021. Examining Perceived Entrepreneurial Stress: A Causal Interpretation through Cross-Lagged Panel Study. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010001.Search in Google Scholar

Asiedu, E., I. Kalonda-Kanyama, L. Ndikumana, and A. Nti-Addae. 2013. “Access to Credit by Firms in Sub-saharan Africa: How Relevant Is Gender?” The American Economic Review 103 (3): 293–7, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.293.Search in Google Scholar

Ayala, J. C., and G. Manzano. 2014. “The Resilience of the Entrepreneur. Influence on the Success of the Business. A Longitudinal Analysis.” Journal of Economic Psychology 42: 126–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.004.Search in Google Scholar

Bakker, A. B., and P. Costac. 2014. “Chronic Job Burnout and Daily Functioning: A Theoretical Analysis.” Burnout Research 1 (3): 112–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2014.04.003.Search in Google Scholar

Baron, R. A., R. J. Franklin, and K. M. Hmieleski. 2016. “Why Entrepreneurs Often Experience Low, Not High, Levels of Stress: the Joint Effects of Selection and Psychological Capital.” Journal of Management 42 (3): 742–68, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313495411.Search in Google Scholar

Bowmaker-Falconer, A., and M. Herrington. 2020. “Igniting Startups for Economic Growth and Social Change.” In Global Entrepreneurship Monitor South Africa (GEM SA) 2019/2020 Report. Also available at https://www.gemconsortium.org/news/igniting-startups-for-economic-growth-and-social-change-in-south-africa (accessed March 3, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Brierton, J. 2017. Peer Support and Mentoring for Business: A Sustainable Approach to Rural Enterprise Support. Also available at https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/sites/enrd/files/s4_ rural-businesses_growbiz_brierton.pdf (accessed March 5, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Bulmash, B. 2016. “Entrepreneurial Resilience: Locus of Control and Well-Being of Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Entrepreneurship and Organisational Management 5: 171–7, https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-026X.1000171.Search in Google Scholar

Cabrera, E. M., and D. Mauricio. 2017. “Factors Affecting the Success of Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Review of Literature.” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9 (1): 31–65, https://doi.org/10.1108/ijge-01-2016-0001.Search in Google Scholar

Cardon, M. S., and P. C. Patel. 2015. “Is Stress Worth it? Stress-Related Health and Wealth Trade-Offs for Entrepreneurs.” Applied Psychology, An International Review 64: 379–420, https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12021.Search in Google Scholar

Carter, S., S. Mwaura, M. Ram, K. Trehan, and T. Jones. 2015. “Barriers to Ethnic Minority and Women’s Enterprise: Existing Evidence, Policy Tensions and Unsettled Questions.” International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 33 (1): 49–69, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242614556823.Search in Google Scholar

Chadwick, I. C., and J. L. Raver. 2019. “Not for the Faint of Heart? A Gendered Perspective on Psychological Distress in Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 24: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000157.Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, S., and T. A. Wills. 1985. “Stress, Social Support, the Buffering Hypothesis.” Psychological Bulletin 98 (2): 310–57, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310.Search in Google Scholar

Conlin, B. 2019. How Many Hours Should Entrepreneurs Work Per Week? Also available at https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/11216-entrepreneurial-work-schedule.html (accessed June 17, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Conley, N., and D. Bilimoria. 2022. “Barriers and Mitigating Strategies of Entrepreneurial Business Growth: The Role of Entrepreneur Race and Gender.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 12 (3): 391–439, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2020-0061.Search in Google Scholar

Crick, M. J., and D. Crick. 2020. “Coopetition and COVID-19: Collaborative Business-To-Business Marketing Strategies in a Pandemic Crisis.” Industrial Marketing Management 88: 206–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.016.Search in Google Scholar

De Clercq, D., E. Kaciak, and N. Thongpapanl. 2022. “Tacking into the Wind: How Women Entrepreneurs Can Sail through Family-To-Work Conflict to Ensure Their Firms’ Entrepreneurial Orientation.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 12 (3): 263–98, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0047.Search in Google Scholar

Denz-Penhey, H., and J. C. Murdoch. 2008. “Personal Resiliency: Serious Diagnosis and Prognosis with Unexpected Quality Outcomes.” Qualitative Health Research 18: 391–404, https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307313431.Search in Google Scholar

Doern, R., and D. Goss. 2013. “From Barriers to Barring: Why Emotion Matters for Entrepreneurial Development.” International Small Business Journal 31 (5): 496–519, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611425555.Search in Google Scholar

Eddleston, K. A., J. J. Ladge, C. Mitteness, and L. Balachandra. 2016. “Do You See what I See? Signalling Effects of Gender and Firm Characteristics on Financing Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 40 (3): 489–514, https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12117.Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, E., and A. R. Reuber. 2003. “Support for Rapid-Growth Firms: A Comparison of the Views of Founders, Government Policymakers, Private Sector Resource Providers.” Journal of Small Business Management 41 (4): 346–65, https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627x.00087.Search in Google Scholar

Germano, M. 2019. Women are Working More than Ever, but They Still Take on Most Household Responsibilities. Forbes. Also available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiegermano/2019/03/27/women-are-working-more-than-ever-but-they-still-take-on-most-household-responsibilities/?sh=4b33c41c52e9 (accessed January 10, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Grant, S., and K. Ferris. 2012. “Identifying Sources of Occupational Stress in Entrepreneurs for Measurement.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing 4: 351–73, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2012.049828.Search in Google Scholar

Hair, J.F., G. T. Hult, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2017. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Halbesleben, J. R. B., and W. M. Bowler. 2007. “Emotional Exhaustion and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Motivation.” Journal of Applied Psychology 92: 93–106, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.93.Search in Google Scholar

Halbesleben, J. R., J. P. Neveu, l. S. C. Paustian-Underdah, and M. Westman. 2014. “Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory.” Journal of Management 40 (5): 1334–64, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527130.Search in Google Scholar

Haller, C., J. Santoni, I. Barth, and C. Augarde. 2017. “An Understanding of Peer Support in an Effectual Entrepreneurial Process: Case of French Wine-Entrepreneurs.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 32 (1/2): 208–28, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2017.085990.Search in Google Scholar

Hartarska, V., and C. Gonzelaz-Vega. 2006. “What Effects New and Established Firms’ Expansion? Evidence from Small Firms in Russia.” Small Business Economics 27: 195–206, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-0012-0.Search in Google Scholar

Hayes, A. F. 2018. “Partial, Conditional, Moderated Moderated Mediation: Quantification, Inference, Interpretation.” Communication Monographs 85: 4–40, https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100.Search in Google Scholar

Hechavarria, D., A. Bullough, C. Brush, and L. Edelman. 2019. “High‐Growth Women’s Entrepreneurship: Fueling Social and Economic Development.” Journal of Small Business Management 57 (1): 5–13, https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12503.Search in Google Scholar

Heilman, M. E., and S. Caleo. 2018. “Combating Gender Discrimination: A Lack of Fit Framework.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21 (5): 725–44, https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218761587.Search in Google Scholar

Henseler, J., C. M. Ringle, and R. R. Sinkovics. 2009. “The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing.” Advances in International Marketing 20: 277–319, https://doi.org/10.1108/s1474-7979(2009)0000020014.Search in Google Scholar

Hülsheger, U. R., H. J. Alberts, A. Feinholdt, and J. B. Lang. 2013. “Benefits of Mindfulness at Work: The Role of Mindfulness in Emotion Regulation, Emotional Exhaustion, Job Satisfaction.” Journal of Applied Psychology 98 (2): 310–25, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031313.Search in Google Scholar

Humbert, A. L., and E. Drew. 2010. “Gender, Entrepreneurship and Motivational Factors in an Irish Context.” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 2 (2): 173–96, https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261011051026.Search in Google Scholar

Hyland, P. K., R. A. Lee, and M. J. Mills. 2015. “Mindfulness at Work: A New Approach to Improving Individual and Organisational Performance.” Industrial and Organisational Psychology 8 (4): 576–602, https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.41.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, S. J., S. Machowski, L. Holdsworth, M. Kern, and D. Zapf. 2017. “Age, Emotion Regulation Strategies, Burnout, and Engagement in the Service Sector: Advantages of Older Workers.” Revista de Psicologia Del Trabajo Y De Las Organizaciones 33 (3): 205–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2017.09.001.Search in Google Scholar

Jaouen, A., S. Loup, and S. Sammut. 2006. “Accompagnement par les pairs, confiance partagée et résilience: illustration au travers du cas Voiles d’Oc.” Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat 5 (1): 59–72, https://doi.org/10.3917/entre.051.0059.Search in Google Scholar

Jayawarna, D., S. Marlow, and J. Swail. 2020. “A Gendered Life Course Explanation of the Exit Decision in the Context of Household Dynamics.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 45: 1–37, https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720940123.Search in Google Scholar

Jennings, E. J., and V. Tonoyan. 2022. “Research on Gender Stereotyping and Entrepreneurship: Suggestions for Some Paths Worth Pursuing.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 12 (3): 187–212, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0235.Search in Google Scholar

Jex, S. M. 1998. Stress and Job Performance: Theory, Research, Implications for Managerial Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Kautonen, T., and J. Palmroos. 2010. “The Impact of a Necessity-Based Startup on Subsequent Entrepreneurial Satisfaction.” The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 6: 285–300, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0104-1.Search in Google Scholar

Kock, N., and G. S. Lynn. 2012. “Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance- Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 13 (7): 546–80, https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302.Search in Google Scholar

Koeske, G. F., and R. D. Koeske. 1993. “A Preliminary Test of a Stress-Strain-Outcome Model for Reconceptualising the Burnout Phenomenon.” Journal of Social Service Research 17: 107–33, https://doi.org/10.1300/j079v17n03_06.Search in Google Scholar

Kollmanna, T., C. Stöckmannb, and M. J. Kensbock. 2019. “I Can’t Get No Sleep—The Differential Impact of Entrepreneurial Stressors on Work-Home Interference and Insomnia Among Experienced versus Novice Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 34 (4): 692–708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.001.Search in Google Scholar

Kurtz, L. F. 1997. Self-Help and Support Groups: A Handbook for Practitioners. Thousand Oaks: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Kutzhanova, N., T. S. Lyons, and G. A. Lichtenstein. 2009. “Skill-Based Development of Entrepreneurs and the Role of Personal and Peer Group Coaching in Enterprise Development.” Economic Development Quarterly 23 (3): 193–210, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242409336547.Search in Google Scholar

Lanivich, S. E. 2015. “The Rich Entrepreneur: Using Conservation of Resources Theory in Contexts of Uncertainty.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 39 (4): 863–94, https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12082.Search in Google Scholar

LePine, J. A., N. P. Podsakoff, and M. A. Lepine. 2005. “A Meta-Analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor-Hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships Among Stressors and Performance.” Academy of Management Journal 48 (5): 764–75, https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.18803921.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, M., and Huang, L. 2018. Gender Bias, Social Impact Framing, and Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Organization Science, 29 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1172.Search in Google Scholar

LePine, J. A., M. A. LePine, and C. L. Jackson. 2004. “Challenge and Hindrance Stress: Relationships with Exhaustion, Motivation to Learn, Learning Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 89: 883–91, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.883.Search in Google Scholar

Leung, Y. K., J. Mukerjee, and R. Thurik. 2020. “The Role of Family Support in Work-Family Balance and Subjective Wellbeing of SME Owners.” Journal of Small Business Management 58 (1): 130–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.1659675.Search in Google Scholar

Li, J., A. I. Wong, and W. C. Kim. 2017. “Does Mindfulness Reduce Emotional Exhaustion? A Multilevel Analysis of Emotional Labor Among Casino Employees.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 64: 21–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.03.008.Search in Google Scholar

Lindsey, L. L. 2015. Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective. Routledge.10.4324/9781315664095Search in Google Scholar

Lobbe, A. 2014. L’estime de soi, c’est Malin: Les clés Pour Mieux Vivre Avec Soi et les Autres [Self-Esteem is Smart: The Keys to Living Better with Oneself and Others], 160. France: Leduc.S.Search in Google Scholar

Lyons, T. S. 2022. “Introduction: Gender and Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 12 (3): 185–6, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-2001.Search in Google Scholar

Mann, F., J. K. Bone, B. Lloyd-Evans, J. Frerichs, V. Pinfold, R. Ma, J. Wang, and S. Johnson. 2017. “A Life Less Lonely: the State of the Art in Interventions to Reduce Loneliness in People with Mental Health Problems.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52 (6): 627–38, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1392-y.Search in Google Scholar

Manolova, S. T., G. C. Brush, L. F. Edelman, and K. G. Shaver. 2012. “One Size Does Not Fit All: Entrepreneurial Expectancies and Growth Intentions of US Women and Men Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24 (1–2): 7–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.637344.Search in Google Scholar

Marlow, S., and A. M. Dy. 2018. “Annual Review Article: Is it Time to Rethink the Gender Agenda in Entrepreneurship Research?” International Small Business Journal 36 (1): 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242617738321.Search in Google Scholar

Mari, M., S. Poggesi, and L. De Vita. 2016. “Family Embeddedness and Business Performance. Evidences from Women-Owned Firms.” Management Decision 54 (2): 476–500, https://doi.org/10.1108/md-07-2014-0453.Search in Google Scholar

Marlow, S., and D. Patton. 2005. “All Credit to Men? Entrepreneurship, Finance, and Gender.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 29 (6): 717–35, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x.Search in Google Scholar

Maslach, C., and S. E. Jackson. 1981. “The Measurement of Experienced Burnout.” Journal of Occupational Behaviour 2 (2): 99–113, https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205.Search in Google Scholar

Mastercard. 2021. Women Entrepreneurs Are Making Progress in South Africa, but Challenges Persist – Mastercard Index. Also available at https://newsroom.mastercard. com/mea/press-releases/women-entrepreneurs-are-making-progress-in-south-africa-but-challenges-persist-mastercard-index/ (accessed May 31, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Maurice, L. X. P. 2015. “The Rise of Peer-To-Peer Entrepreneurship.” In How mentorship and Community Is the Future of Entrepreneurship. Also available at https://aswellblog.com/the-rise-of-peer-to-peer-entrepreneurship-e581863b04ee (accessed July 1, 2020).Search in Google Scholar

Mazzola, J. J., I. S. Schonfeld, and P. E. Spector. 2011. “What Qualitative Research Has Taught Us about Occupational Stress.” Stress and Health 27: 93–110, https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1386.Search in Google Scholar

McGowan, P., C. L. Redeker, S. Cooper, and K. Greenan. 2012. “Female Entrepreneurship and the Management of Business and Domestic Roles: Motivations, Expectations and Realities.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24: 53–72, https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.637351.Search in Google Scholar

Mazurek, D. K., and R. J. Ciesla. 2015. “A Peer Support Scale for Adults Treated for Psychoactive Substance–Use Disorder: A Rasch Analysis.” Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9: 81–6, https://doi.org/10.4137/sart.s25149.Search in Google Scholar

Millan, J. M., J. Hessels, R. Thurik, and R. Aguado. 2013. “Determinants of Job Satisfaction: A European Comparison of Self-Employed and Paid Employees.” Small Business Economics 40 (3): 651–70, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9380-1.Search in Google Scholar

Munkejord, M. C. 2017. “His or Her Work-Life Balance? Experiences of Self-Employed Immigrant Parents.” Work, Employment & Society 31 (4): 624–39, https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016667041.Search in Google Scholar

Murnieks, Y. C., D. J. Arthurs, S. M. Cardonc, N. Farah, J. Stornelli, and J. M. Hayni. 2020. “Close Your Eyes or Open Your Mind: Effects of Sleep and Mindfulness Exercises on Entrepreneurs’ Exhaustion.” Journal of Business Venturing 35 (2): 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.12.004.Search in Google Scholar

Mustafa, M., and L. Treanor. 2022. “Gender and Entrepreneurship in the New Era: New Perspectives on the Role of Gender and Entrepreneurial Activity.” Entrepreneurship Research 12 (3): 213–26, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-0228.Search in Google Scholar

Nanda, R. J., and B. Sørensen. 2010. “Workplace Peers and Entrepreneurship.” Management Science 56 (7): 1116–26, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1179.Search in Google Scholar

National Planning Commission (NPC). 2012. National Development Plan 2030. Also available at: https://www.cabri-sbo.org/en/documents/national-development-plan-2030 (accessed June 17, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Neneh, B. N. 2016. “Performance Implications of Financial Capital Availability on the Financial Literacy–Performance Nexus in South Africa.” Investment Management and Financial Innovations Journal 13 (2): 39–47, https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(2-2).2016.10.Search in Google Scholar

Neneh, B. N. 2017. “Family Support and Performance of Women-Owned Enterprises: The Mediating Effect of Family Work Enrichment.” Journal of Entrepreneurship 26 (2): 197–219, https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355717716762.Search in Google Scholar

Neneh, B. N. 2018. “Family-work and Performance of Women-Owned Enterprises: The Role of Social Capital in Developing Countries-Implications for South Africa and beyond.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 19 (6): 326–43.Search in Google Scholar

Neneh, B. N. 2019. “Family Support and Work-Life Balance: Should Mumpreneurs Be Treated Differently?” In Thirteenth International Business Conference. 22–25 September 2019, Hermanus, South Africa.Search in Google Scholar

O’Neill, E. 2016. The Role of Peer Support in Reducing Loneliness and Isolation. Also available at https://www.uwl.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Academic-schools/College-of-Nursing-Midwifery-a Healthcare/Web/Events/the_role_of_peer_support_in_redu cing_ loneliness.pdf (accessed May 15, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Omrane, A., A. Kammoun, and C. Seaman. 2018. “Entrepreneurial Burnout: Causes, Consequences and Way Out.” FIIB Business Review 7 (1): 28–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714518767805.Search in Google Scholar

Pattinson, S., J. Nicholson, and A. Lindgreen. 2018. “Emergent Coopetition from a Sensemaking Perspective: A Multi-Level Analysis.” Industrial Marketing Management 68 (1): 25–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.09.005.Search in Google Scholar

Patzelt, H., and D. Shepherd. 2011. “Negative Emotions of an Entrepreneurial Career: Self-Employment and Regulatory Coping Behaviors.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (2): 226–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.08.002.Search in Google Scholar

Penney, D. 2018. “Advocates for Human Potential.” In 2018. Defining Peer Support: Implications for Policy, Practice, and Research. Also available at https://www.ahpnet.com/AHPNet/media/AHPNetMediaLibrary/White%20Papers/DPenney_Defining_peer_support_2018_Final.pdf (accessed April 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Podsakoff, N. P., J. A. LePine, and M. A. LePine. 2007. “Differential Challenge Stressor- Hindrance Stressor Relationships with Job Attitudes, Turnover Intentions, Turnover, Withdrawal Behavior: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 92 (2): 438–54, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.438.Search in Google Scholar

Poggesi, S., M. Mari, and L. De Vita. 2019. “Women Entrepreneurs and Work-Family Conflict: An Analysis of the Antecedents.” Journal International Entrepreneurship and Management 15 (2): 431–54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0484-1.Search in Google Scholar

Pollack, J. M., E. M. Vanepps, and A. F. Hayes. 2012. “The Moderating Role of Social Ties on Entrepreneurs’ Depressed Affect and Withdrawal Intentions in Response to Economic Stress.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 33 (6): 789–810, https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1794.Search in Google Scholar

Powell, G., and K. Eddleston. 2013. “Linking Family-To-Business Enrichment and Support to Entrepreneurial Success: Do Female and Male Entrepreneurs Experience Different Outcomes?” Journal of Business Venturing 28: 261–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.02.007.Search in Google Scholar

Purvanova, R. K., and J. P. Muros. 2010. “Gender Differences in Burnout: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 77 (2): 168–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006.Search in Google Scholar

Randall, K. J. 2007. “Examining the Relationship between Burnout and Age Among Anglican Clergy in England and Wales.” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 10 (1): 39–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670601012303.Search in Google Scholar

Rauch, A., M. Fink, and I. Hatak. 2018. “Stress Processes: An Essential Ingredient in the Entrepreneurial Process.” Academy of Management Perspectives 32: 340–57, https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0184.Search in Google Scholar

Rehman, S., and M. A. Roomi. 2012. “Gender and Work-Life Balance: A Phenomenological Study of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 9 (2): 209–28, https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211223865.Search in Google Scholar

Rupeika-Apogaa, R., and A. Danovi. 2015. “Availability of Alternative Financial Resources for SMEs as a Critical Part of the Entrepreneurial Eco-System: Latvia and Italy.” In 7th International Conference, The Economies of Balkan and Eastern Europe Countries in the changed world, EBEEC 2015, May 8-10, 2015, Procedia Economics and Finance 33: 200–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01705-0.Search in Google Scholar

Rupert, P. A., E. R. T. Hartman, and A. S. O. Miller. 2013. “Work Demands and Resources, Work–Family Conflict, Family Functioning Among Practicing Psychologists.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 44 (5): 283–9, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034494.Search in Google Scholar

Sardeshmukh, R. S., M. Goldsby, and R. Smith. 2020. “Are Work Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion Driving Exit Intentions Among Business Owners?” Journal of Small Business Management: 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12477.Search in Google Scholar

Sarkar, S., O. Osiyevskyy, and L. Hayes. 2019. “Talking Your Way into Entrepreneurial Support: An Analysis of Satisfaction Drivers in Entrepreneur Mutual Aid Groups.” Journal of Small Business Management 57 (2): 275–97, https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12384.Search in Google Scholar

Schaufeli, W. B., and A. B. Bakker. 2004. “Job Demands, Job Resources, Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 25 (3): 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248.Search in Google Scholar

Shelton, M. L. 2006. “Female Entrepreneurs, Work-Family Conflict, Venture Performance: New Insights into the Work-Family Interface.” Journal of Small Business Management 44 (2): 285–97, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00168.x.Search in Google Scholar

Statistics South Africa. 2019. Mid-Year Population Estimates. Also available at https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf (accessed March 6, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Stastny, P. 2012. “Introducing Peer Support Work in Latin American Mental Health Services.” Cadernos Saúde Coletiva 20 (4): 473–814, https://doi.org/10.1590/s1414-462x2012000400011.Search in Google Scholar

Stephan, U. 2018. “Entrepreneurs’ Mental Health And Well-Being: A Review And Research Agenda.” Academy of Management Perspectives 32 (3): 290–322, https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0001.Search in Google Scholar

Stephan, U., J. Li, and J. Qu. 2020. “A Fresh Look at Self-Employment, Stress and Health: Accounting for Self-Selection, Time, Strain and Gender.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 26 (5): 1355–2554, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2019-0362.Search in Google Scholar

Sullivan, D., and W. Meek. 2012. “Gender and Entrepreneurship: A Review and Process Model.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 27 (5): 428–58, https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211235373.Search in Google Scholar

The South African Government. 2021. President Cyril Ramaphosa: 2021 State of the Nation Address. Also available at https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-2021-state-nation-address-11-feb-2021-0000 (accessed May 5, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Thébaud, S. 2016. “Passing up the Job: The Role of Gendered Organisations and Families in the Entrepreneurial Career Process.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 40 (2): 269–87, https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12222.Search in Google Scholar

Uy, M. A., M. D. Foo, and R. Ilies. 2015. “Perceived Progress Variability and Entrepreneurial Effort Intensity: The Moderating Role of Venture Goal Commitment.” Journal of Business Venturing 30: 375–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.02.001.Search in Google Scholar

Wacha, D., U. Stephan, E. Weinbergerc, and J. Wegge. 2020. “Entrepreneurs’ Stressors and Well-Being: A Recovery Perspective and Diary Study.” Journal of Business Venturing. forthcoming, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106016.Search in Google Scholar

Wambua, K. A. 2014. “Factors Affecting the Performance of Women Small and Medium Enterprises in Mombasa Central Business District.” Kenya (Master’s thesis), Kenya: University of Nairobi. Also available at http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke: 8080/xmlui/handle/11295/74264 (accessed May 20, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Wei, X., and S. Cang. 2015. “Entrepreneurial Stressors as Predictors of Entrepreneurial Burnout. Psychological Reports.” Employment Psychology and Marketing 116 (1): 74–88, https://doi.org/10.2466/01.14.pr0.116k13w1.Search in Google Scholar

Welsh, D. H. B., E. Memili, and E. Kaciak. 2016. “An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Family Moral Support on Turkish Women Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Innovation and Knowledge 1 (1): 3–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.01.012.Search in Google Scholar

Wood, M. S., and D. W. Williams. 2014. “Opportunity Evaluation as Rule-Based Decision Making.” Journal Management Studuies 51: 573–602, https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12018.Search in Google Scholar

Wood, M. S., D. W. Williams, and W. Drover. 2017. “Past as Prologue: Entrepreneurial Inaction Decisions and Subsequent Action Judgments.” Journal of Business Venturing 32: 107–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.10.008.Search in Google Scholar

Wright, T. A., and R. Cropanzano. 1998. “Emotional Exhaustion as a Predictor of Job Performance and Voluntary Turnover.” Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (3): 486–93, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, F., and L. Jin. 2022. “Impact of Daily Entrepreneurial Stressors on Long-Term Transformational Leader Behaviors and Well-Being: Differences in Experienced and Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Research 139: 280–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.059.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, F., F. W. Kellermanns, L. Jin, and J. Xi. 2020. “Family Support as Social Exchange in Entrepreneurship: Its Moderating Impact on Entrepreneurial Stressors-Well-Being Relationships.” Journal of Business Research 120: 59–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.033.Search in Google Scholar

Zampetakis, L. A., M. Bakatsaki, K. Kafetsios, and V. Moustakis. 2016. “Sex Differences in Entrepreneurs’ Business Growth Intentions: an Identity Approach.” Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 5 (1): 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-016-0057-5.Search in Google Scholar